Soledad, Maricon P. Baul, David Neil M O v erv iew of the humanistic approach A b raham M aslow Holistic - Dynamic Theory C arl R ogers Person- Centered Theory R ollo may Existential Psychology W HA T SE T S U S A PA R T ? THIRD FORCE IN PSYCHOLOGY Dehumanizing by humanistic psychologist Objective reality is less important than a person’s subjective perception and understanding of the world Rejected the assumptions of Behaviorist Perspective and the Psychodynamic Approach Aim of humanistic therapy is to give a holistic description of the person B asic A ssumptions Humanistic psychology begins with the existential assumption that people have free will People are basically good, and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better Humanism rejects scientific methodology The subjective, conscious experiences of the individual is most important People are motivated to selfactualize Humanism rejected comparative psychology (the study of animals) because it does not tell us anything about the unique properties of human beings People have more positive outlook towards different people Promotes uniqueness, freedom and individuality Make people more productive, energetic, and empowered better society, workplace and healthy nations all together. Impact of Humanistic Psychology Strength and Limitations Impact of Humanistic Psychology Unscientific, subjective concepts, which are difficult to test Strength and Limitations Contributions of genetics and childhood experience are largely ignored The optimism can be too much for therapy purpose Too much assumptions are left on behavior than scientific research. A b raham M aslow HOLISTIC - DYNAMIC THEORY •Hierarchy of needs •Founder of humanistic psychology •Peak experiences •Self-actualization Conative Needs Growth Needs Deficiency Needs Prepotency Deprivation of needs O ther needs Aesthetic needs- the desire for beauty and order, and some people have much stronger aesthetic needs than do others. Cognitive- the desire to know, to understand, and to be curious. Neurotic- a desire to dominate, to inflict pain, or to subject oneself to the will of another person. EXPRESSIVE and COPING BEHAVIOR Expressive Behavior Expressive behavior includes such actions as slouching, looking stupid, being relaxed, showing anger, and expressing joy. Expressive behavior can continue even in the absence of reinforcement or reward. Expressive behavior is usually unlearned, spontaneous, and determined by forces within the person rather than by the environment. Coping Behavior It involves the individual’s attempts to cope with the environment Coping behavior serves some aim or goal (although not always conscious or known to the person), and it is always motivated by some deficit need SELF - ACTUALIZATION Maslow believed that a very small percentage of people reach an ultimate level of psychological health called self actualization. jonah complex Fear of being one’s best Attempts to run away from one’s destiny Fear of success Criteria for Self- actualization (1) Absence Of Psychopathology (2) Satisfaction Of Each Of The Four Lower Level Needs, (3) Full Realization Of One's Potentials For Growth, And (4) Acceptance Of The B-values. Values of Self - Actualizers Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People C arl R ogers Person - Centered Theory • • • • The Self Self Actualization Conditional vs Unconditional Positive Regard “The Fully Functioning Person” Basic Assumptions of the Person-Centered Theory ● Formative Tendency ○ ● all matter tends to evolve from simpler to more complex forms Actualizing Tendency ○ all living things, move toward completion, or fulfillment of potentials The Self and Self- Actualization • • The Self • A sense of self begins to emerge during infancy Two Self - Subsytems • Self - concept • Ideal Self ● Self - Actualization ○ Subset of the actualization tendency (not synonymous with it) ○ tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness ● Actualization Tendency ○ organismic experiences of the individual, refers to the whole person (concious, unconcious, physiological and cognitive) When the organism and perceived self are in harmony, the two actualization tendencies are nearly identical; but when people’s organismic experiences are not in harmony with their view of self, a discrepancy exists between them both ● Awareness ○ without this = self concept and ideal self would not exist ○ “the symbolic representation of some portio of our experiences” ● Denial of Positive Experiences ○ Compliments even those genuinely dispensed seldom have a positive influence on the self - concept of the recipient ○ They may be distorted: person distrusts the giver/ denied because the recipient feels undeserving ● Becoming a Person ○ First, individual must make contact with another person (positive/negative) ○ Contant is the minimum experience, an infant must experience some contact from a partner or other caregiver ○ Upon awareness, another person has some measure of regard for them, they begin to value positive regard and devalue negative regard ○ The person develops a need to be loved, liked or accepted by another person which we call “POSITIVE REGARD” ○ Rogers (1959) believed that receiving positive regard is a prerequisite to have POSITIVE SELF - REGARD, but once positive self-regard is