EX.NO.1
Date:19/03/21
Study of IoT and Its Components
AIM:
To Study various input and output, associated hardware devices of IoT
COMPONENT’S:
Hardware
Output
1.
2.
3.
Sensors
Accelerometer sensor
BME680
RTD
Arduino UNO
Arduino UNO
Arduino UNO
LED
LCD
motors
4.
5.
IR receiver
Digital IR sensor
Arduino UNO
Arduino UNO
buzzer
LED arrays
6.
Digital crash sensor
Arduino UNO
LCD adapter kit
7.
PIR sensor
Arduino UNO
I2C, motor driver
8.
LM35 temperature sensor
Arduino UNO
Gas sensor
9.
Temperature humidity sensor
Arduino UNO
4 – digit display
1- channel relay module
Arduino UNO
Infrared emitter
S.No.
10.
THEORY:
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessor and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of
digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields')
or breadboards (for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces,
including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs. The
microcontrollers can be programmed using the C and C++ programming languages, using a standard API
which is also known as the "Arduino language". In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the
Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) and a command line tool (arduinocli) developed in Go.
ANALOG PINS
In addition to the specific functions listed below, the analog input pins support 10-bit analog-to-digital
conversion (ADC) using the analogRead() function. Most of the analog inputs can also be used as digital pins:
analog input 0 as digital pin 14 through analog input 5 as digital pin 19. Analog inputs 6 and 7 (present on the
Mini and BT) cannot be used as digital pins.

I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library.
Digital PIN :

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. On the Arduino
Diecimila, these pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
On the Arduino BT, they are connected to the corresponding pins of the WT11 Bluetooth module. On
the Arduino Mini and LilyPad Arduino, they are intended for use with an external TTL serial module
(e.g. the Mini-USB Adapter).

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a
rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt() function for details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. On boards
with an ATmega8, PWM output is available only on pins 9, 10, and 11.

BT Reset: 7. (Arduino BT-only) Connected to the reset line of the bluetooth module.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which,
although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language.

