TABLE OF CONTENTS: THEME 1: 1. Overpopulation in Bangladesh 2. Under population in Australia 3. Antinatalist Policy in China 4. International Migration from Mexico to USA THEME 2: 1. Volcano Case Study (Mt. Etna. Sicily) 2. Earthquake Case Study (Kobe. Japan) 3. River Case Study (Ganges. India) 4. Coasts Case Study (Holderness Coast. UK) 5. Case Study Coral Reef (Great Barrier Reef) 6. Desert Case Study (Sahara Desert and Sahel Region) 7. Tropical Rainforest Case Study (Amazon) THEME 3: 1. Employment Structure - UK 2. Farming- Andhra Pradesh. India 3. Food Shortage - Ethiopia 4. Industry (Input. Process. Output) - Toyota - Burnaston 5. High Tech Industry - M4 Corridor 6. National Park - Peak District National Park 7. Tourism- Portugal 8. Energy supply - Canada 9. Water Supply - Singapore THEME 1: 1. Overpopulation in Bangladesh Location: • 81h most populous country in the world • 147 million people, population growth rate of 2% per annum Causes: • LEDC, lacks resources • Lack of contraceptives because of staunch religious beliefs • No state pension system in Bangladesh so couples have more children to support them in old age • GDP per capita is very low (US$ 240). Country lacks good med.ical facilities and vaccination centers • IMR is very high (around 46 deaths per 1000 live births) • Adult literacy rate is 41 % so people are not educated about family planning Problems: • Overcultivation near Ganges and Brahmaputra leading to fall in crop yield • Migration to Dhaka putting pressure on their medical facilities and education facilities • People forced to live near Bustees located on the edge of Dhaka. lt has sub-par facilities, poor hygiene and sanitation Solutions: • Provide education about contraceptives • Encourage family planning • Invest in technology like HYVs and agrochemical THEME 1: 2. Under population in Australia Location: • Southern Hemisphere in Oceania • Surrounded by South Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean • Population of 22 million people • One of the lowest population densities of 2.9 people per square kilometre Causes: • 45% of Australia is inhospitable desert • Land Severely degraded • Thin soils • Heavy dependence on primary sector, over 40% of land modified for agricultural use Problems: • Shortage of workers which has led to lower optimum productivity. • Conflicts caused in major cities such as Sydney by need to attract foreign workers. • Not possible to exploit all resources and large areas of outback undeveloped/underutilised. Australia as many mines- it is rich in coal, iron ore, gold, meat and alumina. Many mines in Goldfields, Peel and Pilbara regions. Olympic Dam in South Australia is a major metal mine • Less people paying tax. 43% of the labour force will be due to retire in next 20 years. • Taxes will have to be raised to fund retirement. • Schools and hospitals may close because there are not enough people to support them. • Public transport links might close because of less customers. • lt is unlikely that new transport systems will develop as there is not enough people to support them. This increases peoples reliance on cars. • There may be less innovation and development. • Hard to defend country. Solutions: • Relax Immigration laws • Pro natalist policy THEME 1: 3. Antinatalist Policy in China Background: • After China were invaded and occupied by Japan in the World War li, they wanted to strengthen their military so that it never happened again. • To do this they encouraged citizens to have more children, because a bigger population potentially meant a stronger army. • This policy would have been fine if China had the resources and technology to match. However, they did not and coupled with the crippling policies of the cultural revolution, mass famines ensued. • lt is estimated that up to 30 million died during the 1960's and 1970's. • This was not a sustainable policy, so the Chinese government was forced to introduce an anti-natalist policy. Policy: • The policy China decided to introduce was extremely strict and probably not possible in a non-communist country. • The government stated that from 1979 all couples were only allowed to have one child. • They also increased the marriageable age of men to 22. • To get married and to have a child, citizens had to apply to the government. If you applied by these rules you were entitled to free education, healthcare, housing and given a job. • If you did not follow the rules, then benefits would be removed and females who were found to be pregnant were given forced abortions and even sterilized • To enforce the policy the government relied on community enforcement. • Often elderly residents who were trusted within the community were asked to inform, elderly female informants were nicknamed 'granny police'. • The strict enforcement of the policy led to a problem of female infanticide. Males ensured the family name was maintained and were able to work manual jobs, whereas females would be lost after marriage (females normally went to live with their husbands family). Exceptions: • There