Kongunadu Polytechnic College
Namakkal – Trichy Main Road, Tholurpatti, Thottiam, Trichy(Dt)621 215.
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
PROJECT WORK 2020-2021
SUBMITTED BY
NISANTH.V
19239261
NITHISH.D
19239262
PRABHU.P
19239264
PRASANTH.E 19239266
RAJESH.N
19239268
RANJITH.L
19239269
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MR .D.VINOTH KUMAR, B.E.,
LECTURER/AUTO
Kongunadu Polytechnic College
Namakkal – Trichy Main Road, Tholurpatti, Thottiam, Trichy(Dt)621 215.
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
PROJECT WORK 2020-2021
CERTIFICATE
This is certified that Mr.
had completed the
project work in entitled “SUPER MAGNET BRAKING SYSTEM” in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
DIPLOMA IN AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING of the
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, Tamilnadu for the
year 2020-2021.
REGISTER NO.
SIGNATURE OF THE
GUIDE
HEAD OF THE
DEPARTMENT
Submitted for the Board practical examination held on
INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXTERNALEXAMINER
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we thank the god almighty for being with
us throughout the project work.
We are very grateful to our chairman Dr.PSK.
R.PERIYASAMY for providing facilities and giving
encouragement to do this project in a successful manner.
We express our heartiest thanks to our honorable
principal Er. K. AYYADURAI M.Tech., AMIE., MISTE.
Who have his valuable guidance to do this project providing
suitable environment to work this project.
We express our gratitude to our Head of the
Department Mr. THAMARAI SELVAN,.M.E for doing this
project.
We express our immense pleasure to our guide
Mr.D.VINOTHKUMAR.,B.E his timely help and
encouragement and his remarkable guidance throughout this
project.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to our
department staff members for their guidance and support
whenever we approach them in bringing out this project report.
SUPER MAGNET BRAKING SYSTEM
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
C HAPTER NO
TOPIC
01
ABSTRACT
02
DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPEMENT
2.1
BRAKE SYSTEM
2.2
MOTOR
2.3
MAGNET
2.4
MAGNET DISC
2.5
SPRING
2.6
BEARING
2.7
FRAME
2.8
RECTIFIER,RECTIFIER DEVICE,RECTIFIEER CIRCUIT
3
WORKING PRINCIPLE
4
ADVANTAGE ,DISADVANTAGE,APPLICATION
5
LIST OF MATRIAL
6
OPERATION PERFORMED
7
COST ESTIMATED
8
CONCLUSION
9
F INISHED PROJECT
ABSTRACT
Super magnet brake is the innovative concept based on the magnetic attraction of the
conducting metals. A super magnet brake, like a conventional friction brake, is
responsible for slowing an object, such as a train or a roller coaster. Unlike friction
brakes, which apply pressure on two separate objects, eddy current brakes slow an
object by creating eddy currents through electromagnetic induction which create
resistance, and in turn either heat or electricity. This project consists of the following
parts, Round disc plate, Motor and Magnet.
DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPEMENT
DAIGRAM OF SUPER MAGNET BRAKING SYSTEM
MACHINE COMPONENTS
The super magnet braking system is consists of the following components to full
fill the requirements of complete operation of the machine.
➢ Braking system
➢ Motor
➢ Magnet
➢ Acrylic disc
➢ Spring
➢ Bearing
➢ frame
➢ Rectifier
BRAKE SYSTEM
Every car has a service brake system, operated by foot pressure on a pedal while the
car is in motion, and a hand-operated emergency brake system employed for parking
and as a backup to the service brake system. The service brake system uses fluid
forced by pistons through small flexible pipes (brake lines) to transmit the pressure of
the driver's foot to the brake mechanisms
MOTOR
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A currentcarrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external
magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor,
and to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from
playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while
like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal configuration of
a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current carrying
conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion. Let's start by
looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or winding
with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a
"South" polarization
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (armature), stator, commutator, field
magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors, the external magnetic field is
produced by high-strength permanent magnets. The stator is the stationary part of the
motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet
pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotate with
respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the
windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows
a common motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets. The
geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when
power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are
misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field.
magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the nextcommutator
contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole motor, the
rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip"
of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue rotating. In real life, though, DC
motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very common number). In
particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with our
example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly
aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole
motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply. This
would be bad for the power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as
well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would exhibit a high
amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic with the
position of the rotor)
SosincEmostsmall DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the workings
of one via an interactive animation (JavaScript required): A few things from this -namely, one pole is fully energized at a time (but two others are "partially" energized).
