Music Revision Notes ~Music Periods~ Baroque Classical Romantic ~20th Century~ Jazz Neoclassicism Impressionism Minimalism ~World Music~ African Indian Indonesian Chinese Japanese Latin American ~Set Work~ A Midsummer Night’s Dream DR.SMITH D = Dynamics R = Rhythms S = Structure M = Melody I = Instrumentation T = Texture H = Harmony List of Structures: Binary Ternary Ritornello Ground Bass Variations Fugue Glossary: Homophonic - Chordal, melody + accompaniment Heterophonic - Variation of same melody Polyphonic - Different Individual melody Monophone - One voice on its own Baroque: When: 1600-1750 What: Large Instrumental Works - Concerto: Solo or Concerto Grosso (small group of soloists) - 3 Movements: Slow-Fast-Slow - Small string orchestra as the accompanying group - Orchestral Suites: Sets of shorter pieces based on dance form (Handel’s Firework Music) Chamber Music - Sonatas for Keyboard, or for solo instrument accompanied by basso continue - 3 Movements: Slow-Fast-Slow - Trio Sonatas: As above but with two solo instruments - Suites: As above but for keyboard or solo instrument plus basso continuo Vocal Music - Opera: A story put to music in several acts, with solo singers and chorus, accompanied by orchestra and basso continuo - Opera music is made up of Recitatives (speech-like), Arias (songs) and Choruses - Oratorio: The sacred version of opera, but without the staging and costumes, performed in church - Mass: Musical setting of the Roman Catholic service with 5 main movements: Kyrie, GLoria, Credo Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei. How: Baroque style is complicated, elaborate, decorative and showy. - Frequently contrasted, as a result D Dynamics of ‘Terraced Dynamics’ (increasing or decreasing numbers of performers) - Dynamics rarely written on the score - Often Energetic, moving the music forward R Rhythms - French Baroque uses lots of double dotted rhythms - Dance Rhythms S Structure M Melody I Instrumentation T Texture - Binary Ternary Ritornello Grand Bass Variations Fugue Sometime uses dance forms: Allemande, Sarabande or Gigue - Long - Ornamented - Often contain sequences - String section is important - Wind and Timps added if needed - Basso Continuo is musical foundation of most pieces (Harpsichord Chords and Cello Bass lines) - Polyphonic - Imitative texture like fugue are popular H Harmony - Major/Minor system is established - Dissonance are prepared and resolved Who: J.S.Bach Vivaldi Corelli Purcelli Lully Handel Orchestral Suites, Concerto Grosso, Mass, Oratorio, Instrumental Suites, 48 Keyboard Preludes and Fugues, Solo concertos, sonatas Solo concertos, concerti grosso, trio sonatas Opera and musical plays, anthems for church, string pieces Opera, string pieces, suites of dances Oratorio, opera, orchestral suites, sonatas Example Reasons: - Because the piece contains a basso continuo line of harpsichord and cello - Because the piece is highly polyphonic / contrapuntal, or features imitative entries - Because the melody lines are decorated with lots of ornaments such as trills and turns - Because the solo line is complex and virtuosic - Because the melody line is constructed from strings of sequences - Because the piece is based on a repeated bass line known as a ground bass Classical: This period sees a reaction against the elaborate styles of the Baroque and favoured a clear, lighter style with an emphasis on organization, balance and symmetry. When: 1750 - 1825 What: Large Instrumental Work - Concerto: Solo, 3 movements: Slow-Fast-Slow - Small string orchestra as the accompanying group - Symphonies: A 4 movement work for orchestra 1. Fast sonata form 2. Slow 3. Minuet (or Scherzo) and trio 4. Fast sonata or rondo form Chamber Music - Sonatas for keyboard, or for solo instrument accompanied by piano (Slow-Fast-Slow) - String Quartets (structured like a mini-symphony) and scored for 2 Violins, Viola and Cello Vocal Music - Opera: A story put to music in several acts, with solo singers and chorus, accompanied by orchestra and basso continuo - Opera music is made up of Recitatives (speech-like), Arias (songs) and Choruses - Oratorio: The sacred version of opera, but without the staging and costumes, performed in church - Mass: Musical setting of the Roman Catholic service with 5 main movements: Kyrie, GLoria, Credo Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei How D Dynamics - Contrasted dynamics - Composers use crescendos and diminuendos more frequently R S Rhythms Structure - Often Regular and Symmetrical - Binary Ternary Sonata Form Rondo Structures are fairly strictly adhered to, and key changes are often central to structural ideas - Regularly phrased, often M Melody organised in “Question and Answer” style sub-phrases - String section still the backbone of I Instrumentation the orchestra but 2 flutes, oboes, horns and timps become regular members - Clarinets are added later in the era - Wind add colour and often double the string parts rather than having independent lines (particularly earlier on in the period) - Piano takes over from the harpsichord - Homophonic textures T Texture predominate earlier in the period, although later composers reintroduced more polyphony - Melody plus accompaniment textures are the most common - Chords I, IV and V dominate the H Mozart Haydn Early Beethoven Harmony harmonies, pieces often end with extended perfect cadences - Dissonance is limited and treated very carefully 34 symphonies, concertos (particularly violin, flute, horn, clarinet and piano), operas, string quartets, divertimenti (small chamber pieces for various ensembles, Requiem mass, piano sonatas. 