were a number of exceptions to the rules, if you had twins or triplets this was fine, if your first child had a physical or mental disability you could have a second, families in rural areas (farming areas) were often allowed a second, ethnic minorities were allowed a second and often couples who bribed officials could have a second. The policy has been relatively successful, birth rates have fallen from a peak off 44 in the 1950's down to just 12. China's population is also expected to peak in the next 20 years and then slowly start to decrease. Because of its success there have been further relaxations including: • All of families in females areas can now have two children • Two people who marry from single children families they are allowed two • Females are better educated about contraception and are free to make their own choices. However, there are also a few problems: • China is still overpopulated, there are over 1.3 billion Chinese • There is a male female imbalance in the population • People are demanding greater freedom and choice • China will slowly get an ageing population. • There are large numbers of abandoned children • There is a little Prince problem and spoilt single children THEME 1: 4. International Migration from Mexico to USA • Mexicans make up 29.5 % of all foreigners in the USA. • Mexican immigrants account for about 20% of the legal immigrants living in the USA. • Brain drain is occurring out of Mexico. • e.g. An estimated 14,000 of the 19,000 Mexicans with doctorates live in the USA (International Organization for Migration) Push factors from Mexico (Santa Ines) (2010) • Poor medical facilities - 1800 per doctor • Poor medical facilities - 1800 per doctor • Low paid jobs - GDP per capita $14,406 • Adult literacy rates 55% - poor education prospects • Life expectancy 72 yrs. • 40% Unemployed • Unhappy life - poor standard of living • Shortage of food • Poor farming conditions • National average poverty level of 37 percent Pull Factors - Reasons Mexicans are attracted to the USA (201 O) • Excellent medical facilities - 400 per doctor • Well paid jobs - GDP per capita $46,860 • Adult literacy rates 99% - good education prospects • Life expectancy 76 yrs. • Many jobs available for low paid workers such as Mexicans • Better housing • Family links • Bright lights Effects on USA • Illegal migration costs the USA millions of dollars for border patrols and prisons • Mexicans are seen as a drain on the USA economy • Migrant workers keep wages low which affects Americans • They cause problems in cities due cultural and racial issues • Mexican migrants benefit the US economy by working for low wages • Mexican culture has enriched the US border states with food, language and music • The incidents of TB have been increasing greatly due to the increased migration Effects on Mexico (Santa Ines) • The Mexican countryside has a shortage of economically active people • Many men emigrate leaving a majority of women • Women may have trouble finding marriage partners • Young people tend to migrate leaving the old and the very young • Legal and illegal immigrants together send some $6 billion a year back to Mexico • Certain villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its inhabitants THEME 2: 1. Volcano Case Study (Mt. Etna. Sicily! • Mount Etna is Europe's highest and most active volcano. lt is a composite volcano • lt is above the city of Catania on the island of Sicily. lt has been growing for about 500,000 years and is in the midst of a series of eruptions that began in 2001. • Nearly 25% of Sicily lives on its slopes Volcanic Eruption: • Very Active volcano • Erupted 13 times between 1970 and 2000 • Major eruption on 271h October 2002 • No warning of eruption Plate Boundaries: • African Plate (Oceanic) subducts beneath the Eurasian Plate (Continental) Effect of Eruption on People: • No deaths or serious injuries reported • Smaller hillside villages were destroyed by the initial earth tremors such as the Santa Venerina and Linguaglosa settlements. • Tourist complex in Paino Provenzana was destroyed by pyroclastic flows • Catania Airport was closed for many days • Road traffic paralysed by several centimetres of ash deposit • Ash deposits reached as far as Libya Effect of Eruption on the Environment • Crops such as oranges, vines, fruit affected by heavy rainfall and ash deposition • Many trees on the upper slopes were destroyed by fires started by pyroclastic flows, Management/ Response by Government: • During the 2002 eruptions, dams of soil and volcanic rock were put up to protect the tourist base at Refugio Sapienza and helped to divert the flow. • The Italians army's heavy earth moving equipment was brought in to block and divert lava flows. • Local people have rebuilt their homes from salvaged materials or relocated elsewhere • Government intervention has been rare. Why do People live near the Volcano? • Locals refer to Etna as "il gigante buono," the good giant; they are not afraid of the volcano. Some people have lived near the volcano for many years and