Full Harvard (Author-Date) Referencing Handbook
Contents
Part 1: The Basics of Referencing
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
What is referencing? Page 3.
Copyrighted sources 3
Why should I reference? 3
What should I reference? 4
How should I reference? 5
Setting out citations 6
1.7.
1.8.
1.9.
1.10.
1.11.
1.12.
Setting out quotations 9
Making changes to quotations 10
Paraphrasing 10
Summarising 10
Secondary referencing 11
Points to look out for 11-12
2. List of References 13
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
Books 13
2.1.1. Printed books 13
2.1.2. E-Books 16
2.1.3. Multi-volume works 16
2.1.4. Sacred texts 18
2.1.5. More books 19
Journals 27
2.2.1. Journal articles 27
2.2.2. Pre-publication journal articles 28
2.2.3. Magazine articles 30
Digital and internet 30
2.3.1. The internet 30
2.3.2. CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs 38
2.3.3. Computer games and programs 39
2.3.4. Personal and virtual learning environments 40
Media and art 42
2.4.1. Newspaper articles 42
2.4.2. Live performances 42
2.4.3. Visual sources 43
2.4.4. Audio-visual material 54
2.4.5. Reviews 58
2.4.6. Interviews 60
Research 61
2.5.1. Unpublished or confidential information 61
2.5.2. Unpublished academic work 62
2.5.3. Reports 64
2.5.4. Genealogical sources 67
2.5.5. Scientific and technical information 69
1
2.6.
Legal material 73
2.6.1. House of Commons and House of Lords Papers 73
2.6.2. Hansard 74
2.6.3. Legislation from UK devolved Assemblies 74
2.6.4. More legal material 75
2.7.
Government and EU 77
2.7.1. European Union publications 77
2.7.2. Government publications 77
2.7.3. Departmental publications 78
2.8.
Communications 78
2.8.1. Conferences 78
2.8.2. Public communications 80
2.8.3. Advertisements and PR 81
3. Further referencing help 84-89
3.1.
Sample reference list 84
3.5.
Further information and useful
3.2.
Sample bibliography 85
websites 89
3.3.
Hints and tips 86
3.6.
Any questions? 89
3.4.
FAQs 87-88
4. Glossary 90-91
5. Index 92-93
Note:
Some of the examples used within this guide have been invented by Library Services staff
members. Don’t be too alarmed if you click on a URL and it does not take you to the correct
website!
2
What is referencing?
The University has adopted the ‘Cite Them Right’ (www.citethemrightonline.com) style of
referencing and according to the co-authors, Graham Shields and Richard Pears,
referencing is;
“…the process of acknowledging the sources you have used in writing your essay,
assignment or piece of work. It allows the reader to access your source documents
as quickly and easily as possible in order to verify, if necessary, the validity of your
arguments and the evidence on which they are based. You identify these sources by
citing them in the text of your assignment (called citations or in-text citations) and
referencing them at the end of your assignment (called the reference list or end-text
citations). The reference list only includes the sources cited in your text. It is not the
same thing as a bibliography, which uses the same referencing style, but also
includes all material, for example background readings, used in the preparation of
your work.” (http://www.citethemrightonline.com/Basics/what-is-referencing)
Copyrighted sources
At present copyright law allows only small extracts of items to be copied legally provided that
they are referenced (and following the guidance herein fulfills that perfectly!). Only copy what
is completely necessary, and when the use falls into one or more of the following categories:
personal private study;
non-commercial research;
criticism and review;
illustration for instruction;
parody pastiche or caricature;
or quotation.
Students’ use will fall under personal private study, criticism and review, illustration, and/or
quotation. For further information, go to; https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/copyright
Why should I reference?
Referencing correctly is an important academic skill as it shows the reader of your work the
sources you have used to research your topic and gives support and weight to your
arguments and conclusions. In summary, there are four good reasons for referencing;
(i) To allow a reader of your work to find and check the sources you have used.
(ii) So that you can come back to your own work and know where you found a particular
quotation or piece of information.
(iii) To avoid accusations of plagiarism.
(iv) To make you think twice about using outdated and inaccurate books, articles, or
websites.
As a general rule you should not put your trust in any resource which does not give
references.
3
What should I reference?
The level of referencing will depend on the nature of the piece of work you are writing: a
coursework essay for a first-year survey module will probably require less than a third-year
dissertation. There is no maximum level of referencing, but do not let referencing become a
fetish. If you have worries about the amount of referencing which would be appropriate, seek
advice from your module tutor.
