PSYCHOLOGY 2: UNIT 7 – COGNITION: 7A: MEMORY MR. GRAIFER’S CLASS MEMORY • “You are what you remember” • Without it, no savoring of past joys, no storehouse of learning, no guilt or anger over recollections • You would only live in the present: but everyone would be a stranger PHENOMENON OF MEMORY • Memory – learning that has persisted over time, info that has been stored can be retrieved • Extremes: • 50 First Dates - https://youtu.be/Y-9wSAd0dMM • Shereshevskii (S) - https://youtu.be/aAiR-LKM3uk INFORMATION PROCESSING • Model of how memory works: • CPU Information-Processing System is similar to human memory • To remember anything, we must get info into the brain (encoding), retain that info (storage), and later get it back out (retrieval) - Not a perfect analogy, but similar enough - Our memories can break down and are more fragile - Brains are slower but can do many things at once. Computers are largely sequential. • Model from 1980s breaks into 3 stages: • 1 – We record to-be-remembered info as a fleeting sensory memory • 2 – From there, we process info into a short-term memory bin, where we encode it through rehearsal • 3 – Finally, info moves into long-term memory for later retrieval INFORMATION PROCESSING • Working memory – a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory nd visual-spatial information retrieved from long-term memory • Encoding: how do we get info in? • Parallel processing – the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with step-by-step (serial) processing of computers and of conscious problem solving • Automatic processing – unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency and of well learned info, such as word meanings INFORMATION PROCESSING • Effortful processing – encoding the requires attention and conscious effort • Often produces durable and accessible memories • Rehearsal – conscious repetition (https://youtu.be/KSqQPJE6FX8) • Spacing effect – the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention • Serial position effect – our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list • What kind of encoding do you think yields the best memory of verbal information? • Visual? Acoustic? Semantic (meaning)? • Rhyming is effective (OJ Simpson trial example) INFORMATION PROCESSING - Visual Encoding - Imagery – mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing; especially when combined with semantic encoding - Mnemonics – memory aids, esp. those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices (https://youtu.be/Js5Tm1y0igY) - Organizing info for Encoding - Chunking –organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically (https://youtu.be/hydCdGLAh00) (https://youtu.be/KhZrQQeZ0WA) - Hierarchies – school notes are a good example TYPES OF MEMORY • Iconic memory – a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli: a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second • Echoic memory – a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds • Working/Short term Memory • Long Term Memory • https://youtu.be/bRI2A5V5mjQ • https://youtu.be/bSycdIx-C48 DEJA VU • https://youtu.be/foVMwJtlR5s ENCODING FAILURE • https://youtu.be/sYuYqDwuD9M - watch and then complete the activity on the next slide: RETRIEVAL FAILURE THE PROBLEMS WITH MEMORIES AND WITH EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS • https://youtu.be/HVWbrNls-Kw