hold a sentimental attachment despite the volcanic activity • Farmers use the volcanic ash as fertilizer • Vneyards, orange and other fruit farms are tourist spots (e.g., scìaravìva Farm) • Major tourist attraction for scenic beauty e.g., Tourist complex in Paino Provenzana • If Mt. Etna is exploited for geothermal energy it can provide power for all of Sicily. However, the Government has not agreed it upon. THEME 2: 2. Earthquake Case Study (Kobe, Japan) Location: • Southern Side of Honshu, Japan • North shore of Osaka Bay Earthquake: • 1?1h January 1995 • Measured 7.4 on Richter Scale • Epicentre was almost directly below Kobe Plate Boundaries: • Nojima Fault • Above destructive plate margin where Philippines plate (oceanic) subducts under Eurasian Plate (continental) Effects on People: • 35000 people injured • 200,000 Buildings and Hanshin Expressway collapsed despite their earthquake proof design • Buildings destroyed by fires when gas mains fractured • 316,000 people left homeless and refugees moved into temporary housing • 120 out of the 150 quays were destroyed • temperatures dropped to -2 degrees e and there was a shortage of short-term aid • Industries like Mitsubishi and Panasonic were forced to shut down Management/ Response by the Government: • People were evacuated and emergency rationing provided • Rescue teams searched for survivors for 1 O days • Infrastructure, e.g., water, electricity, gas was restored by July • Little rebuilding took place • Stricter earthquake resistance construction standards implemented • More seismic data collection systems set up THEME 2: 3. River Case Study (Ganges, India) Location: • Asian river, flows through India and Bangladesh • Mouth- Bay of Bengal • Source or river- Nanda Kot, Kedarnath, Trisul, Satopanth Glacier, Kamet • Cities: Varanasi, Haridwar, Rishikesh, Patna, Kolkata • Bridges: Mahatma Gandhi Setu, Vidyasagar Setu Why People Live near Ganges Delta: • Over 450 Million people live near Ganges Delta • Over 30 cities, 70 towns and thousands of villages along the banks of Ganga • Flat floodplains of the delta are very fertile because of rich silt and alluvium deposition and 20% flooding is beneficial for the growth of rice, jute. • Area can be used for Shrimp farming • Employment in industry- over 300 factories in Kanpur along the river for salt, leather, metal works • Religion: the river symbolizes purification to millions of Hindus who believe that drinking or bathing in its waters will lead to moksha, or salvation. People also make income from running pilgrimages in Ganga • Jobs in fisheries such as those in Allahabad Water Pollution of Ganges River: • 1.3 billion litres of sewage every day • Some people even cremate and dump the bodies of the deceased into the river during holy rituals. • Despite this, people still use the river to wash their clothes, bath and carry out their daily activities. The World Health Organization has stated that the Coliform bacteria in the Ganges River are over 2800 times higher than the level considered safe for humans. • Worse, the leather industry dumps water polluted with chromium into the Ganges, making water there toxic and poisonous. • More than 420 million people depend on the Ganges River and they will be affected very badly due to the pollution. • People utilizing the water, no matter if it is consuming the water or just using the water to bathe, wash clothes, they might suffer from water-borne disease such as diarrhea and cholera • Marine animals living inside the Ganges River will die as a result of poisoning from the pollutants. • The government has to spend a lot of money to clean up the pollution in the Ganges River, affecting the economy • Fish killed by toxic waste (e.g. the yield in fisheries in Allahabad have fallen from 1993 by almost half) Flooding of Ganges: a. Flood time: • 1998- from July to September b. Causes of Flood: • Bangladesh is a very low lying country, with 70% of its land area being less than 1 m above sea level and 80% of it being floodplain. • Bangladesh receives large amounts of water passing through it with two major rivers (the Ganges and Brahmaputra) converging and forming a huge delta formed from silt deposited by the river as it enters the sea. Both rivers have large volumes of water flowing through them to the sea as they have large drainage basins which increasing the flood risk; • Bangladesh has a monsoon climate and the annual torrential rains which result often result in the rivers exceeding their capacity and flooding; • ln the spring, melting snow from the Himalayas further increases the flood risks as torrents of melt water enter the rivers at their source. • Deforestation due to increase in population • Bangladesh is an LEDC and its lack of money and heavy national debt means that it has few flood defenses put in place c. Effect of the Flood • Over two thirds of the land area was covered by water and the capital, Dhaka, was 2m underwater. • 30 million people were made homeless in the floods with many losing all their belongings. • 1,070 people died - this death toll resulted from a number of things. As well as people being killed by drowning in the floodwaters, health problems increased the number of deaths further. Contamination of water by waste and dead bodies I animals, and the lack of a clean water supply resulted in the spread of disease such as cholera and typhoid. Further deaths from snake bites and other injuries, which led to death through the lack of access to medical care. • Food supplies were severely affected as flooding destroyed the rice stocks with a total of 668,529ha of crops being destroyed; • The impact on the economy was significant with Bangladesh's export industries seeing a 20% decrease in production with over 400 clothing factories forced to close. • Communications became difficult, with shopping impossible in the main port, as well as roads and railways having been swept away making the distribution of aid and the rescue operation very difficult; d. Response by Government • international food aid programmes • the distribution of free seed to farmers by the Bangladesh govenrment to try and reduce the impact of food shortages - the government also gave 350,000 tonnes of cereal to feed people; • volunteers I aid workers worked to try and repair flood damage • Build 5000 flood shelters with stilts to save lives • Improve forecasting with satellite technology • Early warning system with megaphones • Build dams • Control water with sluice gates and water pumps • Heighten embankments on side of river to 7m- more than 7500km already in place • e. Management of flooding • the creation of embankments (artificial levees) along the river to increase channel capacity and restrict flood waters - however since 1957, 7,500km of flood embankments have been constructed and yet many were breached in the 1998 floods; • constructing flood protection shelters (large buildings raised above the ground) to shelter both people and animals • emergency flood warning systems and plans made for organising rescue and relief services; • providing emergency medical stores in villages • building flood proof storage sheds for grain and other food supplies • dam construction upstream and major embankments around Dhaka have been suggested however lack of money has meant that these suggestions have not been taken further. THEME 2: 4. Coasts Case Study (Holderness Coast. UK) Location: • The Holderness Coastline is in the North of England and runs between the Humber Estuary in the south and a headland at Flamborough head. • Spit along Humber estuary • Blowholes, Stacks and Stumps in Flamborough Main points about Coast: • The Holderness Coast is one of Europe's fastest eroding coastlines. • The average annual rate of erosion is around 2 metres per year. • This is around 2 million tonnes of material every year. Causes of Coastal Erosion • Under lying the Holderness Coast is bedrock made up of Cretaceous Chalk. • However, in most place this is covered by glacial till deposited over 18,000 years ago. lt is this soft boulder clay that is being rapidly eroded? • Longshore Drift moves materials south along the coastline Effects of Coastal Erosion: • Village of Mapleton, perched on a cliff on Holderness coast has approx. 50 properties. lt is under threat because of the erosion • Tourists cannot visit coasts because of heavily secured cliff area. Many signs read "area subject to coastal erosion" at Withernsea. Management of Coastal Erosion: • ln 1991, the decision was taken to protect Mapleton. A coastal management schemes costing £2 million was introduced involving two types of hard engineering - placing rock armour along the base of the cliff and building two rock groynes. • Mapleton and the cliffs are no longer at great risk from erosion. • The rock groynes have stopped beach material being moved south from Mappleton along the coast. However, this has increased erosion south of Mappleton. • Heritage Coast at Flamborough head to encourage use of public transport • Greenbelts around Bridlington and Hull preventing construction of housing and industry near the cliff • Sea wall, rip-rap and groynes in Withersea Why People live near the coast: • Tourism: Flabourough head has stunning scenery and bird watching sites • Retirement: Bridlington provides retirement homes with seaside views • Hull: Port that employs 5000 people. 