As a general minimum, you should include a reference when:
(i) You quote or paraphrase from a primary source or secondary work;
(ii) You make use of a statistic;
(iii) You paraphrase or otherwise refer to the ideas or writings of a named or identifiable
author.
For most modules you will not be required to give references for facts that are generally well
known (common knowledge) – only at dissertation level is it the guiding rule that ‘every
substantive statement requires a reference’. Where facts are contested, and you are taking
sides in an argument, you must then indicate the source of your own ideas, and if
appropriate acknowledge the opposing camp(s) with references as well.
4
How should I reference?
There are many different ways to reference, but the most common style of referencing used
at the University of Birmingham is currently the Harvard (author-date) style. As of the
creation of this handbook, the courses at the University that use this method include;
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Civil Engineering
Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Metallurgy/Materials
Physics and Astronomy
Biosciences
GEES
SportExR (this subject area does
use Vancouver for certain modules,
so make sure to check with your
subject advisor)
Dental Hygiene and Therapy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nursing
Physiotherapy
Modern Languages
English Literature
CELS
Drama
CWAS
Philosophy
Theology
Business
Social Policy
Government and Society
If you are still not completely sure which referencing style to use, consult your tutor or
subject advisor.
This handbook will focus entirely on the Harvard (author-date) style of referencing, as found
on the ‘Cite Them Right’ website. For more information on other referencing styles, such as;
APA, Vancouver and MHRA, they have their own separate handbooks which are to be found
on the i-cite page on the University intranet.
5
Setting out citations;
Using this method of referencing, the citations in your work must be included in the final
word count. In-text citations give brief details of the source that you are quoting from or
referring to. These citations will then link to the full reference that will be found in your
reference list at the end of your work. The reference list is always arranged in alphabetical
order by author. If you have cited a work in an appendix, but not in the main body of your
text, this should still be included in the reference list.
Footnotes and endnotes are NOT used in this style.
There are many ways in which citations can be used in your work, but your tutor or
supervisor should advise you on which format they prefer.
Your citations should include the following elements;
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Author(s) or editor (s) surname/family name
Year of publication
Page number(s) if required
If you have used a direct quote or an idea from a specific page, or set of pages, you should
include the page numbers in your citations. The abbreviation for page is p. or pp. for multiple
pages. See the examples below to see how they are used correctly.
•
•
According to Guy (2001, p. 37), the Zulus faced many grave dangers when
confronting the British…
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Jones, 1985, p. 74)…
Citing one author/editor
•
In his novel (Stevens, 2013)…
Citing a corporate author
•
… as shown by the decrease in ratings (ITV, 2014).
Citing two authors/editors
•
•
Banerjee and Watson (2011, p. 87) suggested…
It is clear (Banerjee and Watson, 2011, p. 87) that…
Citing three authors/editors
•
It was evident (Smith, Jones and Thomas, 2015)…
Citing four or more authors/editors
Cite the first name listed in the source followed by et al.
•
This was proved by Dym et al. (2009)…
6
Citing a source with no author/editor
Use the title in italics; do NOT use ‘anonymous’ or anything similar.
•
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985, p.
74)…
Citing multiple sources
These can be listed separated by semicolons. The publications should be cited in
chronological order. If more than one work is published in the same year, then they should
be listed alphabetically by author/editor.
•
A number of different studies (Jamieson, 2011; Hollingworth, 2012; Hatfield, 2013;
Rogers, 2015) suggested that…
Citing sources published in the same year by the same author
•
In his study of the work of Dawkins, Harris (2007a) emphasised the use of rationality
in the former’s argument. However, it is clear that this was not the only strength of
the original author (2007b).
The reference list would look like this;
Harris, S. (2007a) Dawkins: a history. London: Evolutionary Press.
Harris, S. (2007b) Evolutionary thought. London: Evolutionary Press.
Citing different editions of the same work by the same author
Separate the dates of publication with a semicolon with the earliest date first.
•
In both editions (Hitchens, 2010; 2012)…
Citing a source with no date
Use the phrase ‘no date’.
•
The evidence (Stevens and Jubb, no date) was clear.
Citing a source with no author or date
Use the title and ‘no date’.