LED: 13. On the Diecimila and LilyPad, there is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the
pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off
HARDWARE OF ARDUINO
ARDUINO DUE
The
Arduino
Duemilanove
("2009")
is
a
microcontroller
board
based
on
the ATmega168 or ATmega328 . It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs),
6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a
USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
ARDUINO LilyPad
The LilyPad Arduino is designed for e-textiles and wearables projects. It can be sewn to fabric and
similarly mounted power supplies, sensors and actuators with conductive thread.
The LilyPad Arduino Main Board is based on the ATmega168V (the low-power version of the ATmega168)
or the ATmega328V. The LilyPad Arduino was designed and developed by Leah Buechley and SparkFun
Electronics.
ARDUINO Nano
The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard -friendly board based on the ATmega328
(Arduino Nano 3.x). It has more or less the same functionality of the Arduino Duemilanove, but in
a different package. It lacks only a DC power jack, and works with a Mini -B USB cable instead of
a standard one. A compact board designed for breadboard use, the Nano connects to the computer using a
USB Mini-B cable
ARDUINO Mega
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATMEGA2560. It has 54 digital
input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware
serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC -to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The
Mega 2560 board is compatible with most shields designed for the Uno and the former boards
Duemilanove or Diecimila.
ARDUINO Mini
This is the smallest Arduino board. It works well in a breadboard or for applications in which space is at a
premium. It connects to the computer using the Mini USB Adapter.
Mini USB Adapter - This board converts a USB connection into 5 volt, GND, TX and RX lines that you can
connect to the Arduino Mini or other microcontroller The Arduino Mini 05 is a small microcontroller
board originally based on the ATmega168, but now supplied with the 32, intended for use on
breadboards and when space is at a premium. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be
used as PWM outputs), 8 analog inputs, and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator. It can be programmed
with other USB or RS232 to TTL serial adapter.
The new Mini (revision 05) has a new package for the ATmega328P, which enables all components
to be on the top of the board. It also has an onboard reset button. The new version has the same pin
configuration as revisions.
ARDUINO Pro Mini
The Pro Mini is designed for advanced users requiring a low-cost, small board and willing to do some extra
work. The Arduino
Pro
Mini is
a
microcontroller
board
based
on
the ATmega328.
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, an
on-board resonator, a reset button, and holes for mounting pin headers. A six pin header can be
connected to an FTDI cable or Sparkfun breakout board to provide USB power and communication.
The Arduino Pro Mini is intended for semi-permanent installation in objects or exhibitions. The
board comes without pre-mounted headers, allowing the use of various types of connectors or direct
soldering
of
wires.
The
pin
layout
is
compati ble
with
the
Arduino
Mini.
There are two version of the Pro Mini. One runs at 3.3V and 8 MHz, the other at 5V and 16
MHz. The Arduino Pro Mini was designed and is manufactured by SparkFun Electronics.
ARDUINO Bluetooth
The Arduino BT contains a bluetooth module that allows for wireless communication and
programming. It is compatible with Arduino shields.
The Arduino BT is a microcontroller board originally was based on the ATmega168, but now is
supplied with the 328P and the Bluegiga WT11 bluetooth module. It supports wireless serial communication
over bluetooth (but is not compatible with Bluetooth headsets or other audio devices). It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and one can be used to reset the WT11 module), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, screw terminals for power, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller and can be programmed wirelessly over the
Bluetooth connection. Instructions are available for getting started with the Arduino BT
ARDUINO UNO
Arduino Uno is a micro controller based, open source development board for your electronics projects.
Arduino Uno is the most popular development board among electronics engineers and hobbyists. Striking
feature of Arduino boards is the Arduino IDE. Arduino IDE makes it easy for the engineers to program the
microcontroller using it's own programming language which makes embedded electronics easier and more fun
than ever before.
This is the original Made in Italy board. It contains removable DIP ATmega 328 chip which after
programming you can use in your project without having to use whole Arduino Uno board.
ARDUINO UNO WIFI
The Arduino Uno WiFi is an Arduino Uno with an integrated WiFi module. The board is based on the
ATmega328P with an ESP8266WiFi Module integrated. The ESP8266WiFi Module is a self contained SoC
with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give access to your WiFi network (or the device can act as an
access point).
INPUT DEVICES OF ARDUINO
Accelerometer sensor
An accelerometer is a tool that measures proper acceleration. Proper acceleration is the acceleration of
a body in its own instantaneous rest frame; this is different from coordinate acceleration, which is acceleration
in a fixed coordinate system.
BME680
The state-of-the-art BME680 breakout lets you measure temperature, pressure, humidity, and indoor
air quality, and is Raspberry Pi and Arduino-compatible. Use this breakout to monitor every aspect of your
indoor environment. Its gas resistance readings will react to changes in volatile organic compounds and can
be combined with humidity readings to give a measure of indoor air quality.
RTD
An RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) is a sensor whose resistance changes as its temperature
changes. The resistance increases as the temperature of the sensor increases. The resistance vs temperature
relationship is well known and is repeatable over time. An RTD is a passive device. It does not produce an
output on its own. External electronic devices are used to measure the resistance of the sensor by passing a
small electrical current through the sensor to generate a voltage.
IR RECEIVER
Infrared IR Sensor Receiver Module for Arduino adopts 1838 infrared receiving head. Light resistance,
