Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Eighth Edition DeCenzo and Robbins Chapter 7 Foundations of Selection Why Careful Selection is Important • The importance of selecting the right employees – Organizational performance always depends in part on subordinates having the right skills and attributes. – Recruiting and hiring employees is costly. – The legal implications of incompetent hiring • EEO laws and court decisions related to nondiscriminatory selection procedures • The liability of negligent hiring of workers with questionable backgrounds The Selection Process The selection process typically consists of eight steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. initial screening interview completion of the application form employment tests comprehensive interview background investigation conditional job offer medical/physical exam permanent job offer The Selection Process The Selection Process • Initial Screening – Involves screening of inquiries and screening interviews. – Job description information is shared along with a salary range. The Selection Process Completing the Application Form: Key Issues – Gives a job-performance-related synopsis of what applicants have been doing, their skills and accomplishments. The Selection Process Completing the Application Form: Key Issues • Legal considerations – Omit items which are not job-related; e.g., gender, religion, age, national origin, race, color, and disability. – Includes statement giving employer the right to dismiss an employee for falsifying information. – Asks for permission to check work references. – Typically includes “employment-at-will” statement. The Selection Process • Weighted application forms – Individual items of information are validated against performance and turnover measures and given appropriate weights. – Data must be collected for each job to determine how well a particular item (e.g., years of schooling, tenure on last job) predicts success on target job. The Selection Process Completing the Application Form: Key Issues • Successful applications – Information collected on application forms can be highly predictive of successful job performance. – Forms must be validated and continuously reviewed and updated. – Data should be verified through background investigations. The Selection Process Employment Tests • Estimates say 60% of all organizations use some type of employment tests. – Performance simulation tests: requires the applicant to engage in specific job behaviors necessary for doing the job successfully. – Work sampling: Job analysis is used to develop a miniature replica of the job on which an applicant demonstrates his/her skills. The Selection Process Employment Tests – Assessment centers: A series of tests and exercises, including individual and group simulation tests, is used to assess managerial potential or other complex sets of skills. – Testing in a global arena: Selection practices must be adapted to cultures and regulations of host country. Sample Test Source: Courtesy of NYT Permissions. Figure 6–4 Measuring Personality and Interests • Personality tests – Tests that use projective techniques and trait inventories to measure basic aspects of an applicant’s personality, such as introversion, stability, and motivation. – Disadvantage • Personality tests—particularly the projective type— are the most difficult tests to evaluate and use. – Advantage • Tests have been used successfully to predict dysfunctional job behaviors and identify successful candidates for overseas assignments. The “Big Five” • Extraversion – The tendency to be sociable, assertive, active, and to experience positive effects, such as energy and zeal. • Emotional stability/neuroticism – The tendency to exhibit poor emotional adjustment and experience negative effects, such as anxiety, insecurity, and hostility. • Openness to experience – The disposition to be imaginative, nonconforming, unconventional, and autonomous. • Agreeableness – The tendency to be trusting, compliant, caring, and gentle. • Conscientiousness – Is comprised of two related facets: achievement and dependability. Other Tests • Interest inventories – Personal development and selection devices that compare the person’s current interests with those of others now in various occupations so as to determine the preferred occupation for the individual. • Achievement tests – Test that measure what a person has already learned—“job knowledge” in areas like accounting, marketing, or personnel. Other Tests (cont’d) • Web-Based (Online) testing – Eliminates costly and inefficient paper-andpencil testing processes. – Allows for role-playing by applicants. – Use of computer-based scoring eliminates rater bias. – Provides immediate scoring and feedback of results to applicants. – Can be readily customized for specific jobs. Work Samples • Work samples – Actual job tasks are used in testing applicants’ performance. • Work sampling technique – A testing method based on measuring an applicant’s performance on actual basic job tasks. The Selection Process Comprehensive Interviews: • Interviews involve a face-to-face meeting with the candidate to probe areas not addressed by the application form or tests. • They are a universal selection tool. Basic Features of Interviews • An interview – A procedure designed to obtain information from a person through oral responses to oral inquiries • Types of interviews – Selection interview – Appraisal interview – Exit interview • Interviews formats – Structured – Unstructured Types of Interviews • Selection interview – A selection procedure designed