SPEAKING
What is Speaking?
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To talk, to utterwords or particular sounds with
ordinary speech modulations.
To convey thoughts,opinions or emotions orally
To express oneself
To deliver and address
To convey a message
Speaking Skill
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Speaking is the productive skill in the oral mode.
It, like the other skills, is more complicated than
it seems at first and involves more than just
pronouncing words.
Speaking Situations
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There are three kinds of speaking situations in
which we find ourselves:
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Interactive
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Partially interactive
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Non-interactive
Speaking Situations
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Interactive speaking situations include face-to-face
conversations and telephone calls, in which we are
alternately listening and speaking, and in which we have
a chance to ask for clarification, repetition, or slower
speech from our conversation partner.
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Some speaking situations are partially interactive, such
as when giving a speech to a live audience, where the
convention is that the audience does not interrupt the
speech. The speaker nevertheless can see the audience
and judge from the expressions on their faces and body
language whether he has understood or not.
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Some few speaking situations may be totally noninteractive, such as when recording a speech for a radio
broadcast
Various aspects before speaking
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When you are going to speak on a particular
issue, it is necessary;
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To know about the interests and attitudes of the
audience and the occasion at which the speech is to
be made.
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To consider about the existing level of knowledge
and comprehension of the participants to decide
about the depth of knowledge to be discussed.
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Use of polite language
KNOW WHAT YOU WANT TO SAY
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By listening, thinking and formulating your thoughts before
you speak, you will increase your effectiveness as a powerful
communicator.
Think before you talk .
Know your message.
Get to the point quickly. Then, it is easier for the listener to
remember what you said.
Know the outcome you want from your conversation.
Practice the power of persuasion. Almost everything you say is
an attempt to persuade the other person to accept your point
of view.
For successful networking, plan in advance what you want to
say and what you want to accomplish.
Know something about the people you’ll be talking to.
Micro-skills of Speaking
Here are some of the micro-skills involved in speaking. The speaker
has to:
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Pronounce the distinctive sounds of a language clearly
enough so that people can distinguish them. This includes
making tonal distinctions.
Use stress and rhythmic patterns, and intonation patterns of
the language clearly enough so that people can understand
what is said.
Use the correct forms of words. This may mean, for example,
changes in the tense, case, or gender.
Use vocabulary appropriately.
Use the register or language variety that is appropriate to the
situation and the relationship to the conversation partner.
Make clear to the listener the main sentence constituents,
such as subject, verb, object, by whatever means the language
uses.
Make the main ideas stand out from supporting ideas or
information.
Delivery Styles
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Impromptu: No planning
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Extemporaneous: Planning and Practice
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Manuscript: Read from script
PUBLIC SPEAKING
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“Public speaking is the art of diluting a twominute idea with a two-hour vocabulary.”
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
PUBLIC SPEAKING
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Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of
people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to
inform, influence, or entertain the listeners.
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In public speaking, as in any form of communication,
there are five basic elements, often expressed as "who is
saying ,what ,to whom, using what medium, with what
effects?" The purpose of public speaking can range
from simply transmitting information, to motivating
people to act, to simply telling a story. Good orators
should be able to change the emotions of their listeners,
not just inform them
The Importance of Public Speaking
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"To listen closely and reply well is the highest
perfection we are able to attain in the art of
conversation.“
Francois de La Rochefoucauld
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Success in public speaking can open a whole world of
opportunities for you. It can help you conquer new
frontiers. It can broaden your horizons through
personal development, influence, and advances in your
profession.
The Importance of Public Speaking
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Public Speaking Improves Your Personal
Development
Giving speeches helps the speaker realize selfworth through the personal satisfaction he
experiences whenever a good speech is given.
The speaker becomes more confident especially
when the audience responds positively. It also
reduces anxiety when asked by an authority to
speak in front of some people
The Importance of Public Speaking
Public Speaking Influences Your Society
It is not only you who can benefit from the art of
communication but society as well. Most governments heed the
voice of their citizens; with proper communication skills, you can
represent the public in voicing out your rights and opinions.
People from all walks of life need to speak in public, whether
formally or otherwise. From kids reciting in school, to folks in a
town meeting, to citizens voicing out national issues; from a
plain market vendor, to a president of a company. There is really
no way you can avoid public speaking.