•
Thunderstorms have become increasingly common (Trends in atmospheric pressure,
no date)…
7
Citing a web page
When citing a web page, it should follow these guidelines;
•
•
•
By Author and date (where possible)
By title and date if there is no identifiable author
Or by URL if neither author nor title can be identified
The latest survey by health professionals (http://www.onlinehealthsurvey.org, 2012) reveals
that…
Note:
For sources in the reference list, you list all of the authors (no matter how many there are)
and the final two authors are always separated with ‘and’. Therefore, there is a difference in
the way multiple authors are treated in the citation and reference – always watch out for this.
If in doubt, consult the Cite Them Right Online website (www.citethemrightonline.com).
8
Setting out quotations;
Quotations should always be relevant to your arguments and used wisely within your text.
Overuse of quotations can disrupt the flow of your writing and prevent you from
demonstrating your understanding and analysis of the sources you have read. Direct
quotations are also counted in the word count.
Short, direct quotations should be enclosed in quotation marks. These can either be single
or double quotation marks, but make sure to always be consistent. These are included in the
body of the text. Make sure to give the author, date and page number(s)/URL that the
quotation was taken from.
Example: short, direct quotation
•
'If you need to illustrate the idea of nineteenth-century America as a land of
opportunity, you could hardly improve on the life of Albert Michelson' (Bryson, 2004,
p. 156).
Longer quotations should be entered as a separate paragraph and indented from the main
text. Quotation marks are not required.
Example: longer quotation
King (1997) describes the intertwining of fate and memory in many evocative passages,
such as:
So the three of them rode towards their end of the Great Road, while summer lay
all about them, breathless as a gasp. Roland looked up and saw something that
made him forget all about the Wizard's Rainbow. It was his mother, leaning out of
her apartment's bedroom window: the oval of her face surrounded by the timeless
grey stone of the castle's west wing. (King, 1997, pp. 553–554)
9
Making changes to quotations
• Omitting part of a quotation
o Show this by using ellipsis (…).
o ‘Thunderstorms… have become increasingly common’ (Jones, 2009, p. 87).
• Inserting your own, or different, words into a quotation
o Put them in square brackets [].
o ‘Nothing [football boots] comes close…’ (Beckham, 2007, p. 7).
• Pointing out an error in a quotation
o Do not correct the error, instead write [sic].
o Crowley (1784) noted that ‘capentars [sic] worked with wood’
• Retaining/modernising historical spellings
o Decide whether to retain the original spelling, or modernise the spelling and
note this in your text.
o ‘Hast thou cleaned the water closet?’ (Larryman, 1783, p. 7).
o ‘Have you cleaned the toilet?’ (Larryman, 1783, p.7, spelling modernised).
• Emphasising part of a quotation
o Put the words you want to emphasise in italics and state that you have added
the emphasis.
o ‘Minimal numbers of men take up netball’ (Neville, 2013, p. 98, my italics).
o If the original text uses italics, state that the italics are in the original source.
o ‘Minimal numbers of women take up rugby league’ (Carney, 2015, p. 13,
italics in original).
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is expressing someone else’s writing in your own words, usually to achieve
greater clarity. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show that you have read and
understood another person’s ideas, and can summarise them in your own writing style,
rather than borrowing their phrases. You must ensure that you do not change the original
meaning and you must still cite and reference your source of information.
•
Harrison (2007, p. 48) clearly distinguishes between the historical growth of the
larger European nation states and the roots of their languages and linguistic
development, particularly during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. At this time,
imperial goals and outward expansion were paramount for many of the countries,
and the effects of spending on these activities often led to internal conflict.
Summarising
Summarising is providing a brief statement of the main points of a source. This differs from
paraphrasing as it only lists the main topics or headings, with most of the detailed
information being left out.
•
Nevertheless, one important study (Harrison, 2007) looks closely at the historical and
linguistic links between European races and cultures over the past five hundred
years.
10
Secondary referencing
It is possible that you will want to reference a work mentioned in another author’s work
(secondary referencing). If possible, you should try to locate and verify the details of the
source referred to. If you can successfully locate it, then you can reference it as normal.
In the text of your work, you should cite both sources and use the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited
in’, depending on whether the other author is directly quoting or summarising from the
original. Take a look at the examples below;
•
Ashworth (2013, quoted in Chambers, 2014, p. 98) provides an excellent starting
point…
•
Nadal’s views on the state of the Spanish economy (2013, cited in Federer, 2014)
support the idea that…
Points to look out for;
Capitals
You should only capitalise the first letter of the first word of the source. The exception is the
names of organisations.
Dates
The year of publication should be given in round brackets after the author or editor’s name –
Jones, P. (2013). If there is no date identified, use (no date). The date is always day, month
and then year (16 June 2013). There are no commas.
