lESSON1 Learning Outcomes At the end of the unit, the students must have: 1. define what is household and household resource management 2. understand the duties and responsibilities of a home manager 3. identify the resources of the family 4. understand what is resource management CHAPTER1: HOME MANAGEMENT What is a household? A group of people, each with different abilities and needs, who live together most of the time and contribute to a common economy, and share the food and other income derived from the common economic activities. What is Management? - is simply defined as the process of using what you have (in the best way) to achieve what you want. Management helps you to: - reach your goals, - achieve what you want, - utilize your resources properly, - make your life more systematic, - avoid wastage of resources, - increase efficiency in work situations, - achieve a better standard of life. Steps in the Management Process Steps in management process at home HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A 1. Planning - thinking of all possibilities that members of the family can accomplish to realize the set goals. A simple way to plan is to make a list of all the things that need to be done. 2. Organizing - the proper way of implementing activities and using resources to achieve maximum efficiency without setbacks. Close coordination between family members must be done and a definite person in the family must supervise. - Organizing means assembling resources and fixing responsibilities to carry out a plan. 3. Implementing/Controlling - carrying out of the plans including the activities and all the resources. This is called "from plan to action." Direct guidance and monitoring must be made to avoid waste of energy and money. Controlling is also known as putting a plan into action. - You make adjustments as the plan is being carried out or implemented. You change or control your activities so that your plan is not a failure. This is also called flexibility. 4. Evaluating - checking and assessing whether the planned activities were carries out as planned. - Evaluating, means checking the progress of your plan and taking corrective measures if needed. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A Duties and Responsibilities of a Home Manager Management – the art of managing. Home – the place from which a person, thing, etc. comes originally. Why is Home Management Important? Other than cleaning your house, the idea of managing your home is probably the furthest thing from your mind right now. Home management affects most home owners when something goes wrong. However, home management is also an essential element of improving your home. However, when you want to improve your home, home management will help you. Home management is the process of preserving, protecting, improving and maintaining your home. Although most of us think of home management as maintenance, it is really the process of making the most of your home. Preserving Your Home Preservation means making something last, or keeping it alive. You perform home preservation every time you clean your home. Painting adds beauty to your home, but also and preserves the underlying materials. These are only a few of the things you do today to preserve your home. Because homes are becoming more complex and technically sophisticated, it can be difficult to know what and how to preserve. Preservation also takes the form of beautification. Painting your walls or exterior will define your home or interior living spaces. It also protects your drywall Protecting Your Home Protection means defending or guarding against attack and shielding from danger. There are a number of dangers your home encounters every day. As a homeowner, you need to understand threats to your home and have the ability to predict what the most common threats are likely to be and thwart them. Enhancing Your Home Enhancing means raising something to a higher degree, intensifying and magnifying. Enhancing your home is much the same. Few homeowners want to live in HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A the same home for a lifetime. By improving and enhancing your home, you not only increase the livability of your home, but also increase its value over time. What is The Best Way to Manage Your Home? Homeowners wanting to manage their homes have two choices: manual or automated. Manual management is the process of going it alone. If you are knowledgeable about your home, its maintenance, this strategy might work for you. An automated solution is clearly a better choice in terms of costs and capabilities. In fact, an effective home management solution is a home owner's most valuable asset. MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS “Concept “means an idea or theory. "Home" is usually referred as a place of achieving peace, development and satisfaction for an individual, with its management predominantly concerned with the quality of human relationship. As soon as the family is established, all its members start thinking and working together for common goals. This gives rise to formulate a plan of action, delegate responsibility, organize and control the available resources to achieve the desired goals. In this context, management becomes a means of using resources (what you have) for the attainment of family goals (what you want). Thus, home management becomes an' essential component of family living. So home management now is a challenge to every home maker to achieve development, happiness and peace at home and in the community. MANAGEMENT PROCESS What is Management Process? Those processes which are performed by managers are called management processes. Managers are commonly involved in planning, organizing, directing, motivating, controlling and decision-making. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A Decision making - Decision making can be regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternative scenarios. Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an action or an opinion of choice. - Decision making is an essential leadership skill. If you can learn how to make timely, well considered decisions, then you can lead Importance of decision making in Home Management Making decisions for efficient home management can be very difficult. It could mean being firm even if it hurts the feelings of a family member, or even depriving a family member or some privileges for the good of the rest. Decisions are often made regarding the following matters at home: Discipline When our parents set rules regarding curfew, watching television on weekdays, or going out with friends, they expect us to follow these rules. When we deliberately disregard the rules, our parents have to impose sanctions. They may decide to limit our privileges like prohibiting weekend meetings with your friends or banning television for a certain period. Limits imposed by parents help put a structure to our lives. Prioritizing Expenses The family expenses for a given period are generally classified into Needs and Wants. Needs are expense items that the family members cannot do without. Needs include food, housing, health maintenance, and education of the children. Maximizing the use of available space. When living space is limited, decisions have to be made on who will share sleeping and storage areas. It is ideal for parents to consult their children on this matter to arrive at an arrangement that is acceptable to everyone. Planning Meals. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A With a limited budget for family expenses, it is important to be able to decide on what food to serve the family. Homemakers should be guided by this basic rule: buy foods that are high in nutritive value but are inexpensive. Process of Decision Making The Five-Step Decision Making Process You can adapt the familiar five-step decision making process to decide which program or service to assess. Identifying/clarifying the decision to be made. - If the decision has not yet been isolated, it should be identified as a first step. Sometimes the decision to be made will have been presented to the decision maker. In those situations, Step 1 calls for the clarification of what the decision actually entails. Identifying possible decision options. - The next step requires the decision maker to spell out, as clearly as possible, just what the decision alternatives really are. For instance, if one were attempting to buy a bicycle, do the decision options only consist of the different types of bicycles, or is another option to refrain from buying a bicycle altogether? Gathering/processing information. Next, the decision maker collects or processes information that can help guide the decision. If such information is already at hand, then it simply needs to be processed; that is, studied and understood by the decision maker. If there is no relevant information available, or if there is insufficient information, then such information must be collected so it can be processed. The more significant the decision, the more rigorous the information-gathering process. Making/implementing the decision. After the information has been considered according to its relevance and significance, a decision based on that information should be made and, thereafter, implemented. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A Evaluating the decision. In recognition of the fact that not all of one's decisions are likely to be defensible, the final step in the five-step decision making process is to determine whether the decision was appropriate. Ordinarily, this will be done by ascertaining the decision's consequences. Different Types of Decision When deciding on the most suitable decision-making method, it is important to consider that full participation is not required in every occasion. You cannot expect in a group all decisions to be made by the entire group. It would be an incredible waste of time! According to the type of decision, a group might prefer different systems with more or less people involved. Types of Decisions Strategic – relating to the identification of long-term or overall aims and interests and the means of achieving them Organizational – relating to the way different aspects and parts of a group are arranged with the aim of being more orderly and efficient Operational – relating to the way a group or organization works on a daily basis Most groups seek a maximum of participation and agreement for strategic decisions, while letting operational decisions be made in small groups or work teams. HOME MANAGER What is a Home Manager? A person who is in charge of the place from which a person, thing, etc. comes originally. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A Chapter III: Family Resources Family - is the most important primary group - “a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and upbringing of children”. - According to Burgess and Locks “Family is a group of persons united by the ties of marriage, blood or adoption; constituting a single household, interacting and intercommunicating with each other in their respective social roles of husband and wife, mother and father, son and daughter, brother and sister creating a common culture”. - The definition given by sumner and Keller is ‘Family is a miniature social organization, including at least two generations and is characteristically formed upon the blood bond’. Family is also defined as ‘a socially recognized unit of people related to each other by kinship, marital and legal ties’. What do we mean by FAMILY RESOURCES? This includes: Money things non-working members of the family may possess energy, time, and skills. Types of Family Resources 1. Human Resources Every able-bodied member of the family is considered an important human resource. People who can contribute their time, effort, skills, strength, and expertise is considered part of the family’s human resource. Capabilities, Intelligence, and Skills Every - person has his or her unique ability and intelligence in a way that improves not only himself or herself but also others. It is important to identify the talents and skills that each person has and utilize them for the common good. Strength/Energy - The strength of a person does not only mean having good health and strong body. It also means having emotional stability, mental alertness, and having reasonable commitment and positive outlook in life, especially in work that HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A improves self and society. Strength is also needed to accomplish tasks on time in order to play, entertain, and relax with the family afterwards. 