13 million tonnes of imported cargo passes through this port every year • Easington and Dumlington Gas Terminal- provides 1000 jobs and 35% of UK gas supply • Humber Estuary- offshore and onshore wind turbines for renewable energy • Holderness Country Park- tourist attraction, pleasant environment to live in. THEME 2: 5. Case Study Coral Reef (Great Barrier Reef) Location: • The Great Barrier Reef is a mosaic of 2,900 individual reefs off the coast of Queensland in northeast Australia. • The 2,300km-long ecosystem comprises thousands of reefs and hundreds of islands made of over 600 types of hard and soft coral Conditions for Coral Reef formation: • Average temperature range is 22-27 degrees Celsius • Salinity, temperature is monitored by Great barrier Reef Marine Authority (GBRMPA) Environmental threats: • Climate change- elevated temperatures leads to coral bleaching (worst bleaching incidents from 2002-2006 where 65-90% of corals were bleached) • Pollutions- runoff from farms can cause the water to become cloudy and can change pH • Eutrophication • Pesticides like mercury, arsenic and other toxins 6. Desert Case Study (Sahara Desert and Sahel Region) Location: • Sahel is south of the Sahara Desert including parts of Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Eritrea and Ethiopia Vegetation and Wildlife: • The Sahara Desert is rich in animal and plant activity. Some animals are the Cobras, Kangaroo Rats, Kit Foxes, and lizards. • Some plants include grasses, shrubs, and trees such Cypress Olive and Date Palm. Desertification Causes: • Over-grazing: sedentarisation of agriculture increases land's pressure (e.g., in Mauritania, land used by nomads is now used for cash crop cultivation); livestock numbers increase (due to meet demand) and ranches are located on marginal (unprofitable) land. • Over-cultivation: cash crop systems (growing the same crops on the same land for many years) expand, contributing to a soil's nutrient loss; fallow periods are shorter, leading to nutrient exhaustion and smaller yields; the agricultural machinery compacts the soil making it vulnerable to wind/water erosion; marginal (arid/steep) land is used for growing crops (e.g., in Niger, millet fields have passed by 1OOkm the official cultivation limit.) • Accelerated soil erosion: deforestation (trees cut down to provide land for cultivation), over-grazing, over-cultivation, usage of manure for fuel (which eliminates nutrients and affects soil structure) and growing crops on steep slopes (plants cut off= water erosion.) • Salinisation: irrigation (excess water is left on soil's surface); poor drainage (where crops are poisoned due to salt accumulation); deforestation (soil's temperature increases avoiding the absorption/reflection of insolation by trees.) • Drought: rain in this region has decreased since the 60s. • Growing population & in-migration (from wars, e.g., in Liberia): bigger demand for food and fuel (wood.) Effects • Soil nutrients are reduced; soil erosion occurs when crop covers aren't big enough or due to agricultural machinery; incorrect irrigation practices. • Accelerated soil erosion: soil's depth is lost (e.g., in south-east Nigeria, more than 20% of agricultural land was destroyed by landslides/sheet/gully erosions) as well as soil's fertility (organic matter & nutrients lost); soil moisture decreases and soil's structure gets affected. • Soils are intoxicated (most crops are intolerable to a big quantity of salt); pH increases (basic compounds remain in salinised soils and alkaline pH affects crop production); soil structure is lost (salts+ clay minerals= impermeable soils); water supplies become less potable; salt weathering occurs quicker. • Malnutrition and health problems (e.g., in Somalia there have been political conflicts, starvation problems and social rebellions.) Solutions: • Afforestation (stabilizes soil, reducing wind/water erosion); using manure as fertilizer instead of fuel; terracing land; locating salt traps (gravel + sand prevent salt from reaching soil's surface (contributing to water loss)); irrigation improvements; switching over-grazing for rotational grazing (limiting livestock pressure on a certain area.) THEME 2: 7. Tropical Rainforest Case Study (Amazon) Location: • The Amazon Rainforest is located in South America • lt is 5.5 million square kilometres in size • The land is mainly used for grazing cattle and growing soya beans • lt is estimated that more than 1/3 of all species live in the Amazon rainforest Climate • Hot throughout the year - 260 - 27oc. • Rainfall is heavy and mainly convectional although sometimes relief. Rarely frontal because little cold air. Total rainfall is 1773 mm. • lt rains nearly every day of the year, usually in the afternoon. • No months are dry but there is a drier period between June and September. • There are no seasons. lt is always hot and always wet. Deforestation of the Amazon • 1/3 of the world's trees in Amazon • Estimates that 15-40% has been cleared • 15 football pitches per minute cleared for: • Slash and burn farming by Amerindian tribes like the Yanomami • Subsistence farming by 25 million landless peasants • Commercial cattle ranching for fast food chains • 5300km Amazonian highway • 900km railway line from Caracas to the coast • Timber/ logging companies • Mineral mining egg diamonds, gold • HEP • Settlements egg Carajas Effects: • 30000 known species could be threatened • May lose species that are as yet undiscovered • Could lose the cure for diseases like Aids and cancer e.g., periwinkle found to cure Leukaemia • Loss of Amerindians due to European diseases • Loss of Amerindian traditions • Soil erosion as lack of interception as canopy removed • Loss of nutrients in soil • Climate change and global warming • Global balance of carbon and