As each brush transitions from one commutator contact to the next, one coil's field
will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this occurs within
a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in the
meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring
theresprobablyno better way to see how an average DC motor is put together,
than by just opening work, as well as requiring the destruction of a perfectly good
motor. The guts of a disassembled Mabuchi FF-030-PN motor (the same model that
Solarbotics sells) are available for (on 10 lines / cm graph paper). This is a basic 3pole DC motor, with 2 brushes and three commutator contacts. The use of an iron
core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is quite common, and has a number of
advantages. First off, the iron core provides a strong, rigid support for the windings a
particularly important consideration for high-torque motors. The core also conducts
heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be driven harder than might
otherwise be the case. Iron core construction is also relatively inexpensive compared
with other construction types.
But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The iron armature has a
relatively high inertia which limits motor acceleration. This construction also results
in high wining inductance’s which limit brush and commutator life. In small motors,
an alternative design is often used which features a 'coreless' armature winding. This
design depends upon the coil wire itself for structural integrity. As a result, the
armature is hollow, and the permanent magnet can be mounted inside the rotor coil.
Coreless DC motors have much lower armature inductance than iron-core motors of
comparable size, extending brush and commutator life.
The coreless design also allows manufacturers to build smaller motors;
meanwhile, due to the lack of iron in their rotors, coreless motors are somewhat prone
tooverheating. As a result, this design is generally used just in small, low-power
motors. Beamers will most often see coreless DC motors in the form of pager motors
. Again, disassembling a coreless motor can be instructive -- in this case, my hapless
victim was a cheap pager vibrator motor. The guts of this disassembled motor are
available (on 10 lines / cm graph paper). This is (or more accurately, was) a 3-pole
coreless DC motor
DC MOTOR CALCULATION
SPECIFICATION:
Speed N = 1000 RPM
Voltage V = 12 Volt
Current I = 0.3 A (loading condition) .
Current I = 0.06 A (No Load Condition)
Power P =V x I=12x0.3 = 3.6 WATT
P= 0.0048 HP
Motor Efficiency = 36%
Motor shaft diameter = 6 mm
MAGNET:
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is
invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a forcEpulls on
other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.A
permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its
own persistent magnetic field. An everyday example is a refrigerator magnet
used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are
also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or
ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals,
and some naturally occurring minerals such as lodestone. Although( ferromagnetic
andferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to
Be commonly considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a magnet
field, by one of several other types of magnetism. Ferromagnetic materials can be
divided into magnetically "soft" materials like annealed iron, which can be
magnetized but do not tend to stay magnetized, and magnetically "hard" materials
, which do. Permanent magnets are made from "hard" ferromagnetic materials such as
alnico and ferrite that are subjected to special processing in a powerful magnetic field
during manufacture, to align their internal microcrystalline structure, making them
very hard to demagnetize. To demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic
field must be applied, and this threshold depends on coercivity of the respective
material. "Hard" materials have high coercivity, whereas "soft" materials have
low coercivity. An electromagnet is made from a coil of wire that acts as a magnet
when an electric current passes through it but stops being a magnet when the current
stops. Often, the coil is wrapped around a core of ferromagnetic material like steel,
which enhances the magnetic field produced by the coil.
The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment or, alternatively,
the total magnetic flux it produces. The local strength of magnetism in a material is
measured by its magnetization. The magnetic flux density (also called magnetic B
field or just magnetic field, usually denoted B) is a vector field. The magnetic B field
vector at a given point in space is specified by two properties:
1. Its direction, which is along the orientation of a compass needle.
2. Its magnitude (also called strength), which is proportional to how strongly the
compass needle orients along that direction. In SI units, the strength of the magnetic B
field is given in teslas. The term magnet is typically reserved for objects that produce
their own persistent magnetic field even in the absence of an applied magnetic field.