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Public Speaking Advances Your Profession
Public speaking can help in your career, and eventually, your
finances. Usually, success is gauged by answers to questions like,
"How long have you been in your job?" or "Do you hold an
MBA degree or something similar?"
However, researchers have proven that the best indicator of
success in any profession is whether the person is often asked to
give speeches. Those who give more speeches tend to have
higher salaries than those who give less or no speeches.
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The longer you work for an organization and the higher you
climb the organizational ladder, the more your boss will ask you
to preside over meetings and to give talks to the staff and
subordinates or the clients. The higher your position, the more
your responsibilities in leading people under you; and the more
you must speak effectively.
PUBLIC SPEAKING TIPS
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Encourage Yourself
Listen To Good Public Speakers
Incorporate Handouts In Your Public Speaking
To Read or Not To Read
Start Your Speech With Poise
Observe Your Listeners Carefully
How to Use Your Notes
Emphasize Key Words
Develop Your Self-Confidence
Capture and Maintain Interest
Encourage Yourself
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Practice your speech every day and tell yourself each day, I am
getting better and better at my speech and I will deliver it with
total confidence.
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You may think that listening to your inner voice seems a little
crazy; however, if you pay close attention to your thoughts you
will realize just how often your inner voice tells you negative
things.
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It is proven that people who do not acknowledge or believe in
the power of their inner voice are less likely to be successful.
Listen to your inner voice, repeat positive affirmations to
yourself, practice your speech and you will be successful at
public speaking.
Listen To Good Public Speakers
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Take time out to listen to as many speeches as
possible. A good listener is a successful
communicator. Don’t forget to take down notes
when you listen to these speeches.
Recognize speeches that you like and those you
can’t stand. Examine the speeches you like, and
there you will learn useful and helpful tips to
develop your speech. Examine the speeches you
dislike, and there you will learn what you should
prevent.
Incorporate Handouts In Your Public Speaking
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Give out fun and colorful handouts to get your
audience involved. Make your handouts on
colorful paper and easy to read. Depending on
your audience, it is probably not wise to get too
technical or make them too long so people will
not get bored.Make handing them out an
enjoyable part of your speech.
To Read or Not To Read
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Do not read your speech verbatim. That technique is
highly likely to bore your listeners.
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The only instance you read a speech is when you do it
on behalf of someone else. Even when you do that,
make it brief or summarize it. At the end of the
summary, give out the entire speech in the form of a
handout.
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The written language and the spoken language are
different forms of expression. What is beautifully
written may not sound beautiful when it is spoken.
Start Your Speech With Poise
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Do not appear to be hurried and hassled when you are about to
begin your speech. You will look like you’re out of control
Also, never apologize. Just begin with your subject.
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Take a deep breath, relax, and begin in a quiet conversational
tone as though you were speaking to a friend. It may be like
plunging into cold water. It’s really not that bad - after you are in,
the water is fine. In fact, having spoken a few times you will even
look forward to the plunge.
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To stand before an audience and make them think your thoughts
after you is one of the greatest pleasures you can ever know.
Don’t be afraid. Instead, look forward to it.
Observe Your Listeners Carefully
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If you observe these 5 behaviours in your listeners, it is
very likely there are bored with your speech and you
need to change your approach.
- A lot of listeners sit with their arms folded.
- Vacant looks – no smiles or nodding of the
head.
- Most of the people are yawning.
- Polite coughs which are more than usual.
- Nonverbal gestures like audience
frequently looking at their watches, biting
their nails,
shuffling their feet, looking at each other, and worse,
starting to exit the
venue.
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How to Use Your Notes
You can use your notes when you are making
your presentation but be sure that they don’t
appear bulky. The worst thing a speaker can do
is to pull out pages and pages of notes before a
speech.
Preparing 3″ x 5″ index cards is all right. Be sure
your entire speech does not go beyond seven
cards. A single sheet of paper with an outline of
your speech is still the best. Be sure the letters
on that single sheet are big enough to read.
Emphasize Key Words
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To emphasize a word, speak it in a different way from the others
words that surround it.
In other words, if you were speaking at a normal volume, raise
your voice when you speak an important word. Or, if you have
been talking loudly, utter the emphatic word in a deliberate
whisper–and you have intense emphasis.