established, it becomes independent of the continual need to be loved. UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD people’s needs to be accepted by others, regardless of what they do BARRIERS TO PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH ● Conditions of Worth ○ ● Incongruence ○ ○ ○ ○ ● result of the wide gap between the self-concept and ideal self greater incongruence = more vulnerable Vulnerability = unaware of their incongruence Anxiety and Threat = aware of incongruence signals to faster psychological health Defensiveness ○ ○ ○ ● When the positive regard of a significant other is conditional Protection of the self - concept against anxiety and threat Denial - refuse to perceive an experience in awareness Distortion - misinterpreting an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of the self-concept Disorganization ○ people sometimes behave consistently with their organismic experience, and sometimes in accordance with their shattered self - concept CLIENT - CENTERED THERAPY ● ● ● ● Therapists do not attempt to change their clients Rather, provide an atmosphere within which clients are able to help themselves If - Then statement ○ If the conditions of therapist congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathetic listening are present in a client - counselor relationship, the Then the process of therapy will transpire. ○ If the process of therapy takes place, then certain outcomes can be predicted ROGERIAN THERAPY can be viewed in terms of CONDITIONS, PROCESS and OUTCOMES R ollo M ay ● Existential Psychology He saw people living in the world of present experience and ultimately being responsible for who they become What is Existentialism? ● ● ● ● ● Existence takes precedence over essence Opposes the split between subject and obect Stress people’s search for meaning in their lives Hold that ultimately each of us is responsible for who we are and what we become Existentialists are basically antitheoritical BASIC CONCEPTS ● Being-in-the-world ○ basic unity of person and environment ○ 3 Modes Umwelt - environment around us Mitwelt - our relationship with other people Eigenwelt - our relationships with our self ● Nonbeing - nothingness like death May’s Concept of Anxiety ● Anxiety ○ subjective state of the individual’s becoming aware that his or her existence can be destroyed, that he can be nothing. ● Normal Anxiety ○ proportionate to the threat, does not involve repression Neurotic Anxiety ○ disproportionate to the threat ○ Involves repression and other forms of intrapsychic conflict ● ● Guilt ○ ○ ○ ○ ● when people deny their potentialities fail to accurately perceive the needs of fellow humans remain oblivious to their dependence of the natural world corresponds to the 3 modes of being-in-the-world Intentionality ○ Structure that gives meaning to experience and allows people to make decisions about the future ● ● ● Care Love Will ● Forms of Love ○ Sex ○ Eros ○ Philia ○ Agape ● Freedom ○ refers to the individual’s capacity to know that he is the determined one. ○ ● Forms of Freedom ■ Existential Freedom ■ Essential Freedom Destiny ○ the design of the universe speaking through the design of each one of us May’s Concept of Psychopathology and Psychotherapy ● ● Psychopathology ○ Without some goal or destination, people become sick and engage in a variety of self - defeating and self - destructive behaviors ○ when people deny their destiny they lose their purpose of being; they become directionless. Psychotherapy ○ purpose is to set people free ○ should make people more human ○ help expand their conciousness so that they will be in a better position to make choices = lead to a simultaneous growth of freedom and responsibility BASIC TO ROGERS AND MAY’S NOTION IS: Therapy is a human encounter; I-THOU relationship with the potential to facilitate growth within both the therapist and patient. Case Analysis of Client Grey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● She claimed that at present she does not know what to do with her life, she would feel stuck if she goes back to her birthplace. Deficiency in safety and security She does not have relatives in her present place, her world turned upside down when her boyfriend broke up with her. Recalling back in her elementary years she felt that her existence is not enough to keep her parents together and her first love deserted her Struggles in terms of receiving love and belongingness Stronger need for affection and acceptance Emotional maladjustment With the break up with her boyfriend, her dream was lost. She questioned herself if she’s worth loving, if she’s enough. She also questions her ability and intelligence. She could not take her mind off from the performance during their presentation, her co-trainees’ comments and her supervisors’ message. Lacks drive for the need of esteem Difficulty in striving for self actualization Jonah complex Case Analysis of Client Grey ● ● ● ● Feeling Stuck in Life Will she be able to make it to the shorlist and recommended for permanent positions Dilemma to pursue passion for singing or to focus on hre work as a trainee ○ Neurotic Anxiety (May) ○ Guilt (Eigenwelt) (May) ○ Incongruence (Rogers) Interpersonal Relationship (Parents, Co-workers, romantic partners) ○ Conditions of Worth (Rogers) ○ Guilt (Mitwelt) (May)