104 symphonies, concertos, operas and oratorios, masses, string quartets. String quartets, overtures, early symphonies. (particularly no.s 1-3), piano sonatas. Who: Example Reason: - Because the piece is predominantly melody plus accompaniment homophony, but with some contrasting section of polyphony - Because the piece uses a wider range of dynamics, including crescendos and diminuendos - Because the orchestra consists of a moderate of strings with double woodwind, horns, trumpets and timpani - Because the piece uses a limited repertoire of chords, with tonic and dominant as well as predominant (extended cadence) - Because the piece is written for piano, not harpsichord, and uses an alberti bass left hand pattern - Because the piece has a regular pulse and regular symmetrical rhythm patterns - Because the melody lines are regularly phased and clear above the accompaniment parts Romantic: Renewed interest in expressing intense emotion, and closer links between music and the other arts, leading to an explosion in Programme Music. A period where composers explored their national identities and the golden age of the piano. When: 1835 - 1900 What: Large Instrumental Works - Concerto: Solo, 3 movements: Slow-Fast-Slow - Highly virtuosic solo lines - Fuller orchestra for accompaniment as instruments and concert halls developed to allow the soloist to be heard 1. Fast sonata form - Symphonies: A 4 movement work for orchestra 2. Slow - Symphonic (or Tone) poems, 3. Minuet (or Scherzo) and trio programmatic pieces for orchestra 4. Fast sonata or rondo form Chamber Music - Sonatas for keyboard, or for solo instrument accompanied by piano (Slow-Fast-Slow) - String Quartets (structured like a mini-symphony) and scored for 2 Violins, Viola and Cello - Lieder: Songs for soloist with piano accompaniment (Piano part often pains the events in song) - Piano Miniatures: Small piano pieces such as Noctures, Polonaises, Waltzes, Prelude Large Scale Vocal Music - Opera: A story put to music in several acts, with solo singers and chorus, accompanied by orchestra and basso continuo - Opera music is made up of Recitatives (speech-like), Arias (songs) and Choruses - Oratorio: The sacred version of opera, but without the staging and costumes, performed in church D Dynamics - The extremes of dynamics (pppp or ffff) are explored - Nationalist music uses rhythms of R Rhythms traditional folk dances. - Rhythms are increasingly complicated. S M Structure Melody - Binary Ternary Sonata Form Rondo Structures are often determined by the story, or programme. - Melodies are long and lyrical, - Often found in all instruments of the orchestra, rather than focused on the first violins. - The orchestra is augmented with I Instrumentation - larger wind, brass and percussion sections. Cor Anglais, piccolo, bass clarinet, tuba, trombone, harp are all frequently found in the orchestra. Bigger numbers of existing instruments. - Can be homophonic or polyphonic to T Texture suit the needs of the composer - but are often dense due to the number of instruments involved. - Greater repertoire of chords is in frequent use H Harmony - Increasing amount and severity of dissonance found - Some compositions were very chromatic indeed. - Mass: Musical setting of the Roman Catholic service with 5 main movements: Kyrie, GLoria, Credo Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei. How: Romantic style is complicated, intense and emotional. Who: Late Beethoven Late symphonies, string quartets, piano sonatas and concertos. Tchaikovsky Symphonies, ballet music, concertos. Chopin, Liszt Dvorak Schubert and Schumann Known primarily for their piano works – waltzes, noctures, preludes etc. Symphonies, concertos and tone poems. A nationalist composer whose work sounds distinctly Eastern European. Lieder (songs for voice and piano) Example Reasons: - Because the piece uses a very large orchestra including… *whatever you can actually hear* - Because the piece uses a wide range of dynamics, exploring the extremes of the instrument - Because the piece uses an extended repertoire of chords, with frequent dissonances and chromaticism’s - Because the textures are very dense, as a result of the number of instruments involved - Because the melody lines are on and lyrical - Because the melody lines are found in various instruments, not just the violins - Because the piece is played using a lot of rubato Waltz: Romantic Boom-Cha-Cha patterns 3/4 time signature dissonances upbeat, for dancing Jazz: Jazz is a type of music that originated in the southern states of America during the early 20th century. Over time, many different styles of jazz have developed, using all sorts of line-ups, from a single piano to a swing band. The main element that unites most of these styles is improvisation. Key Features • Syncopation and swung rhythms • Walking bass • Scat singing – singing to nonsense syllables instead of words • 12-bar blues chord pattern • Blues scale – a major scale with flattened 3rd, 5th and 7th degrees • Comping – rhythmic chordal accompaniment on the piano • Stabs – usually on brass • Glissando – a slide from one note to another • Instrumental breaks Famous musicians – Louis Armstrong – singer and trumpeter; Duke Ellington – pianist Example to Listen to: At The Woodchopper’s Ball by the Woody Herman Orchestra Listen out for: • Harmonic structure based on the 12-bar blues • Line up of trumpets, trombones, saxes and clarinet (the front line) and guitar, piano, drums and bass (the rhythm section) • Walking bass part (on pizzicato double bass) • Stabs in the brass section • Glissandos in the clarinet solo Swing Rhythms Blue notes- found on 3rd, 5th and 7th degree on scale