Only certain classes of materials can do this. Most materials, however, produce a
magnetic field in response to an applied magnetic field; a phenomenon known as
magnetism. There are several types of magnetism, and all materials exhibit at least
one of them. The overall magnetic behavior of a material can vary widely, depending
on the structure of the material, particularly on its electron configuration. Several
forms of magnetic behavior have been observed in different materials, including:
● Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials are the ones normally thought of as
magnetic; they are attracted to a magnet strongly enough that the attraction can be
felt. These materials are the only ones that can retain magnetization and become
magnets; a common example is a traditional refrigerator magnet. Ferrimagnetic
materials, which include ferrites and the oldest magnetic materials magnetite and
lodestone, are similar to butweaker than ferromagnetics. The difference between
ferro- and ferrimagnetic materials is related to their microscopic structure, as
explained in Magnetism
.
●Paramagnetic substances, such as platinum, aluminum, and oxygen, are weakly
attracted to a magnet. This attraction is hundreds of thousands of times weaker than
that of ferromagnetic materials, so it can only be detected by using sensitive
instruments or using extremely strong magnets. Magnetic ferrofluids, although they
are made of tiny ferromagnetic particles suspended in liquid, are sometimes
considered paramagnetic since they cannot be magnetized.
● Diamagnetic means repelled by both poles. Compared to paramagnetic and
ferromagnetic substances, diamagnetic substances, such as carbon, copper, water, and
plastic, are even more weakly repelled by a magnet. The permeability of diamagnetic
materials is less than the permeability of a vacuum. All substances not possessing one
of the other types of magnetism are diamagnetic; this includes most substances.
Although force on a diamagnetic object from an ordinary magnet is far too weak to be
felt, using extremely strong superconducting magnets, diamagnetic objects such as
pieces of lead and even micecan be levitated, so they float in mid-air.
Superconductors repel magnetic fields from their interior and are strongly
diamagnetic. There are various other types of magnetism, such as spin glass,
superparamagnetism, super diamagnetism, and meta magnetism
.
● Magnetic recording media: VHS tapes contain a reel of magnetic tape. The
information that makes up the video and sound is encoded on the magnetic coating on
the tape. Common audio cassettes also rely on magnetic tape. Similarly, in computers,
floppy disks and hard disks record data on a thin magnetic coating.
Credit, debit, and ATM cards: All of these cards have a magnetic strip on one side.
This strip encodes the information to contact an individual's financial institution and
connect with their account(s).
● Common televisions and computer monitors: TV and computer screens containing a
cathode ray tube employ an electromagnet to guide electrons to the screen. Plasma
screens and LCDs use different technologies
● Speakers and microphones: Most speakers employ a permanent magnet and a
current-carrying coil to convert electric energy (the signal) into mechanical energy
(movement that creates the sound). The coil is wrapped around a bobbin attached to
the speaker cone and carries the signal as changing current that interacts with the field
of the permanent magnet. The voice coil feels a magnetic force and in response,
moves the cone and pressurizes the neighboring air, thus generating sound. Dynamic
microphones employ the same concept, but in reverse. A microphone has a diaphragm
or membrane attached to a coil of wire. The coil rests inside a specially shaped
magnet. When sound vibrates the membrane, the coil is vibrated as well. As the coil
moves through the magnetic field, avoltage is induced across the coil. This voltage
drives a current in the wire that is characteristic of the original sound.
● Electric guitars use magnetic pickups to transduce the vibration of guitar strings
into electric current that can then be amplified. This is different from the principle
behind the speaker and dynamic microphone because the vibrations are sensed
directly by the magnet, and a diaphragm is not employed. The Hammond organ used a
similar principle, with rotating tonewheels instead of strings.
● Electric motors and generators: Some electric motors rely upon a combination of an
electromagnet and a permanent magnet, and, much like loudspeakers, they
convertelectric energy into mechanical energy. A generator is the reverse: it converts
mechanical energy into electric energy by moving a conductor through a magnetic
field.
● Medicine: Hospitals use magnetic resonance imaging to spot problems in a patient's
organs without invasive surgery.
● Chucks are used in the metalworking field to hold objects. Magnets are also used in
other types of fastening devices, such as the magnetic base, the magnetic clamp and
the refrigerator magnet.
● Compasses: A compass (or mariner's compass) is a magnetized pointer free to align
itself with a magnetic field, most commonly Earth'smagnetic field.