Abbreviations
Chapter – ch. or chap.
Edition – edn
Editors – Ed. or Eds
And others – et al.
No date – n.d.
(issue) number – no.
Page – p.
Pages (page range) pp.
Series – ser.
Supplement – sup.
Table – tab.
Volume – vol.
Page references
Page references are always p. 7 for a single page, or pp. 7-9 for multiple pages.
11
Place of publication and publisher
This is only required for printed books, reports, and similar sources. The place of publication
should be capitalised and, unless it is a well-known city (like London, New York, Oxford etc)
then state the county or state (if published in the US). For example:
London: Jones Publishing. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press. The state name is
always abbreviated.
Series/volumes
Only include these if they are relevant. Insert them after the publisher – Oxford: Clio Press
(World Bibliographical Series, 78).
ISBNs
They are not commonly used in references, so only use in order to eliminate confusion about
editions and reprints.
Issue information
When provided, it is necessary to use the following information in the order;
Volume number
Issue/part number
Date or season
URLS
It is possible to shorten the URL, providing the route still remains clear. Always include the
date that you accessed the website or you downloaded the source.
DOIs
These tag individual digital sources. A ‘doi’ often replaces the URL as it is the permanent
identifier for the source, and so therefore it is not necessary to include an accessed date.
Edition
Only include the edition number if it is not the first edition. Edition is abbreviated to edn.
12
List of references
BOOKS
Printed books
Printed book with one author
In-text citation:
According to Guy (2001) the Zulus faced many grave dangers when confronting the
British…
Reference list:
Guy, J. (2001) The view across the river: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle
against imperialism. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
Printed book with two or three authors
In-text-citation:
The carious process can be described as “the carious process is the metabolic
activity in the plaque biofilm resident on the tooth surface” (Banerjee and Watson,
2011, p. 2).
Reference list:
Banerjee, A. and Watson, T.F. (2011) Pickard’s manual of operative dentistry. 9th edn.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
13
Printed book with more than three authors
In-text citation:
This was proved by Dym et al. (2009)…
Reference list:
Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009) Engineering design: a
project-based introduction. 3rd edn. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
Printed book with an editor
In-text citation:
This was clearly shown in Al-Sabbagh (2015).
Reference list:
Al-Sabbagh, M. (ed.) (2015) Complications in implant dentistry. Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania: Elsevier. Series: Dental clinics of North America; v. 59, no. 1.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
14
Printed book with authors and editors
In-text citation:
Lucas (2004) remarks that…
Reference list:
Lucas, G. (2004) The wonders of the Universe. 2nd edn. Edited by Frederick Jones,
James Smith and Tony Bradley. London: Smiths.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
Printed book with no author
In-text citation:
It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985, p.
74)…
Reference list:
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd edn. London: British Medical Association.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
15
Chapter in an edited book
In-text citation:
The view proposed by Franklin (2012, p. 88)…
Reference list:
Franklin, A.W. (2012) ‘Management of the problem’, in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The
maltreatment of children. Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83-95.
Author of the chapter/section
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of chapter/section
‘in’ plus author/editor of book
Place of publication: publisher
Page reference
16
Electronic books (ebooks)
E-book
In-text citation:
In his analysis, McClellan (2008)…
Reference list:
McClellan, M.B. (2008) Evidence-based medicine and the changing nature of health
care. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press.
OR
Beneath the city’s façade of glamour and success, tension was building (Hislop, 2014,
loc 324).
Hislop, V. (2014) The sunrise. Available at http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindlestore
(Downloaded: 17 June 2015).
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: Publisher
Multi-volume works
Multi-volume works
In-text citation:
Jones (1999, p. 7) suggests that…
Reference list:
Jones, D. (ed.) (1999) Definitions of life. (6 vols). London: Pirate Publishers.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Volumes (in round brackets)
Place of publication: publisher
17
Collected works
In-text citation:
His collected works (Lee, 1976-1990) explain…
Reference list:
Lee, G. (ed.) (1976-1990) Rush: The Early Years (30 vols). Toronto: Toronto Press.
Author/editor
Year(s) of publication of collection (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Volumes (in round brackets)
Place of publication: publisher
Sacred texts
Bible
In-text citation:
The Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12)…
Reference list:
Matthew 5:3-12, Holy Bible: King James Version.
Book of the Bible
Chapter: verse
Holy Bible (not in italics)
Version of the Holy Bible
Torah
In-text citation:
It is said that ‘a righteous man falls down seven times and gets up’ (Proverbs
24:16)…
Reference list:
Torah. Proverbs 24:16.