Syncopation and Triplets Walking bassline 12 bar blues sequence 7th chords Ragtime got unpopular after jazz took over Improvisation is used; melody is played by the frontline instrument -Blues scale and blue notes Compared with the major scale, some notes, known as blue notes may be flattened by a semitone or 'bent' by a smaller interval. Blue notes are often found on the third, fifth or seventh degree of the scale. In 'All blues' the seventh note is flattened. Although the key note is G, all the Fs are F naturals. Neoclassicism: Particularly popular between the two world wars like taking a piece of classical music and adding non-classical things to it e.g. Haydn did not use clarinets quintuplets were never used classical notes were more of stepping, and no leaps Still featuring classical period music features. “The New Classical” - Abrupt Modulation - Sudden Melodic Twist - Deliberate “Wrong Notes” Polytonality; More than one key simultaneously Emphasising; Wind and Percussion - Polyphonic - Clashing Dissonance “Anti-Romantic”, avoiding intense emotions - Orchestra Limited In size - Chromatic Melody Creates Unexpected Twists (Altered Notes, sharped, flattened etc) - Scalic Motion - Homorhythmic; melody and chord move at the same time Composers: Stravinsky (Example: Pulcinella) Satie Respighi Impressionism: 1. Music that conveys atmosphere and subtle emotion in contrast to the strong emotions expressed in music of the Romantic Period 2. A departure from traditional major/minor harmonies to include the use of whole tone scales (always and only going up by 2 semitones), advance chromatic harmonies and dissonances. 3. A departure form traditional music, such as symphony, concerto and sonata, in favour of shorter musical forms, such as prelude, nocturnes and the song. 4. Great emphasis on orchestra as a form of art in itself (orchestration is the study or practice of writing music for an orchestra) 5. Rhythm: A strict sense of pulse and time are often absent, making music sound much more free and explorative 6. Downbeats are no longer accented as is usual is in other period of music, and accenting as a whole is much more subtle throughout works of impressionist composers • • • • • • • Melodic characteristics which vary from short dabs of sound to long, free flowing lines Harmonic characteristics are primarily homophonic and frequently move in parallel motion Rhythmic characteristics are usually free and flexible with irregular accents and rhythmic ostinatos used to give feeling of stasis rather than movement Modal influences which emphasized primary intervals; octaves, fourths, and fifths in parallel motion Whole-tone scale divides the octave into equal major/minor system and leads to obscured fluidity Pentatonic scale is sounded when the black keys of the piano are struck Escaped chords were harmonies that gave the impression of having escaped to another tonality Instruments Used During the Impressionistic Period • • The Impressionist composers two favorite mediums were the orchestra and the piano. Within the orchestra flutes and clarinets were used in their dark lower registers. Violins reached for upper sonorities while trumpets and horns were muted. There was much use of the harp, celeste, triangle, glockenspiel, and cymbal which was usually brushed with a drumstick. Impressionistic musical pieces were performed by pianists, string quartets, symphonies, and orchestras The notes vary from short dabs to long, free flowing lines Avoidance/Free use of traditional music form Irregular phrases Dissonance Static Harmony Chromaticism and unusual scales- whole tone scales, exotic scales/notes (Indonesian Gamelan), pentatonic Chords- frequent dissonance, chords of the 9th, escaped chords (chords from a key different to the one that it is in) Rhythmic ostinatos- free flowing lines Primarily Homophonic Rich Tone colours- all the different instruments to demonstrate the colours Programmatic Tonal ambiguity, rich harmonies, parallel chords Fluid tempo COMPOSERS: -Debussy Minimalism: Steve Reich - Experimented with sound, recorded street sound, cut the sound into small ideas and repeated it - Layers on top - Over time, it gradually changes Example: “8 Lines” Minimalism Features - Limited musical features - Small ideas repeated - Trans-life effect - Small cells or motif repeated many times - Gradually Transforms - Largely Tonal - Rhythm and Texture more important than melody (Tonal = Belongs to a key) Influenced by Gamelan (Indonesian and African Music) House music = Loops, influenced by minimalism - Repetition - Simplicity Phase Shifting - Shifting in and out of phase, one shorter than the original, eventually coming back together - Music is out of sync - Same pattern same length, one plays faster Example: “In C” by Terry Riley Philip Glass - More atmospheric - Film Music ~World Music~ World Music Latin America: Mexico (Mariachi), Argentina (Tango), Brazil (Samba), Peru (Panpipes) Asia: India (Raga), China, Japan, Indonesia (Gamelan) Africa + Arabic Music Africa: - Kora (Big dried vegetable, Harp-like) - Xylophone / Balafon Arabic: - Rabab (Bow stringed instrument) - Ūd (Like a Loot) - Nãy - Qanun India: - Sitar - Sarangi - Tabla - Tambura Indonesia: - Gamelan China: - Qin / Gu Zheng - Dizi (Bamboo Flutes) - Er Hu Japan: - Shakuhachi (Single Bamboo Flute) - Koto (Gu-Zheng Like) - Shō (Bamboo Flutes) Latin America: - Charangi African: When you think about african music, connotations of drumming. MASSIVE CONTINENT - Africa is a huge continent and drumming is not found throughout the continent - It is most prevalent in the Sub-Saharan countries. It is not found so much in the desert nations of the