to predict future job performance on the basis of applicants’ oral responses to oral inquiries. • Appraisal interview – A discussion, following a performance appraisal, in which supervisor and employee discuss the employee’s rating and possible remedial actions. • Exit interview – An interview to elicit information about the job or related matters to the employer some insight into what’s right or wrong about the firm. The Selection Process Comprehensive Interviews: • Interview Effectiveness – Interviews are the most widely used selection tool. – Often are expensive, inefficient, and not job-related. – Possible biases with decisions based on interviews include prior knowledge about the applicant, stereotypes, interviewee order. The Selection Process Comprehensive Interviews: • Interview Effectiveness – Impression management, or the applicant’s desire to project the “right” image, may skew the interview results. – Interviewers have short and inaccurate memories: note-taking and videotaping may help. The Selection Process Comprehensive Interviews: • Interview Effectiveness – Structured interviews use fixed questions designed to assess specific job-related attributes – More reliable and valid than unstructured ones. – Best for determining organizational fit, motivation and interpersonal skills. – Especially useful for high-turnover jobs and less routine ones. The Selection Process Comprehensive Interviews: • Behavioral Interviews – Candidates are observed not only for what they say, but how they behave. – Role playing is often used. Interview Content: Types of Questions • Situational interview – A series of job-related questions that focus on how the candidate would behave in a given situation. • Behavioral interview – A series of job-related questions that focus on how they reacted to actual situations in the past. • Job-related interview – A series of job-related questions that focus on relevant past job-related behaviors. Interview Content: Types of Questions • Stress interview – An interview in which the interviewer seeks to make the applicant uncomfortable with occasionally rude questions that supposedly to spot sensitive applicants and those with low or high stress tolerance. • Puzzle questions – Recruiters for technical, finance, and other types of jobs use questions to pose problems requiring unique (“out-of-the-box”) solutions to see how candidates think under pressure. Factors Affecting Interviews • First impressions – The tendency for interviewers to jump to conclusions—make snap judgments—about candidates during the first few minutes of the interview. – Negative bias: unfavorable information about an applicant influences interviewers more than does positive information. Factors Affecting Interviews (cont’d) • Misunderstanding the job – Not knowing precisely what the job entails and what sort of candidate is best suited causes interviewers to make decisions based on incorrect stereotypes of what a good applicant is. • Candidate-order error – An error of judgment on the part of the interviewer due to interviewing one or more very good or very bad candidates just before the interview in question. Factors Affecting Interviews (cont’d) • Nonverbal behavior and impression management – Interviewers’ inferences of the interviewee’s personality from the way he or she acts in the interview have a large impact on the interviewer’s rating of the interviewee. – Clever interviewees attempt to manage the impression they present to persuade interviewers to view them more favorably. Factors Affecting Interviews (cont’d) • Effect of personal characteristics: attractiveness, gender, race – Interviewers tend have a less favorable view of candidates who are: • Physically unattractive • Female • Of a different racial background • Disabled Factors Affecting Interviews (cont’d) • Interviewer behaviors affecting interview outcomes – Inadvertently telegraphing expected answers. – Talking so much that applicants have no time to answer questions. – Letting the applicant dominate the interview. – Acting more positively toward a favored (or similar to the interviewer) applicant. Examples of Questions That Provide Structure Situational Questions: 1. Suppose a co-worker was not following standard work procedures. The co-worker was more experienced than you and claimed the new procedure was better. Would you use the new procedure? 2. Suppose you were giving a sales presentation and a difficult technical question arose that you could not answer. What would you do? Past Behavior Questions: 3. Based on your past work experience, what is the most significant action you have ever taken to help out a co-worker? 4. Can you provide an example of a specific instance where you developed a sales presentation that was highly effective? Background Questions: 5. What work experiences, training, or other qualifications do you have for working in a teamwork environment? 6. What experience have you had with direct point-of-purchase sales? Job Knowledge Questions: 7. What steps would you follow to conduct a brainstorming session with a group of employees on safety? 