● Vinyl magnet sheets may be attached to paintings, photographs, and other
ornamental articles, allowing them to be attached to refrigerators and other metal
surfaces. Objects and paint can be applied directly to the magnet surface to create
collage pieces of art. Magnetic art is portable, inexpensive and easy to create. Vinyl
magnetic art is not for the refrigerator anymore. Colorful metal magnetic boards,
strips, doors, microwave ovens, dishwashers, cars, metal I beams, and any metal
surface can be receptive of magnetic vinyl art. Being a relatively new media for art,
the creative uses for this material is just beginning.
● Science projects: Many topic questions are based on magnets. For example: how is
the strength of a magnet affected by glass, plastic, and cardboard. Magnets have
many uses in toys. M-tic uses magnetic rods connected to metal spheres for
construction. Note the geodesic pyramid.
● Toys: Given their ability to counteract the force of gravity at close range, magnets
are often employed in children's toys, such as the Magnet Space Wheel and Levitron,
to amusing effectMagnets can be used to make jewelry. Necklaces and bracelets can
have a magnetic clasp, or may be constructed entirely from a linked series of magnets
and ferrous beads.
● Magnets can pick up magnetic items (iron nails, staples, tacks, paper clips) that are
either too small, too hard to reach, or too thin for fingers to hold. Some screwdrivers
are magnetized for this purpose.
● Magnets can be used in scrap and salvage operations to separate magnetic metals
(iron, steel, and nickel) from non-magnetic metals (aluminum, non-ferrous alloys,
etc.). The same idea can be used in the so-called "magnet test", in which an auto body
is inspected with a magnet to detect areas repaired using fiberglass or plastic putty.
● Magnetic levitation transport, or maglev, is a form of transportation that suspends,
guides and propels vehicles (especially trains) through electromagnetic force. The
maximum recorded speed of a maglev train is 581 kilometers per hour (361 mph).
● Magnets may be used to serve as a fail-safe device for some cable connections. For
example, the power cords of some laptops are magnetic to prevent accidental damage
to the port when tripped over. The MagSafe power connection to the Apple MacBook
is one such example.
● Magnetism is a property of materials that respond to an applied magnetic field.
Permanent magnets have persistent magnetic fields caused by ferromagnetism. That is
the strongest and most familiar type of magnetism. However, all materials are
influenced varyingly by the presence of a magnetic field. Some are attracted to a
magnetic field (paramagnetism); others are repulsed by a magnetic field
(diamagnetism); others have amuch more complex relationship with an applied
magnetic field (spin glass behavior and antiferromagnetism). Substances that are
negligibly affected by magnetic fields are known as non-magnetic substances. They
include copper, aluminium, gases, and plasticPure oxygen exhibits magnetic
properties when cooled to a liquid state.
● The magnetic state (or phase) of a material depends on temperature (and other
variables such as pressure and applied magnetic field) so that a material may exhibit
more than one form of magnetism depending on its temperature,
MAGNETIC DISC
Torque T = F r





Force require to stop the disc
F = T/r
F = 0.042 / 0.09
F = 0.47 N~ 0.5 N
Force generated is greater than required force.
SPRING
The automobile chassis is mounted on the axles not direct but through some form of
springs. This is done to isolate the vehicle body from the road shocks which may be in
the form of bounce, pitch, roll or sway. these tendencies give rise to an uncomfortable
ride and also cause additional stress in the automobile frame and body. All the parts
which perform the function of isolating the automobile from the road shocks are
collectively. A Springing device must be a compromise between flexibility and
stiffness. If it is more rigid, it will not absorb road shocks efficiently and if it is more
flexible it will continue to vibrate even after the bump has passed so we must have
sufficient damping of the spring to prevent excessive flexing.A spring is a flexible
elastic object used to store mechanical energy. Springs are usually made out of
hardened steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger
ones. A spring is a mechanical device, which is typically used to store energy and
subsequently release it, to absorb shock, or to maintain a force between contacting
surfaces. They are made of an elastic material formed into the shape of a helix which
returns to its natural length when unloaded this is called return spring. Springs are
placed between the road wheels and the vehicle body. When the wheel comes across a
bump on the road, it rises and deflects the spring, thereby storing energy therein. On
releasing, due to the elasticity of the spring, material, it rebounds thereby expending
the stored energy. In this way the spring starts vibrating, with amplitude decreasing
gradually on internal friction of the spring material and friction of the suspension
joints till vibrations die down
BEARING:
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired
motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may,
for example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation
around a fixed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal
forces that bear on the moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by
minimizing friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation,
the motions allowed, or to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.
Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical
systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure
supporting it. The simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft
rotating in a hole. Lubrication is often used to reduce friction. In the ball bearing and
roller bearing, to prevent sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with
a circular cross-section are located between the races or journals of the bearing
assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the
application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability and
performance. The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "to bear";a bearing being a
machine element that allows one part to bear to support another. The simplest
bearings are bearing surfaces, cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of
control over the form, size, roughness and location of the surface. Other bearings are
separate devices installed into a machine or machine part. The most sophisticated
bearings for the most demanding applications are very precisedevices; their
manufacture requires some of the highest standards of current technology
Dimensions of bearings used:
 Inner Dia: 35.36MM
 Outer Dia: 83.82MM
TYPES:
There are at least 6 common types of bearing, each of which operates on different
principles:
● Plain bearing, consisting of a shaft rotating in a hole. There are several specific
styles: bushing, journal bearing, sleeve bearing, rifle bearing, composite bearing.
● Rolling-element bearing, in which rolling elements placed between the turning and
stationary races prevent sliding friction.
● Ball bearing, in which the rolling elements are spherical balls
● Roller bearing, in which the rolling elements are cylindrical rollers
● Jewel bearing, a plain bearing in which one of the bearing surfaces is made of an
ultrahard glassy jewel material such as sapphire to reduce friction and wear
● Fluid bearing, a noncontact bearing in which the load is supported by a gas or liquid,
● Magnetic bearing, in which the load is supported by a magnetic field
● Flexure bearing, in which the motion is supported by a load element which bends.
FRAME:
The frame is basically made up of mild steel. The reasons for theselection are Mild
steel is readily available in market .It is economical to use and is available in standard
sizes. It has good mechanical properties i.e. it is easily machinable . It hasmoderate
factor of safety, because factor of safety results in unnecessary wastage of material
and heavy selection. Low factor of safety results in unnecessary risk of failure. It has
high tensile strength.
Frame dimensions:
length: 403.86MM
Width: 312.42MM
Height: 100MM
RECTIFIER:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which
periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one
direction. The process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number
of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium
oxide rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other siliconbased semiconductor switches. Historically, even synchronous electromechanical
switches and motors have been used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used
a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as
a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector". Rectifiers have many uses, but are often
found serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current
power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate
direct current for use as a source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve
as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of a
flame. Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave, the process of
rectification alone produces a DC current that, though unidirectional, consists of
pulses ofcurrent. Many applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio,
television and computer equipment, require a steady constant DC current (as would
be produced by a battery). In these applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed
by an electronic filter (usually a capacitor) to produce a steady current. Here, A 12v
rectifier is used.
RECTIFIER DEVICES:
Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube thermionic
diodes and copper oxide- or selenium-based metal rectifier stacks were used.With the
introduction of semiconductor electronics, vacuum tube rectifiers became obsolete,
except for some enthusiasts of vacuum tube audio equipment. For power rectification
from very low to very high current, semiconductor diodes of various types (junction
diodes Schottky diodes, etc.) are widely used. Other devices that have control
electrodes as well as acting as unidirectional current valves are used where more than
simple rectification is required. where variable output voltage is needed. High-power
rectifiers, such as those used in high-voltage direct current power transmission,
employ silicon semi conductordevices of various types. These are thyristors or
othercontrolled switching solid-stateswitches, which effectively function as diodes
topass current in only one direction
RECTIFIER CIRCUITS:
Rectifier circuits may be single-phase or multi-phase (three being the most common
number of phases). Most low power rectifiers for domestic equipment are singlephase, but three-phase rectification is veryimportant for industrial applications and for
the transmission of energy as DC (HVDC)
SINGLE-PHASE RECTIFIERS
HALF-WAVE RECTIFICATION
In half-wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative half
of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of
the input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower. Half-wave rectification
requires a single diode in a single-phase supply, or three in a three-phase supply.