north where wood isn’t so readily available. (Drums and animals are needed to make drums, but not available in the desert) - Music, singing and dance are very important in most african societies. Some african languages only have one work for the three as they are so 09 linked. (tied so tightly it cannot untied) - Master drummer gets solo, stands closer than the rest of the drums, improvisation - Master drummer controls tempo Background: - Music is participatory in African society - everyone joins in rather than sitting passively to watch - The music helps to give each tribe a sense of cultural identity. Tribes often have their own scales, and instruments that they have created themselves - Music plays an important role at celebrations and ceremonies - Music is an oral tradition, not written down buy passed from teacher to student by role - passed down from father to son, teacher to student Burundi, famous for drumming tradition, using same drum Ghana, uses other percussion instruments and using different parts of the drums and different drums Rhythm and texture of the extract - Cross Rhythm (all are the same 4/4 beat) - Syncopated - atonal Ostinato - Patterns that repeat, doesn’t change Musical Feature: - Rhythm is the most important feature of african music - Rhythm are often syncopated - Layer of different rhythms often create polyrhythm - The Master Drummer controls the tempo signals when to change rhythm and improvises over the basic rhythms - Performances often start with a call and response intro with the master drummer giving the call, answered by the res of the group. - Pentatonic Polyrhythmic Instrumentals: - The are lots of different types of different sizes an shapes - cylindrical, conical and gobletshaped - Some are played with hands some with beaters - One of the most widespread is the Djembe (pronounced Zhem-Bay) which is played with the hands using 3 different strokes: bass, tone and slap Talking Drum; has strings attached to the drum heads that increase the tension of the skin when squeezed under the arm. Most african languages are tonal, and a talking drummer can imitate words by drumming out the pattern of syllables and altering the pitch. In this way some drummers are able to communicate very effectively. In the past it was used as a form of communication between distant villages - Use drums in inventive ways, different tones and sounds created - dampening skin, denser sound - playing with sticks, more than one tone? Mbira (Thumb Piano) - Other percussion instruments are frequently found with the drum ensemble, for example various types of shakers, bells and woodblocks - African Bells - “Twaning” of metal sound - Ostinato African language is mostly atonal Listen to the drums: http://thisworldmusic.com/gahu-african-drumming-and-dance-from-ghana/ Xylophone <3 Balafon (From Zimbabwe) - Organic - Polyphonic - Polyrhythm (overlapping rhythms) - Lots of notes in short period, fast pace - Can’t play long note - Intricate - Ostinato (Repeated Pattern) Thumb Piano (Mbina) - Thin pieces of metal with tongues - Works similarly as a music box - Fast pace - Polyphonic - Ostinato - Percussive Rattle (depends on who made it, could be Kora (West Africa) - Made from enormous vegetable - Series of strings like a harp, guitar - Used a lot accompanying singers, Griots - Can also be solo instrument - Listen to background, tiny repeated ostinato - Usually 3 layers of rhythm without patterns African Vocal Music Call & Response Pentatonic Scales Syncopated Rhythms Sing in Parallel Fourth and Fifths Is it african vocals with western influences or is it parallel fourth and fifths South uses western harmonies, triads North uses parallel fourths and fifths rattles) Arabic: Found: - The Middle East - North Africa - Turkey Instrumentation: - Oud (Pear-shaped guitar, similar to a Lute) [Plucked strings] - Rabab (Similar to a Er-hu) [Bowed, one string] - Nāy (Flute) - Qanun (Mini Gu Zheng) Nay highly ornamented Key Features: - Call & Response (Not ‘Question & Answer’) Requires 2 people, with first person introducing an idea and the second person finishing it off by ‘responding’. - Heterophony Several musician performs melody together, each may play it sightly different Different version of the same thing Melodies highly ornamented - Maqām Equivilant to western scale Different combinations of tones and semi-tones No absolute fixed pitch (same with African and Indian music) - Narrow pitch range, 4-5 notes, half a scale, limited pitch range. - īqa Complex rhythm / Fixed rhythm pattern or cycle Used to accompany songs and other music - Equivalent to Tala in Indian music - Instruments improvise around īqa Role of Music in Islam: - Music is not banned in Islam, however there are various rules - Female cannot dance or perform in front of Male - Music is an essential part of prayer and worship Indian: Raga: The Piece and The Scale Essential Components: Most Indian pieces are written for a small group of instrumentalists, playing 3 layers of sound 1. Melody 2. Rhythm 3. Drone Drone: The drone is provided by a stringed instrument called the Tambura, it sums the ‘tonic and ‘dominant’ note of the chosen Indian scale throughout the piece. Beginner plays Drones. The Melody can be provided by a number of instruments, or voices, - Sitar - Sarangi - Harmonium - Bamboo Flute Raga: Indian musicians base their melodies on scales called ‘raga’. There are lots of different scales, with different number of notes, and sometimes they are different in their ascending and descending forms Each raga has a specific mood, event or time of day attached. The names of the notes in a raga are : Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa Sa can be any note the soloist or singing chooses, they choose a pitch that suits them best There are little rules that goes with each Raga. Lots of improvisation in Raga Structure of a Raga Alap: - Invocation - Slow, Free tempo - Improvisatory - Goes from an upper sa to a lower sa (vice versa) - Instruments heard: melodic instrument and drone - No drums Jhor: - Strict tempo - Gat melody Melody Instruments - Sitar - Sarang - Flute - Violin - Sarod - Vocal Raga Glissando between notes, common Rhythm: - Tabla (2 drums, metal circle in middle) Plays Tala - repeating rhythm cycle, first note of Tala is Sam (emphasized). Khali (unemphasized notes) don’t hear tabla? must be Alap. Jhalla: - Speeds Up Drone: - tabla plays - Tambula (4 strings tuned to 4 and 5th note of a - Fast improvisation on the Gat raga, 3 tonic 1 dominant) - Busy - Polar opposite of Alap Reasons - Does not follow Western Scales, instead uses Raga scale - Improvisation used within the piece - Tempo starts off slow and free, then becomes strict and fast - Constant drone played by tambura - Glissando between melody notes jhor: -slightly faster -definite sense of beat -everything is starting to come together jhala: -fastest part out of all three -improvisation on two levels: rhythmic and melodic -builds speed and excitement as it builds up Alap - The invocation - Descending from Sa to the lower Sa - Introduction of the lower octave - When you reach the highest note, you descend fast to the Sa of the middle octave. - Between the octaves a closing pattern can be heard. - Slow tempo, indefinite pulse, melodic + drone Jhor - Slightly faster than alap - Everything comes together, more definite sense of beat Jhala - Fastest part of raga in indian music - Tabla starts - It has 16 beats that are constantly increasing speed - More melodic Improvisation - melodic + rhythmic Talas – Rhythmic Cycles -Talas are traditional rhythmic patterns/cycles commonly used in indian music. - Talas are divided into sections called vibhags, each tala has a certain number of beats (matras) per cycle. -The first beat of any tala is called the sam, and it is the most important point of the rhythmic cycle, and there is usually emphasis.Matras are beats in the tala. -Improvisation is widely used in a tala and usually gets stronger when approaching the end of the tala. -A circle on the tala sheet is a khali vibhag(comparatively contrasting vibhag), and a cross is a clap .There must be one khali vibhag in each tala. -There are different types of Ragas, and each Raga has strict rules about which notes may be used. It is part of Hindustani or North Indian Classical music -All Ragas are associated with a particular time of day, night, mood or special occasion, and just like the Western scale, it has an ascending and descending pattern -Alap is the first section of a typical raga. The main artist explores the notes of the raga slowly, with free improvisation. The pulse is steady and the notes are introduced one at a time -Jhor is the middle section of a Raga. It is slightly faster than Alap and also has more of a pulse -Jhala is the last section of a Raga, in which the tabla player joins in. The musicians improvise in the rhythm and the melody. This section is usually fast and exciting as the musicians pass rhythmic ideas back and forth to each other when they are improvising. Key instruments: - Melodic instruments- Sarangi is a stringed instrument which is bowed like a violin but held on the ground. Has 3 main melodic strings followed by lots more sympathetic strings -Santur is similar to yangqin (chinese), 18 sets of 4 strings, is played by 2 round edged sticks. - Harmonium is first keyboard instrument. Can be handheld, vibrates by reeds and air-pumped. Accompaniment -Tabla has 2 drums, one is bigger, while the other is smaller it can be played in many ways with the addition of iron fillings in 1 spot. They are tuned to the tonic and dominant respectively. -Tambura is a stringed instrument with 2 strings, tonic+dominant. Often played by a student. -Dholak has 2 heads, one is lower pitched and one is higher pitched. Played with a strap around the guy. Alaap: Unmetered Raga introduction Alankar: Ornaments Audava: Pentatonic Chalan: A systematic Raga expression Grama: Ancient music scale Kan: Grace note Komal: Flat Laya: Tempo Pakar: Phrase of Raga Raga: Modal scale Saptak: Octave Shudha: Natural note Tal: Rhythm cycle Tanpura/Tambura: String instrument used for drone Tar: upper octave region Tivar: Sharp Varjit: Omitted - Raga is traditional melodic formula of hindu music. Its main purpose is to convey emotions of different situation through sound and ultimately music. - There are 3 vitals method that are used by Indians when they are learning their native music; Listening, Imitating and Memorising. - Musicians are to belong to a particular gharana, gharana basically means a group of musicians studying together at a particular pace and being influenced by a particular guru. - Indian music has taken up a major role in the hindu society. It has occupied a central place in the imagination of Indians. A trip to India would allow you to understand the true importance of Indian music. Majority of the time, Indian music is played at holy ceremonies and areas; areas like places of worship, ceremony such as weddings. - Ustad means ‘Master’ and it is used to refer to a Muslim musician. Pandit has the equivalent meaning and is used to refer to a Hindu musician. things that can be asked: -alap -jhala Indonesian: - Gamelan Consist: Gongs, Metallophones and Drums (Might also consist bamboo flutes (suling), bowed strings (rebab) and vocalist) Different