oxygen affected Ways to protect Amazonia: • Zones for different activities • Loggers use selective logging practices • Laws • Limit licences to be given out • Restricting use of heavy destructive machinery • Encourage helilogging- uses helicopter • Community forestry development scheme to educate local people • Avoid construction where local tribes exist • Fines and prosecution for lawbreaking • Increased patrols THEME 3: 1. Employment Structure - UK Location: • Located in Northern Europe • Neighbouring countries are Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany Employment Structure: • Primary 3% • Secondary 25% • Tertiary 70% • Quaternary 2% Reasons for structure: • More mechanization of farms, closure of mines and demand for secondary and tertiary sector means very few people are employed in the primary sector of the economy 194 7, there were 108,000 miners working in 127 pits, but by 1994, the last mine closed and employment fell to just 55. • No. of people working in the secondary sector is still high but steadily falling because of efficient technology and less people being needed (More capital-intensive firms) e.g. Lancashire Sock Manufacturing Company) • Massive growth in tertiary industry where a number of jobs have been created. More demand for healthcare, education, financial services • Introduction of Quaternary sector but it is still very small THEME 3: 2. Farming · Andhra Pradesh, India Location: • Coastal Andhra is near Godavari River and Krishna River • Close Proximity to rapidly developing towns like Rajahmundry and Kakinada • Farms: • Rice, Jawar, Sugarcane • West Godavari District- Coconut and rice • Paddy fields grow rice and pulses Climate: • Heavy tropical rains from July to September • Temperature more than 21 degrees Celsius all year • Rainfall of 500-1OOOmm with hot summers and mild winters Transport: • East Coast Railway (ECoR) serves Srikakulam, Vizianagaram District and Vishakhapatnam district and Vizag city • Regional airports- Vishakhapatnam Airport, Vijayawada Airport, Rajahmundry Airport THEME 3: 3. Food Shortage · Ethiopia Location: • Horn of Africa • Landlocked, separated by Rift Valley • lt has low GDP per capita of 505 US$ Causes: • Northern region receives less rainfall of about 94-250mm annually • 88% of population employed in primary sector along with very little profit, there is a lot of pressure to produce crops so over cultivation occurs • Drought reduces yield of crops, it extends to neighbouring Eritrea as well • Overgrazing occurs because there are too many cattle (considered a form of wealth) especially in northern region of Tigray • Lack of investment in irrigation and farming practices are thus inefficient • Lack of funds because of extreme corruption so investment is not made to funding weed killers and pesticides Effects: • 10.1 million people affected by failure of harvests in 2015 • 400,000 children at risk of suffering acute malnutrition disorders like kwashiorkor and Marasmus • Erratic rains causing massive fall in crop yield • More pressure because of government having to support South Sudanese refugees after violence in December 2013 • Crop Production in Tigray dropped by 50-90% in some parts Solutions: • UN funding from UNICEF and WFP • Adigrat Diocesan Catholic Secretariat (ADCS), a non-profit faith-based welfare organization trying to raise funds to assist the farmers in Ethiopia's most northern Tigray region. • Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) is a welfare-for-work initiative enabling about 6 million people to work on public infrastructure projects in return for food or cash • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO, released a 50 million dollar emergency response plan • Government response has been slow- launched a huge national effort, allocating nearly $200m (£ 130m) to deal with the food crisis in December 2015 THEME 3: 4. Industry (Input, Process, Output) • Toyota • Burnaston Location: • Toyota is the world's third largest manufacturer of cars. • lt has its head office in Japan, and component factories, assembly plants and selling outlets throughout the world. • The Toyota factory in Burnaston is near Derby in Central England. • Toyota opened the Burnaston factory in 1992. • lt employs over 2,500 people and has over 200 suppliers, the majority of which are from the UK. Reasons for Location: • Transport: lt is located on the junction of the A50 and A38 roads. Both these main roads have connections with rest of the country. The plant is also near to East Midlands International Airport and has rail links to all parts of the UK. • Labor: Derby is a manufacturing location and has several other car manufacturing plants. So, it has a large supply of skilled workers. • Universities: Burnaston is near Derby, Leicester and Nottingham universities all of whom can provide skilled graduates and research facilities. • Reliable electricity: The UK has a national electricity grid which means everywhere in the country is connected to electricity. Therefore, Burnaston has a reliable electricity