If you have been going fast, go very slow on the emphatic word.
If you have been talking on a low pitch, jump to a high one on
the word you are emphasizing. If you have been talking on a
high pitch, take a low one instead.
Sometimes, for big emphasis, you can stress every single syllable
in a word.
Develop Your Self-Confidence
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Develop your self-confidence with practice, practice and more
practice.
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Look for every chance to give a speech. The more you face the
audience, the more you will develop self-confidence.
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Begin with very short speeches that last three to four minutes.
Always bear in mind that a short speech can barely go wrong.
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Impromptu speeches make good practice.
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Concentrate and be natural. Do not try to pretend to be
someone else. Master your topic. Believe in yourself. If you
don’t, no one else will.
Capture and Maintain Interest
Here are 6 ways to capture and maintain the
listener’s attention and interest
- Establish eye contact with the audience.
- Do not talk if someone is walking down
the aisle or if there is audience movement.
- Make appropriate pauses for the audience
to catch their breath.
- Use interesting and powerful visual aids.
- Talk from personal experience and tell
stories.
- Make your speech concise.
CONTROL FEAR
Fear is a defense mechanism to protect ourselves. We fear
destruction of our self-esteem. Who we are is precious to us.
Other’s words about us, can seem like building blocks either
supporting us or crashing in on us. Fear focuses on the worst
thing that can happen. “I’ll Fail. I'll Forget what am I going
to say. I'll Be humiliated .I’ll panic.” .Instead, shift your
focus with the following tips:
 Focus on the-Listener, (not yourself.)
-Message, (not the words.)
-Success, (not the alternatives.)
 Visualize a positive outcome.
 Take a deep breath, relax, and be yourself.
 Do your homework what do you want to say.
 Control your negative self talk.
 Speak from the heart rather than the ego.
STOP TALKING AND LISTEN
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Conversation should be like a tennis match, each
person having a turn to give and receive. The true art
of conversation is talking and listening.
Allow your conversation partner to speak.
Respect the other person’s point of view.
Concentrate on the conversation. Only hearing
(while thinking about what you will say) rather that
actively listening will cause you to miss vital
information.
Help individual's resolve their own problems with
patient listening . Individuals have their ability to
solve their own problems.
THINK BEFORE YOU TALK
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If you give attention to what you will say, you increase
your chances of persuading the other person to your
point of view. You will also decrease the chances of
making mistake or social blunder.
Pause, think and consider what you want to say.
Choose appropriate words that clearly express your
message.
Decide on the tone you want in your conversation.
Determine the outcome you want from your
interchange.
Know your audience, and if possible, their viewpoint
and level of understanding about the subject matter.
Shape your message to be easily understood.
BELIEVE IN YOUR MESSAGE
Believe in your message because this is the crux of
any successful communication .When you
passionately believe in your message, your verbal and
non verbal communications will flow freely.
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Speak with passion and conviction.
Allow your feelings, delivery, body language and voice
to flow naturally.
Show your enthusiasm.
Avoid faking it or you risk loosing your credibility.
REPEAT MAJOR POINTS
Repetition reinforces the speakers main points and
aids in listener’s retention.
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Know your major points.
Paraphrase, as needed, in different ways throughout
your conversation to re-emphasize.
Tactfully ask your listener for feedback.
Ask questions that will indicate the listener
understands your main points.
Hidden Causes of Public Speaking Stress
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Thinking that public speaking is inherently stressful (it's
not).
Thinking you need to be brilliant or perfect to succeed
(you don't).
Trying to impart too much information or cover too
many points in a short presentation.
Having the wrong purpose in mind (to get rather than
to give/contribute).
Trying to please everyone (this is unrealistic).
Trying to emulate other speakers (very difficult) rather
than simply being yourself (very easy).
Failing to be personally revealing and humble.
Hidden Causes of Public Speaking Stress
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Being fearful of potential negative outcomes (they
almost never occur and even when they do, you can use
them to your advantage).
Trying to control the wrong things (e.g., the behavior of
your audience).
Spending too much time over preparing (instead of
developing confidence and trust in your natural ability
to succeed).
Thinking your audience will be as critical of your
performance as you might be.