gamelans will have different tuning Instruments are kept together as a set Music made up of layers and layers of different instrument Layers are based on core melodic line Balungan Heterophonic 3 types of Gamelans: Central Java, Western Java and Bali Heard at celebrations and theatre performances, as well as accompanying shadow puppet plays, poetry and drama - Passed on through oral tradition, players learn by mastering techniques and memorising the music - Characterised by the following: the lower the pitch, the longer the note values the highest layer are for the solo instruments, and are played very fast the lowest gongs are often played by beginners music is divided into 4 beat groups called Keteg gongs of different sizes used to mark cycles of music known as Gongan - Glockenspiel is played (Saron) MUSIC OF JAVA - Full gamelan adds plucked siter, vertical flute suling and voices - The rebab and Kendang drums are the main melodic instruments of the ensemble MUSIC OF BALI - Different technique and style (Kecak - imitates the sound of monkeys) - Home to different type of gamelans - Louder, swifter and more aggressive than Javanese music SLENDRO - Older one of the two most common scale of the Gamelan - Five note scale - Considered to be an attempt to divide the octave into five equal intervals - Tuning of the set of Gamelan instruments varies PELOG - Seven note scale which is not equal - Pelog scales varies Pelog - 5 letters, opposite 7 note Slendro - 7 letters, opposite 5 note KENONG - Like a gong, but placed on its side and roughly as tall as it is wide - Pitch is rather high considering its side - Usually played with similar padded sticks to the Bonang, except larger - Usually are in sets of one for each note KEMPYANG AND KETUK - Important beat-keepers in the colotomic structure of the Gamelan - Kempyang is never played without the Ketuk - Kempyang is pitched higher - Both shaped like the Bonang Balinese Dance Music Performed by the Gamelan ensemble which consists of metallophones and gongs, sometimes bamboo flute, and led by a drummer Drummer signals changes in tempo and from one section to another The music is subservient to the dance - the musicians follow the dancers. The tempo and sections are dictated by the development of the story Either pentatonic (slendro scale) or heptatonic (pelog). The octave is divided equally between the pitches of the scale - so tuning can sound unusual to Western/ Chinese ears. Repetitive/cyclic structure Heterophonic - all parts are versions of the core melody, the Balungan The balungan is played by the small metallophone, the saron, sometimes doubled by the bamboo flute for a smoother sound Large Gong Ageng plays on the final note of each pattern, marking out the structure of the piece Gamelan music is used for the accompaniment of religious rituals, dance, and Wayang Kulit (shadow puppet plays). Each village has it’s own set of instruments, tuned either to slendro or pelog. The set of instruments is considered to be sacred and players must remove their shoes and avoid stepping over the instruments This is an oral tradition - passed down from father to son. However, when it is notated a numerical notation system is used. Children are trained in their instruments and taught the traditional pieces from a young age. Chinese: - Fixed musical scale, inspired by nature Pentatonic - G, A, C, D, E, G A 12 pitches - Lu Heterophonic, same melody line but changed slightly 4 time signature nearly always use - Melodies are highly ornamented with modulations - Tells a story - repeated Sheng - Mouth Organ (NOT IN SIBALUBS) Yun lo - Vertically held glock Tou Kuan - Bamboo piple with a reed Ti tzu - Side Blown Flute Drums Castanets Erh Hu - Violin like thing Dizi - Bamboo Flute Gu Zheng (Pluck with nails) Dizi - Bamboo Flute Erh Hu (Snake Skin Violin Yang qin (Bamboo Beaters) Chinese Opera - peking opera about gods and goddesses if bow string it is Chinese Japanese: - Often has a vocal part, nature of instrument is usually reflected in the title More emotional No Chordal Harmony Both Chinese and Japanese are Pentatonic, Programmatic Melodic parts seem to start at different times, only coming together at cadences “Through-Composed”, no repeated ideas, keep adding on new ideas China Japan Dizi Shakuhachi Bamboo Flute Gu Zheng Koto Plucked String Er Hu Sho (Bow Strings) (Bamboo Flutes) Chinese flute makes buzzing sound Koto (Japanese Gu Zheng) Sho (Mouth Organ) Shakuhachi (Bamboo Flute) Gagaku Music = Court Music Two Types: 1. Komagaku (From Korea and Manchuria) 2. Togaku (From China and India) Structure of Gagaku 1. Jo - Rhythmic freedom, remains aware of pulse 2. Ha - Structured pulse develops 3. Kyu - More notes are performed to each pulse, so that the musicians are playing at speed No improvisation, describes scenes, stories and individuals. Gagaku scales 2 main modes; 1. Ryo 2. Ritsu Latin American: Mariachi Music ORIGINS -Originally folk music from Mexico -Blends indigenous styles with Spanish influence -Migrated to the cities in C19 and C20 with the workers who moved from the countryside -Promoted by the government as a symbol of Mexican identity after the Mexican Revolution at the beginning of C20 -After the Revolution, many of the clubs that employed the musicians closed and the musicians were forced to become wandering musicians -This has now become a tradition with bands found all over Mexico playing out in town squares and wandering from bar to bar -They are paid to play requests and hope to be hired for events such as weddings as a result of their public performances. INSTRUMENTS -Up to 8 violins -2 Trumpets -1 or more guitars -A vihuela -A