supply. • Flat land that is easy to build on. • Room for expansion. • Pleasant environment: Burnaston is right on the edge of the Peak District National Park which means workers can live and relax in pleasant environments. Inputs: • 2.35 million m2 of land • £ 1.15 billion investment to build the Burnaston factory • 2,590 workers • 233 suppliers who provide tyres, paint, etc. • Some number of supplies from Japan Processes: • Pressing (shaping) of metal panels • Welding of metal panels and components • Painting of car panels • Assembly- Just in time system Outputs: • Waste like scrap metals sold as second hand • Cars • 15% sold in UK, 70% in Europe, rest sold worldwide • Profits repatriated to Japan THEME 3: 5. High Tech Industry - M4 Corridor Location: • The M4 corridor is the area either side of the M4 motorway (main road) running from London in the east of the UK across to Bristol and Card.iff in Wales (the west of the UK). • The area has become famous because of its concentration of hi-tech industries. • Many hi-tech industries are footloose so not tied to a particular raw material. Therefore they are able to look at other locational factors. Factors affecting location: • Transport - The M4 road runs through the region and connects to the M25 and M5. London has five airports (including the world's busiest international airport (Heathrow). There are also further airports in Bristol and Cardiff. A railway line also runs through the region. • Labour - there is a large pool of workers, not only in London, but also Swindon, Reading and Bristol. • Universities - Cardiff, Bristol, Bath, Reading and of course London has multiple universities that can not only supply skilled labour but also research and development facilities. • There are attractive areas to live nearby and enjoy recreation time e.g., Cotswolds and Mendip Hills. • Market - Much of the South of England is wealthy so there is a large potential market for new products. • Existing Industries - There is already existing government research facilities and other research based companies like British Aerospace and Rolls Royce in the area. • Conglomeration - If hi-tech firms group together they can share associated services. Associated companies may range from cleaning and security firms, to IT repair and research labs. By sharing services, it should reduce costs and increase the amount offered. • The skilled workforce found in university towns of Oxford, Cambridge, Reading and Bristol. • Close proximity and good access to London, where the major government functions and financial trading occurs. • A very attractive natural environment, which would provide a very pleasant place to live for the workers. Areas such as the Cotswolds and the Mendip Hills are in easy reach of the Sunrise Strip THEME 3: 6. National Park • Peak District National Park Main Facts: • ln 1951, the Peak District National Park became the first National Park in Britain. lt covers 1438 square kilometres (555 square miles) of beautiful countryside from high (636m) windblown moorlands in the north to green farmland and tranquil dales in the south. The diversity of habitats and wealth of wildlife they support make the region of international importance • 22 million people visit the national park each year and most of these are day tourists. • lt employs 14,200 people Active recreation: • A cycle hires scheme and special routes along disused railway lines or traffic free roads has been provided at 4 centres (Parsley Hay, Upper Derwent, Ashbourne and Waterhouses) with around 55,000 hirings per year. • There are 55 reservoirs of over 2 hectares in area in the National Park. Fishing is allowed on twelve of these and sailing on five of them. • There is a gliding centre at Great Hucklow, and several sites for hang gliding eg. at Mam Tor and Stanage. • There are 14 stables with horses for hire in and around the Peak District. Other Activities: • Blue John Cavern for cave exploration, abseiling and rock climbing • Buxton- natural springs- nature photography Providing accommodation; • 65% of visits to the Peak District National Park are day visits, the remainder being visits by people staying on holiday (4.8 nights on average). • A range of accommodation is provided for staying visitors: camping and caravan sites (114 authorised sites with authorisation for 4,646 caravans and 891 tents), 13 camping barns, 13 Youth Hostels and Bed & Breakfast in a large number of private houses, pubs or hotels. • The 1998 Visitor Survey showed that staying visitors spend on average £21-26/day compared with day visitors who spend an average of £7 .30/day in the Park Traffic control; • The South Pennines Integrated Transport Strategy (SPITS) has been devised by the Peak District National Park Transport Forum to control visitor traffic over the next 20 years. • The Hope Valley Community Rail Partnership aims to encourage the use of buses and trains within this popular valley. Work includes publicity and marketing, enhanced service levels, special events, walks and local arts promotions Footpath