8. What factors should you consider when developing a television advertising campaign? The Selection Process Comprehensive Interviews: • Realistic Job Preview – RJP’s present unfavorable as well as favorable information about the job to applicants. – May include brochures, films, tours, work sampling, or verbal statements that realistically portray the job. – RJP’s reduce turnover without lowering acceptance rates. The Selection Process Background Investigation: • Verify information from the application form • Typical information verified includes: – former employers – previous job performance – education – legal status to work – credit references – criminal records Background Investigations and Reference Checks • Extent of investigations and checks – Reference checks (87%) – Background employment checks (69%) – Criminal records (61%) – Driving records (56%) – Credit checks (35%) • Reasons for investigations and checks – To verify factual information provided by applicants. – To uncover damaging information. The Selection Process Background Investigation • Qualified privilege – employers may discuss employees with prospective employers without fear of reprisal as long as the discussion is about job-related documented facts. • One-third of all applicants exaggerate their backgrounds or experiences. • A good predictor of future behavior is an individual’s past behavior. The Selection Process Background Investigation Methods: • Internal investigation: checks former employers, personal references and possibly credit sources. • External investigation: Uses a reference-checking firm which may obtain more information, while complying with privacy rights. The Selection Process • Background Investigation • Documentation, including whom called, questions asked, information obtained/not obtained, is important in case an employers’ hiring decision is later challenged. The Selection Process Conditional Job Offers: • Offers of employment made contingent upon successful completion of background check, physical/medical exam, drug test, etc. • May only use job-related information to make a hiring decision. The Selection Process Medical/Physical Examination • Should be used only to determine if the individual can comply with the essential functions of the job. • Americans with Disabilities Act requires that exams be given only after conditional job offer is made. The Selection Process Job Offers • Actual hiring decision generally made by the department manager. • Candidates not hired deserve the courtesy of prompt notification. The Selection Process The Comprehensive Approach • Comprehensive selection approach puts applicants through all the steps in the selection process before making a decision. • Assesses both strengths and weaknesses and is considered more realistic. The Selection Process Now It’s Up to the Candidate • The candidate now has to decide whether this is the job for him or her. • Applicants who are not hired this time will still form an impression about the company. • Management should assure the selection process leaves them with a favorable impression of the company. Selection for Self-Managed Teams • If teams are given management responsibilities, it makes sense for them to select their own members. • Team members bring to the selection process varied experiences and backgrounds. • Team members need training in selection and interviewing techniques. Key Elements for Successful Predictors • Reliability, validity, and cut scores can all help predict which applicants will be successful on the job. • Reliability: The ability of the selection tool to measure an attribute consistently. Key Elements for Successful Predictors • Validity: The relationship between scores on a selection tool and a relevant criterion, such as job performance. • Indicates how well a selection tool predicts job performance. – Content – Construct – Criterion-related Key Elements for Successful Predictors • Content validity: The degree to which the content of the test, as a sample, represents situations on the job. • Construct validity: The degree to which a particular trait is related to successful performance on the job. Key Elements for Successful Predictors • Criterion-related validity: The degree to which a particular selection device accurately predicts the important elements of work behavior. – Predictive validity uses selection test scores of applicants to compare with their future job performance. – Concurrent validity correlates the test scores of current employees with measures of their job performance. Key Elements for Successful Predictors Key Elements for Successful Predictors • Validity Analysis: Correlation coefficients (validity coefficients) ranging from +1 to –1 summarize the statistical relationship between an individual’s test score and his/her job performance. Key Elements for Successful Predictors Cut Scores and Their Impact on Hiring: • Cut scores on a selection device can be determined by validity studies. • Applicants scoring below the cut score are predicted to be unsuccessful on the job and are rejected. Key Elements for Successful Predictors • Validity Generalization: This is a situation where a test may be valid for screening applicants for a variety of jobs and performance factors across many occupations. Selection From a Global Perspective • Selection criteria for international assignments includes – interest in working overseas – ability to relate to different cultures and environments – supportiveness of the candidate’s family • Women executives have done well abroad in Asia and Latin America, despite past reluctance to assign them to these countries. Final Thoughts: Excelling at the Interview • Suggestions for making your interviews as an applicant successful are: – – – – – – – – Do some homework on the company. Get a good night’s rest the night before. Dress appropriately. Arrive for the interview a few minutes early. Use a firm handshake. Maintain good eye contact. Take the opportunity to have practice interviews. Thank the interviewer at the end of the interview and follow up with a thank you note.