guitarron THE VIHUELA -A high pitched, round backed guitar which acts like a rhythm guitar THE GUITARRON -A large acoustic bass guitar with a rounded back MUSICAL FEAUTURES -There is no lead singer. Singers take turns to sing the verses and all join in for the choruses -The lyrics are often very macho. Traditionally, Mariachi musicians are all men -The melody lines are often heard in 3rds in the trumpet/violin parts. Melody lines are often repeated -Lively and upbeat tempo Argentinian Music Tango is the national dance in Argentina. ORIGIN: -Fusion of musical styles from the European (Spanish) settlers, Native Americans and African slaves -Originally a style of music that belonged to the poor people -Considered street music, that thrived in the bars and brothels of Buenos Aires. TANGO ENSEMBLES: The most common line up for a Tango band is a sextet consisting of: -2 Violins -Piano -Double Bass -2 Bandoneons (Accordion-like instrument) KEY FEATURES: -2/4 or 4/4 time signatures -Syncopated Rhythms -Begin on a minor key, but modulates to the relative major later in the music -Simple harmonies, usually using chords I, IV, V7 and VI -Frequent chromatic notes in the melody line -Uses common tango syncopation Peru Music Panpipes - Repetitives melody line Melody played in 3rd Charangi background Walking bass-line Guitaron playing bassline Syncopation Samba - Carnival Music - Happy, Lively, Uptempo - Guitaron - Snare Drum - Toms (Surdo) - Apito - Agogos Tamborims Call & Response Leader is playing Caixa Da Guerro (Snare Drum) Syncopated Rhythm (Offbeat notes, accents are offbeat) ~Set Work~ Midsummer Night’s Dream: Ragtime Popular between 1895-1918 Began as dance music in African-American communities in St. Louis and New Orleans Fell out of favor in 1917 because jazz took over the public’s imagination Originated from African-American music in the late 19th century, descending from the jigs and march music written by Black bands MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: It is in a syncopated rhythm Usually written in 2/4 or 4/4 time Left hand plays beats on strong beats (1 and 3) and chords on the weak beats (2 and 4) DIFFERENT STYLES: Cakewalk- popular pre-ragtime dance from popular until 1904. Music is intended to be representative of an African-American dance contest in which the prize is a cake Two-step- pre-ragtime dance popular until about 1911. A large number of rags were two-steps Coon song- pre-ragtime vocal form popular until about 1901. A song with crude, racist lyrics often sung by white performers with make up that makes them look black. Folk Ragtime- name often used to describe ragtime that originated from small towns or assembled from folk strains, or at least they sounded as if they did. Often have unusual chromatic features typical of composers with non-standard training Classic rag- word used to describe the Missouri-style ragtime popularized by people like Scott Joplin, James Scott, and others Fox-trot- dance fad that started in 1913. It contains dotted-note rhythm different from normal ragtime, but nonetheless was incorporated into many different rags. Swing Term is used to describe the sense of propulsive rhythmic “feel” or groove created by the interaction between the performers Section A: Unprepared Western Repertoire [16 marks] Extracts from two works which may be instrumental and/or vocal selected D Dynamics R Rhythms Regular Rhythms S Structure Sonata, Concerto & Symphony Melody Bitonality Unexpected chord sequences Devices such as: Alberti Bass, Sequence & Imitation M Echoes of earlier composers I Instrumentation Modern instrumentation, Larger Range of notes (very high and very low), Bigger Orchestra T Texture Clear Texture, Clarity of sound in Solos Harmony Chromatic Harmony, Advance Harmony Unexpected Harmonies, Deliberate wrong notes H from the Baroque, Classical and Romantic periods and the Twentieth Century. In addition to questions on the areas listed above, candidates may also be required to identify the period and/or suggest a possible composer. Assessment in detail Cambridge IGCSE Music 0410. Syllabus for examination in 2015. 9 Assessment in detail Section B: World Music [22 marks] Extracts from three pieces of music. Two of the pieces (6 marks each) will be selected from Latin American, Chinese, Indian, Indonesian and Japanese traditions. In addition to questions on the areas listed above, candidates will also be required to identify the possible continent/country of origin. The third piece (10 marks) will be taken from the World Focus prescribed each year from the non-Western music traditions. Section C: Skeleton Score [16 marks] A single extract with skeleton score. In addition to questions on the areas listed above, candidates will be expected to undertake simple rhythmic and/or melodic dictation. They will also be required to identify the period of the music and/or to suggest the name of a likely composer. 