2. Material Resources – Tangible assets such as house and lot, furniture and appliances, jewelry, automobiles, and cash are referred to as the family’s material resources. Every family must invest wisely in material resources, making sure that they consider quality, durability, and appreciation value when choosing what to purchase. Real properties and jewelry increase in value over time while the value of furniture, appliances, and automobiles depreciate or go down as they get old and worn out. 3. Non-material Resources – Time, health, and experience are intangible resources but are also important. Without non-material resources, family members will be unable to perform their duties and responsibilities at home, in school, and at work. Non-material Resources Time – Is very important - it is the resource that cultivates cooperation, fulfillment of the prescribed duties, and smart maintenance of homes. This is used to start and finish the work without giving burden to the body or resentment to the person. Health – The health of family members is important. When family members are in good health, they can do their duties without delay. Experience – The more experience a family member has, the more likely he or she will get hired and be paid a good amount for his or her services. So, job or work experience is an important non-material resource to have. Time /Energy management – There are some tasks that require only little time and energy to accomplish. Take these things into consideration when scheduling activities. Household activities should be managed properly to lessen unnecessary labor and help speed up work and reduce stress. • Skills and interests of family members. Allow members of the family to express their preferred task according to their interests and skills. Rotation of tasks can be implemented on a weekly or bimonthly basis. • Consider the health, age, and abilities of each member. • Assign tasks based on the availability of the members. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A • Coordination among all the family members for the improvement of family resources to ensure attainment of all goals. Importance of Proper Time/Energy Management Promotes harmony and security. Allows more time for leisurely activities. Opens opportunities for constructive activities such as organizing worthwhile projects. Tasks are completed according to schedule. Family resources It is also the process that family can use to cope with difficult situations; include the following resources: Social resources - strong social support network which may include spouse, children, parents, siblings, neighbors, co-workers and others Cultural resources - cultural values which can influence an individual or family's ability to care for the sick and cope with stress e.g. optimism, familialism, approach vs avoidance style, etc. Religious resources - spiritual beliefs, practices and support services Economic resources - family's income and savings Educational resources - level of formal education attained by an individual which allows him to understand the patient's condition and give him appropriate care Medical resources - accessibility to medical facilities and adequacy of help from healthcare providers These resources will be measured by the use of SCREEM-RES, a newly developed family resources questionnaire developed by the staff of the section of Supportive Palliative Hospice Medicine of the University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital. Caregiver strain - physical, personal, emotional and financial stress incurred by a caregiver as a result of, or in relation to, his/her caregiving role/s. This will be measured by the Modified Caregiver strain index HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A Family function - measures the extent to which a family works as a unit; it denotes the family's ability to cope and adjust to different situations based on 5 components: adaptation, partnership, growth, affection and resolve; the Filipino Family APGAR will be used to measure this. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A Chapter IV: Resource MANAGEMENT What is a Resource Management? is the process of pre-planning, scheduling, and allocating your resources to maximize efficiency. A resource management is the efficient and effective development of an organization's resources when they are needed. Such resources may include financial resources, inventory, human skills, production resources, or IT. Nowadays, there is lots of educational technology resources emerging as we can't avoid technology as a part of our everyday routines and because it's very useful. Educational resources - are the resources which are freely accessible, openly licensed text, media, books, videos, games, news, and other digital assets which is used for acquiring knowledge, teaching, sharing your knowledge, learning as well as for research purposes Concept & Nature of Education Resources - Education resources refer to all human, material, non- material, audio-visual school environment and community materials available in an academic environment to facilitate school administration and simplify the teaching-learning process. - Education resources include the teachers in the school, human beings in the community, real objects, specimen or models, chalk and display boards, school buildings and layout, the community at large and other fundamental materials like pencils, pens, exercise books etc which the learners are expected to have at any point in time to facilitate learning (NOUN, 2009). Need for Resource Management in Education: - Resources may include financial resources, inventory, human skills, production resources, or information technology (IT). - Resource management is a key element to activity resource estimating and project human resource management. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A - Both are essential components of a comprehensive project management plan to execute and monitor a project successfully. Types of Educational Resources A. Material/Physical Resources - The physical resources include the structure, the machines, raw materials, vehicles, and other tools, which can facilitate organizations activities and processes. In educational system, the physical resources would include the classrooms/lecture rooms, staff offices, vehicles, health centers, library, laboratory, and etc., - Material/Physical Resource Management in School Preventive maintenance Routine maintenance Emergency Repairs Predictive Maintenance B. Financial Resources - Financial resources are the funds required for the smooth operations of a school. - In school administration, funds are necessary for the procurement of facilities, equipment, electronics and communication gadget needed for effective performance. - Apart from this, funds are needed to pay the salaries of administrative, academic and non- academic staff. - Plan and policy implementation are responsive to funds availability. - Financial Management in Schools: Financial management covers such areas as the procurement of funds, their allocation, monitoring their use in the interest of accountability and producing financial reports for the relevant stakeholders. Financial management is, therefore, an integral part of the responsibility as an education manager because, without good financial management practices, schools would find it difficult to achieve their goals. - Role of School Administrators in Financial Management: Allocate funds to various activities in accordance with the budget. • Authorize the disbursement of school funds. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A Administer school funds both lawfully and morally. Determine a school budget in consultation with other stakeholders such as heads of department, senior teachers. Ensure that the school has the funds it needs and that those funds are used effectively and efficiently. C. Time Resources: - Time is a unique resource. - Time is the most expensive of all resources due to its non- recoverable nature. - The use of time is one of the parameters to measure an effective school administration. - In a school system, time is managed through the use of a time table. Consequently, time management stands as an effective tool necessary for the organizations effectiveness in realization of set out objectives and goals (Ugwulashi, 2012). - Significance of Time Management in School Administration: and Goals Setting Priorities General Life Improvement Reducing Stress and Negativity Productivity and Performance. Developing Employees\ D. Human Resources - ‘’All activities of any institution are initiated by the persons that make up that institution’’. -Likert (1969) - Human resource constitutes a vital vein of any institution. - The human resource in the school system includes teachers, support staff in the school, students, parents, community members and a host of other interest and social groups. - Human resources is responsible for planning, organizing, coordinating, controlling, manipulating and maintaining other forms of resources, its administrative and forecasting ability placed it ahead of other forms of resources. - Human resource management objectives: HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A Supply of staff at low cost Environment and develop the talents. Maintaining of competent personnel good and create of relations between them. Providing material and spiritual needs of staff satisfaction that to be created necessary alignment between their personal goals and objectives of the organization - Relevance of Human Resources Management (HRM) in School Administration Recruitment and Training Performance Appraisals Maintaining Work Atmosphere Managing Disputes: Developing Public Relations E. Relevance of ICT Resources in School Administration: - The use of ICTs help improve the quality of education - Sharing knowledge (iii) ICTs help prepare individuals for the workplace: - Access to remote learning resources Processing knowledge F. Community Resources: - Community resources are both human and non- human materials that are within the geographical milieu of teachers and learners. - The human community resources include teachers, learners, curriculum developers, parents and other members of the society. - Every community no matter how large of small holds cultural, natural, human and technological resources that can be utilized by the students and teachers. G. Fundamental /Supporting Resources - Fundamental resources may appear trivial, but their non availability can wreck havoc in a school system. - They include: calendars, journals, periodicals, reference books, year planner, consumable items, cabinets, files, etc. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A All of these combine to influence effective performance of administrators on daily - basis. They include electricity, which generates power for most machines and electronics, - water, refrigerator, fans, cars, etc. Problems Associated with Resources Availability and Utilization in School Administration: Shortage of Fund Political Issues Misuse of the School Facilities Poor Management Ineffective school leadership Supply of substandard educational resources Inadequate facilities Low staff morale IDENTIFICATION OF RESOURCE In-service training and refreshing courses should be organized on regular basis for school’s administrators and personnel in all the institutions. Individual personnel in the school should develop a positive attitude in the use of the physical facilities provided for the Schools. Government at various levels, educational administrators and planners should mount special campaigns presumably through special appeal or the use of the press to create awareness of the importance and the need for proper utilization and maintenance of school resources. Conclusion It is about life not just happening but happening in an orderly way. • Humans are constantly seeking answers, making plans, and pursuing goals that bring desired results. Each day presents new challenges, new questions about how life should be and can be. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A The greatest future challenge for the field will be the continued integration of management with other theories to address socially relevant issues as life becomes more complex and diverse. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A Chapter IV: Resource Management Family Resource management - Is a valuable and important means for accomplishing the growth and development of every family member. It involves various process of resource productions, its usage, decision making etc. - The home maker or the person heading the family functions as a producer, consumer and coordinator of all resources in the family. - This process of management is geared towards greatest returns in the form of health, satisfactions and social usefulness to all members of the family. - Family Resource Management is the way of life and the manager or the home maker has the responsibility of coordinating the social, cultural, economic and technical factors aiming to enrich the family existence and development. Management Is a key to happy living. Management does not have a general rigid set of rules and actions, but it is a set of flexible responses to a particular situation. Management can be defined as a planned, dynamic and continuous activity directed towards the realization of values and the goals of the institution or individual. Home management consists of ‘a series of decisions making processes of using family resources to achieve family goals’ (Gross et al 1973). Paolucci explained management as ‘that aspect of human behavior which has to do with the process used by the home makers for determining and achieving home centered goals. Values Are the key to all motivating factors in human behaviour. Value, as a concept is vague and subjective although it is very important to an individual. The term value signifies the meaning or definition of worth that is attached to any object, condition, principle, or idea. - It is the believed capacity of something or somebody to satisfy a human desire. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A - It is attached with something important or significant. It is something that is considered as valuable. Goal Goal is more specific than a value and hence can be easily defined and understood. It is an objective or purpose to be attained and towards the achievement of which the policies and procedures of the programme are fashioned. Standards Are a set of measures of values, stemming from our value patterns, determining the amount and kind of interest we have in something and the satisfaction we receive from them. They serve as a measure or criterion for the measurement of objects, ways of doing things and ways of living as we make judgments. Resources Are the assets that can be used to accomplish the desired goals of an individual or a group or an institution. Resources are the means for achieving goals or for meeting the demands placed upon the family by certain events. Family Is the most important primary group. Some of the important definitions given by sociologists are given here. Management and Its Environment as A System The family itself can be recognized as having two subsystems- psychosocial subsystem and managerial subsystem. Management in family involves the interaction with various subsystems. These subsystems are the three environments surrounding the family. They are the household’s environment, near environment and the larger environment. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A Psycho-social subsystems – Is concerned with the expressive functions of the family like integration or solidarity of the group, internal relations of the family embers to each other, personality development and socialization of the family members. Managerial subsystem – Is related to the instrumental functions of the family. These are concerned with goal achievement and the transactions between the group and the environments. The instrumental activities are termed as means to ends, and hence the behavior is nothing but the managerial behavior. Family - The Managerial Unit The family as a managerial unit interacts with other social groups and/or the environment around it performing both expressive and instrumental functions of the family. The attention of management by families is centered on the totality of family living and common goals of members and the alternative ways in which family members can be organized and resources can be utilized to achieve the family goals. Most of the resources have alternative uses it is essential to view the standpoint of the family as a whole while allocating the resources rather than relating to one is individual member of the family. Focusing on family as the managerial unit implies than the decisions made are feasible for group. These should be democratic decision making process where all family members are involved. It is an effective means for committing family members to the family goals and it provides an invaluable opportunity for every family member to learn through participation. Family as a managerial unit in the systems approach to the home management is justified on the basis of its reaction to the larger system that is community in which it is housed /living. The family members will get good appreciation, respect and certain status in the community only when the family lives up to the communities’ standards of proper family life. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A Family resource management is only a means to an end and not an end by itself. The psychosocial aspect of the family is also very important and determine the ends chosen by the family. The management in family is concerned with all members of the family and is interwoven with the family and group relations. The family as a group should be the reference point and effective management is possible with satisfactory relationships within the group management is next to satisfactory relationship is the family members. Home management makes significant contributions to the family relationships by providing a favorable background for family living. Another way of maintaining family relationships is through sharing of the family values through the managerial activities. Hence the family would make specific decisions concerning the use of resources aimed at improving the family relationships. The Environment Surrounding The Family The first one is the “household environment”, next is the “near environment” and last is the “larger environment”. Each of smaller environment are the subsystem of the next larger environment and provide the ever enlarging setting in which the family manages. The categorization of environments is based on the relationships and the activities associated with them. The transactions can be classified as Providing resources Motivating or demanding action 1. The household environment: (Micro Environment) This is the most immediate and end intimate environment of the family. The family has control over this environment and the family values are easily reflected in this environment. The set of relationships, goals and needs among its members in family are important in this environment. The household environment provides certain resources and generates forces which necessitate management on the part of the family. The routine activities of the members of the family are developed around the characteristics of the household environment. 2. The Near environment HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A The relationship or the transactions between the household environment and the near environment is somewhat fluid and varies from family to family. This environment extends beyond the household and bigger than the household environment. It requires more adaptation and adjustment by the family members. This environment includes the groups in business, educational, religious, medical, political and recreational domains with which the family members are interacting and associated regularly. Two families living in the same area may belong to different religious or organizations or work areas, which will have different types of lifestyles in the family. 3. The larger environment: (Larger Environment) The larger environment extends from the near environment to as for as the family interacts even occasionally. The area of larger environment of a family depends again on many factors like educational and socio economic status of family, culture and the proximity of friends and relatives of the family members. Even though the family is little aware of its larger environment, the environment may have a significant and direct influences upon the family. Management and changes in environment Families show remarkable resilience to the charges in the environment. They respond in several ways. By adjusting temporarily to external forces such as natural calamities like flood, earth quack etc and compels the family to move elsewhere until it has time to plan for the future. By moving to more congenial surrounding for education of children or to avoid social pressures due to some reasons etc. By recognizing the family system to cope with an unexpected change in the environment. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT RESOURCES 113A