strong electromagnetic interference, built-in infrared dedicated IC, can work under 500 lux light intensity.
Widely used in stereo, TV, video machine, disc machine, set-top boxes, digital photo frame; car stereo,
remote control toys, satellite receivers, hard disk player, air conditioner, heater; electric fan, lighting and other
home appliances.
DIGITAL IR SENSOR
IR Sensor module has great adaptive capability of the ambient light, having a pair of infrared
transmitter and the receiver tube, the infrared emitting tube to emit a certain frequency, encounters an obstacle
detection direction (reflecting surface), infrared reflected back to the receiver tube receiving, after a
comparator circuit processing, the green LED lights up, while the signal output will output digital signal (a
low-level signal), through the potentiometer knob to adjust the detection distance, the effective distance range
2 ~ 10cm working voltage of 3.3V-5V.
DIGITAL CRASH SENSOR
They are usually rated to carry current in control circuits only, although some switches can be directly
used to control small motors, solenoids, lamps, or other devices.This is a small micro switch sensor designed
for the Arduino. It could be directly connected to the IO Expansion shield. It integrates the pull-up resistor
and the status indicator LED onboard. That makes it easier for testing.The miniature snap-action micro switch
with roller lever make it suitable for more different environment application.
PIR SENSOR
PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect whether a human has moved
in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, lowpower, easy to use and don't wear out.
For that reason they are commonly found in appliances and gadgets used in homes or busines ses.
LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output voltage
linearly- proportional to the Centigrade temperature. ... The LM35 device is rated to operate over a −55°C
to 150°C temperature range, while the LM35C device is rated for a −40°C to 110°C range (−10° with
improved accuracy).
TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY SENSOR
A humidity sensor (or hygrometer) senses, measures and reports both moisture and air temperature.
The ratio of moisture in the air to the highest amount of moisture at a particular air temperature is called
relative humidity.
RELAY MODULE:
A power relay module is an electrical switch that is operated by an electromagnet. The electromagnet
is activated by a separate low-power signal from a micro controller. When activated, the electromagnet pulls
to either open or close an electrical circuit.
OUTPUT DEVICES OF ARDUINO
LED
Light emitting diode (a device that produces a light on electrical and electronic equipment). To turn
on an LED, the Arduino needs to send a HIGH signal to one of it's pins. To turn off the LED, it needs to send
a LOW signal to the pin. You can make the LED flash by changing the length of the HIGH and LOW states.
LCD
LCD is a flat panel display technology commonly used in TVs and computer monitors. It is also used
in screens for mobile devices, such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones. You can use any of
the Arduino's digital pins to control the LCD. Just put the Arduino pin numbers inside the parentheses in
this order: LiquidCrystal(RS, E, D4, D5, D6, D7) RS, E, D4, D5, D6, D7 are the LCD pins. For example, say
you want LCD pin D7 to connect to Arduino pin 12.
DC MOTORS
DC motor interface to Arduino Uno board. Pin IN1 of the IC L298 is connected to pin 8
of Arduino while IN2 is connected to pin 9. These two digital pins of Arduino control the direction of
the motor. The EN A pin of IC is connected to the PWM pin 2 of Arduino.
PIEZO BUZZERS
"Piezo buzzer" is basically a tiny speaker that you can connect directly to an Arduino.
"Piezoelectricity" is an effect where certain crystals will change shape when you apply electricity to them. By
applying an electric signal at the right frequency, the crystal can make sound.
LED ARRAYS
The For Loop Iteration example shows you how to light up a series of LEDs attached to pins 2
through 7 of the Arduino board, with certain limitations (the pins have to be numbered contiguously, and
the LEDs have to be turned on in sequence).This example shows you how you can turn on a sequence of
pins whose numbers are neither contiguous nor necessarily sequential. To do this is, you can put the pin
numbers in an array and then use for loops to iterate over the array.
LCD ADAPTER KIT
LCD Adapter Plate for Arduino has PCF8574 I2C chip that converts I2C serial data to parallell data
for the LCD display. It can be connected to a standard HD44780 compatible 16x2 or 20x4 Character Display
Module that supports 4 bit mode. In general, LCD connection with Arduino require RS,E and 4 data pins. I2C
interface LCD adapter plates leaves the flexibility to reduce these pins to only 2. Since it uses I2C mode for
communication only SDA and SCL pins are needed. The I2C address is 0x3F by default, but this can be
changed via 3 solder jumpers provided on the board.
12C MOTOR DRIVER
The Grove - I2C Motor Driver (TB6612FNG) can drive two DC motors up to 12V/1.2A or
one stepper motor up to 12V/1.2A. With the on-board MCU, it easily works with Arduino via the
Grove I2C interface.This diver board is based on TB6612FNG, wh ich is a driver IC for DC motor
and stepper motor with output transistor in LD MOS structure with low ON -resistor. Two input
signals, IN1 and IN2, can choose one of four modes such as CW, CCW, short brake and stop mode.
GAS SENSOR
It is suitable for detecting Alcohol, Benzine, CH4, Hexane, LPG, CO. Due to its high sensitivity
and fast response time, measurements can be taken as soon as possible. High sensitivity to alcohol
and small sensitivity to Benzine. Fast response and High sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted by
using the potentiometer.
DIGIT DISPLAY:
A 4 digit display module usually uses 12 pins. In this Grove gadget the TM1637 is used to
scale down the control pins into two Grove pins. This way It only takes two digita l pins from an
Arduino to control the content on the display, this even includes the luminance of the display. For
projects that require a alpha-numeric display, this is a great choice.
INFRARED EMITTER
An infrared LED is like any other LED, with its color centered around 940nm. We can not
only use the emitter to transmit data or commands, but also to emulate remotes to control your
home appliance using an Arduino. The Infrared Emitter can transmit signals reliable up to 10
meters. Beyond 10 meters, the receiver may not get the signals.
RESULT
Thus, the study of various IoT components have been studied