10 Cambridge IGCSE Music 0410. Syllabus for examination in 2015. Section D: Set Work [16 marks] Candidates are expected to have prepared one Set Work. For their chosen work, candidates will hear two extracts (played twice). A skeleton score of the extracts will be provided in the question paper. Candidates will be expected to answer questions on any aspect of the music in the extract (whether or not it is shown in the skeleton score); there may also be questions on the music which comes before or after the extract itself. Set Works for examination in 2015: EITHER Mendelssohn: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Overture Op. 21 OR Chinese Yang Qin Dizi Erhu Doesn’t ask Gu Zheng, if hear instrument sounding like Gu Zheng, then it is NOT Chinese Music. Japanese Shaku-Hachi Koto Sho Hear bowed string, if asked what instrumental that is - It can’t be japanese Shamisen is the bowed instrument of Japanese, and it is not asked. Revision Neoclassicism: When: 20th Century What: Large Instrumental Works - Chamber Music - Vocal Music - How: Neoclassicism style is Who: Stravinsky Hindermith Prokofiev Tippett Poulenc Neoclassicism in music was a 20th century development, particularly popular in the period between the two World Wars, in which composers drew inspiration from music of the 1700s 1) Occasional harmony twist that Haydn wouldn't compose 2) Paper would have mentioned “From 20th Century”, if it sounds like the Classical Period it is obviously a Neoclassic piece of music Balanced form and structure and restrained emotional content (From Classical and Baroque Era, Classical Style) Modern instrumental techniques and chromatic harmony (From Romantic Era and turn of the century, Neo means New) - Essentially “New-Classical” Neoclassicism can be seen as a reaction against the prevailing trend of 19th century Romanticism Neoclassicism makes a return to balanced forms and often emotional restrain, as well as 18th compositional processes and techniques/ Advances in modern instrumental resources such as the full orchestra, which had greatly expanded since the 18th century, and advanced harmony, makes neoclassical words distinctly 20th century. Music not describing anything in particular - Style devoid of emotions - Bitonality - Frequent change of key - Unexpected harmony - Deliberate wrong notes - Unexpected chord sequences - Regular rhythms - Clear texture - Classical period devices - Clarity of sound in solos Minimalism: When: 1600-1750 What: Large Instrumental Works - Chamber Music - Vocal Music - How: Minimalism style is D Dynamics R Rhythms S Structure M Melody I Instrumentation T Texture H Harmony Who: Example Reasons: - Because the piece contains a basso continuo line of harpsichord and cello Because the piece is highly polyphonic / contrapuntal, or features imitative entries Because the melody lines are decorated with lots of ornaments such as trills and turns Because the solo line is complex and virtuosic Because the melody line is constructed from strings of sequences Because the piece is based on a repeated bass line known as a ground bass Name the cadence, ,ind chords and see? Saprano (High F) Alto (Low F) Tenor (High M) Bass (Low M) Sequence - Repetition of melody at a higher or lower pitch with same voice Imitation - Repetition of melody at a higher or lower pitch with at least 2 different voices Ostinato - Same as Riffs and Loop - Repeated pattern of notes appoggiatura - Long grace note acciaccatura - Short grace noteW Possible Questions - Type of voice Which compositional devices were heard Beats in a bar Describe melodic shape Best describes music of lines~~ Relationship between two instruments Which music period Reasons? - Instrument playing Comparing music (1st time, 2nd time) Describe accompaniment Describe differences in accompaniment Features of 20th century music Which composer? Suitable Italian terms Beats in a bar - Which other instrument has melodic role? - What ways does music changes (Refer to instruments, accompaniment, dynamics) - Instrument playing Instrumental effect used Describe the music of accompanying instrument Second time, how does music change From where? Reasons Key? Compositional devices Texture of music - Key Compositional Devices? How does music change when repeated From where? Typical features Instrument heard? As accurately as you can, describe the melodic shape played by this instrument in this section of extract - Texture of music after voices start singing - World instrument? Interval between melodic instrument Typical features of music From where? - What instrument is playing Best describes music Complete missing notes Intervals Key Cadence Relationship of this key to the tonic key Accompaniment changed, how? Characteristics of this music Music period? Reason? - Composer - Describe in detail ways the music is different the second time - Type of piece (structure-wise) Midsummer Nights Dream Sonata Form Exposition Development (fragmentation occurs) Recapitulation Codetta Transposing Instrument Clarinets in A - Transpose down a minor 3th Horns in E - Transpose down a minor 6rd Trumpets in E - Transpose up a major 3rd Double Bass - Transpose one octave up Viola - Transpose from Alto to Treble Clef ALLEGRO DI MOLTO - Concert Overture - Programme Music Con tutta la forza = with all force - Tonal Use of chromaticism Modal Shift between major and minor Extended pedal point Drone Sequential repetition Imitation Exposition: Introduction - E Major 1st Subject - E minor Transition - E Major 2nd Subject 1st Theme - B Major 2nd Subject 2nd Theme - B Major Recapitulation: Introduction - E Major 1st Subject - E minor Transition - E Major 2nd Subject 1st Theme - E Major 2nd Subject 2nd Theme - E Major Introduction: 1st chord - Ambiguous, E, G# - not sure if C# minor or E major Modal shift from E Major to E Minor 1st Subject: Em To emulate faries: - Strings - Fast quavers rhythm - Staccato - High pitched - pp dynamics Diminish 7th extended chord creates suspense, resolves to dominant b major chord Transition: E Emulates Theseus, Duke of Athens - ff dynamic, very loud - Fanfare music for royalty - Imitation over tonic pedal - Music played in legato 2nd Subject 1st Theme: B Pairs of Lover - Melody starts with Clarinets - Slurs used - Tonic pedal - Fanfare influence from duke - Repeated accepted pedal note on tonic (C Lento Adagio Andante Moderato Allegretto Allegra Vivace Presto