Rectifiers yield a unidirectional but pulsating direct current; half-wave Rectifiers
produce far more ripple than full-wave rectifiers, and much more filtering is
needed to eliminate harmonics of the AC frequency from the output
The no-load output DC voltage of an ideal half-wave rectifier for a sinusoidal input
voltage is: where: Vdc, Vav – the DC or average output voltage,Vpeak, the peak
value of the phase input voltages, Vrms, the root mean square (RMS) value of output
voltage.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The super magnet brake consists of a round disc plate in which small, small
magnets are encrypted on it. It is made to rotate by means of a motor coupled
to it. The motor centre shaft is connected to the shaft from the round disc plate
.
Two iron plates separated by some distance which distance to be larger than that of
the thickness of the disc plate provided the metal iron plates will slide up to the
circular disc. When, the motor starts running, the disc plate will also rotate tin the
same direction to the direction of the motor.While it reached the certain speed, the
iron plates is made to slide on the rail such that the round disc will be right in between
the two iron plates. The moment when the iron plates moved towards the disc, the
rotating disc will slower down and finally it stops.
ADVANTAGES
a.
Easy to implement
b.
Easy to handle
c.
Low cost
DISADVANTAGE

Need to put high power magnets.
APPLICATION
 This brake can be used in trains and in trailer cars
LIST OF MATERIALS
FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS
The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.
Properties:
The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the proposed
application. The various requirements to be satisfied Can be weight, surface finish,
rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack from chemicals, service life,
reliability etc. The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively
affect their selection
a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal Conductivity,
specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical conductivity,
magnetic purposes etc. The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in
tensile, Compressive shear, bending, tensional and buckling load, fatigue resistance,
impact resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness,
wear resistance and sliding properties. The various properties concerned from the
manufacturing point of view are,
● Cast ability
● Weld ability
● Probability
● Surface properties
● Shrinkage
● Deep drawing etc.
Manufacturing case:
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities
obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of
special materials.
Quality Required:
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For
example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of components
which can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the
steel.
Availability of Material:
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. it then becomes obligatory for the
designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for
the material designed. the delivery of materials and the delivery date of product
should also be kept in mind.
Space consideration:
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces involved are
high and space limitations are there.
Cost:
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of materialplays an
important part and should not be ignored. Sometimes factors like scrap utilization,
appearance and non-maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of
proper materials
operations performed
Metal cutting, welding, grinding,
Metal cutting:
Metal cutting is the process of working with metals to create individual parts
, assemblies Marking out (also known as layout) is the process of transferring a design
or pattern to a work piece and is the first step in the handcraft of metal cutting. And
cutting is done with the help of a cutting machine
Welding:
Arc welding is a type of welding that uses a welding power supply to create an
electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt the metals at the
welding point. They can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and
consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The welding region is usually protected
by some type of shielding gas, vapor, or slag. Arc welding processes may be manual,
semi-automatic, or fully automated. First developed in the late part of the 19th
century, arc welding became commercially important in shipbuilding during the
Second World War. Today it remains an important process for the fabrication of steel
structures and vehicles.
Surface grinding:
uses a rotating abrasive wheel to remove material, creating a flat surface. The
tolerances that are normally achieved with grinding are ± 2 × 10−4 inches for
grinding a flat material, and ± 3 × 10−4 inches for a parallel surface (in metric units: 5
μm for flat material and 8 μm for parallel surface). The surface grinder is composed
of an abrasive wheel, a work holding device known as a chuck, either electromagnetic
or vacuum, and a reciprocating table. Grinding is commonly used on cast iron and
various types of steel. These materials lend themselves to grinding because they can
be held by the magnetic chuck commonly used on grinding machines, and they do not
melt into the wheel, clogging it and preventing it from cutting. Materials that are less
commonly ground are Aluminum, stainless steel, brass & plastics. These all tend to
clog the cutting wheel more than steel & cast iron, but with special techniques it is
possible to grind them
COST ESTIMATION
MATERIAL COST:
LABOUR COST:
Lathe, drilling, welding, grinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost =Rs 800
OVERGHEAD CHARGES:
The overhead charges are arrived by”manufacturing cost”
Manufacturing Cost =Material Cost + Labour Cost = 1500
Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost =
TOTAL COST:
Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges
Total cost for this project = 3000
CONCLUSION
The project carried out by us will make an impressing mark in the field of
automobile. This is a new innovative friction less effective braking system.This
project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern.The project has been
designed to perform the required task taking minimum time
FINISHED PROJECT DAIGRAM