management; • The Pennine Way, the most popular long-distance path and with the greatest erosion problems, has been paved for most of its length within the Park. This has prevented further erosion and has led to the re-vegetation of previously eroded peat. • Dovedale is a honeypot area where the footpath through the dale can be used by up to 1,000 people an hour. A better path has been constructed to cope with this heavy pressure. • A Local Countryside Access Forum has been set up to explore how the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 can be implemented in the Peak District with the potential to open up a further 18000ha of land for public use. THEME 3: 7. Tourism· Portugal Location • Algarve is Portugal's southernmost region which experiences long hours of sunshine especially from June to September • Low rainfall between April and October. Tourist attractions: • The Western Atlantic coast is and rugged interior are less developed but they are popular spots for adventures such as rock climbing, skydiving and cave scouting. • The Sandy coves on the east have average temperatures of over 20 ºC during summer months. This encourages tourists from colder climates and these areas are popular for sunbathing. • There is little pollution and clean blue seas so tourists can do water sports. • The central coast between Lagos and Faro is lined with hotel villas, hotels, bars and waterfront restaurants/bars in resorts like Albufeira for evening entertainment. • There are attractive headlands with low cliffs near Lagos so people can enjoy a picturesque environment. • These cliffs also have whitewashed fishing villages, which is rich with Portuguese fish and spice markets. • The area is very well connected to Faro airport and there are excellent roads to Lagos. Majorca and Menorca are actively practising eco-friendly tourism • Just north of Mao on the coast is the Parc Natural de S'Albufera des Grau, a most important wetlands reserve area in Spain. • There is restricted access to sensitive areas by fencing them off and creation of marked paths such as those in S'Albufera des Grau. • These areas deal with fewer tourist firms so tourist numbers are restricted slowing the increase in pollution. THEME 3: 8. Energy supply . Canada • Canada is the 5th largest producer of energy in the world, producing about 6% of global energy supplies. • lt is the world's largest producer of natural uranium, producing one-third of global supply, and is also the world's leading (or #2) producer of hydro-electricity, accounting for 13% of global production. • lt is also a significant producer of petroleum, natural gas, and coal. • Canada also has one of the largest tidal barrage power plants in the world - the 20-megawatt (MW) Annapolis tidal power plant in Nova Scotia. • Similarly, solar photovoltaic (PV) has grown substantially, reaching 765 MW in 2012 • 77 percent of Canada's electricity generation does not emit greenhouse gases. Canada is the world's third largest producer of hydroelectricity, and it is positioned ninth globally in terms of wind energy installed capacity 9. Water Supply. Singapore Location: • Singapore, an island city-state off southern Malaysia, is a global financial centre with a tropical climate and multicultural population Local Catchment Water: • As a small island that doesn't have natural aquifers and lakes and with little land to collect rainwater, Singapore needs to maximise whatever it can harvest. • lt harvests urban stormwater on a large scale for its water supply. • With all the major estuaries already dammed to create reservoirs, PUB aims to harness water from the remaining streams and rivulets near the shoreline using technology that can treat water of varying salinity. This will boost Singapore's water catchment area to 90% by 2060. Imported water • Singapore has been importing water from Johor, Malaysia, under two bilateral agreements. The first agreement expired in August 2011 and the second agreement will expire in 2061. NEWater • lt is produced from treated used water that is further purified using advanced membrane technologies and ultra-violet disinfection, making it ultra-clean and safe to drink. • passed more than 100,000 scientific tests and surpasses World Health Organisation requirements, a testimony of its high quality and reliability. • NEWater is primarily for non-potable industrial uses. • A small percentage of NEWater is also blended with raw water in the reservoir. The raw water from the reservoir then goes through treatment at the waterworks before it is supplied to consumers as tap water. Desalinated Water • ln September 2005, Singapore turned on its fourth National Tap, desalinated water, with the opening of the SingSpring Desalination Plant in Tuas. • This plant can produce 30 million gallons of water a day (136, 000 cubic meters) and is one of the region's largest seawater reverse-osmosis plants. • The plan is to grow Singapore's desalination capacity, so that the Fourth National Tap will be able to meet up to 25% of its future water demand by 2060.