Torah (not in italics)
Book
Chapter: verse
18
Qur’an
In-text citation:
‘Nothing is hidden from Allah, whether on Earth or in Heaven’ (Qur’an 14:38).
Reference list:
Qur’an 14:38 (2013) translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Ware, Hertfordshire:
Wordsworth Editions Limited.
Qur'an (not in italics)
Surah (or chapter): verse
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Translated by ...
Place of publication: publisher
More books
Ancient texts
In-text citation:
The epic tale by Homer (1997) …
Reference list:
Homer (1997) The Iliad. Translated by J. Davies. Introduction and notes by D. Wright.
London: Dover Publications.
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Translated by (if relevant)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
If citing an ancient text that existed before the invention of printing, reference it as a
manuscript or reference the published (and translated) edition you have read.
19
Anthologies
In-text citation:
In their collection of poems, Mead and Tranter (1991)…
Reference list:
Mead, C. and Tranter, J. (eds) (1991) The Penguin Book of Modern Australian Poetry.
London: Bloodaxe Books.
Editor/compiler of anthology (surname followed by initials)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Atlases
In-text citation:
As illustrated in the text (Oxford School Atlas, 2012, p. 37)…
Reference list:
Oxford School Atlas (2012) 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
20
Audiobooks
In-text citation:
Fry (2004) was emphatic in his description of the beast.
Reference list:
Fry, S. (2004) The Hippopotamus. Available at: http://www.audiobookstore.com/uk/
(Downloaded: 19 March 2013).
Author/editor
Year of publication/release (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Narrated by (if required)
Available at: URL
(Downloaded: date)
Book illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos and tables
In-text citation:
Jones’ painting illustrated his immense skill (Bevin, 1997, pp. 77-78).
Reference list:
Bevin, A. (1997) Lost Welsh Treasures. London: Davies Publishers, pp. 77-78, illus.
Author of book
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Page reference of illustration and so on
illus./fig./diagram/logo/table
21
Bibliographies
In-text citation:
Lifeson (1981) noted the key research…
Reference list:
Lifeson, A. (1981) Select bibliography of Canadian autobiographies. Toronto:
University of Toronto, School of Librarianship.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
Books in languages other than English
In-text citation:
Napoleon was a natural leader (Dell’Isola, 1934).
Reference list:
Dell’Isola, M. (1934) Napoléon. Paris. R. Helleu.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
22
Historical books in online collections
In-text citation:
James’ measured plans (1654)…
Reference list:
James, P. (1654) Ruins of the palace at Thermopylae. London: Printed for the author.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of publication (in italics)
Place of publication and printing statement
If you are reading a scanned version of the printed book, complete with publication
information and page numbers, reference in the same manner as the print book. Some early
printed books do not have a publisher as they were privately printed. Record the information
given in the book in your reference.
Lines within plays
In-text citation:
‘I prithee do not mock me fellow student’ (Shakespeare, 1998, 1.2:177).
Reference list:
Shakespeare, W. (1998) Hamlet. Edited by Kevin Bryant. London: Penguin. 1.2:177.
Author (surname followed by initials)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition information
Place of publication: publisher
Act. Scene: line
23
Manuscripts
In-text citation:
The evidence (Simpson, 1865, 6/57/896) points to…
Reference list:
Simpson, J. (1865) Letter to Jayne Beech, 15 December. James Simpson Collection,
Birmingham University Library.
Author
Year (in round brackets)
Title of manuscript (in italics)
Date (if available)
Name of collection containing manuscript and reference number
Location of manuscript in archive or repository
Magazine articles
In-text citation:
Stevens discusses this (2011, p. 11)…
Reference list:
Stevens, N. (2011) ‘Circular Motion’, Physics Monthly (November), pp. 8-15.
Author (surname followed by initials)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words
such as and, of, the, for)
Issue information, that is, volume (unbracketed) and, where applicable, part number, month
or season (all in round brackets)
Page reference
doi (if available)
24
Pamphlets
In-text citation:
The pamphlet (Royal College of Physicians, 2008)…
Reference list:
Royal College of Physicians, British Geriatrics Society, British Pain Society. (2008)
The assessment of pain in younger people: local guidelines. London: RCP.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number (where relevant)
Reprint editions
In-text citation:
One of the very first historians (Seaman, 1945)…
Reference list:
Seaman, D. (1945) The king of the truth. Reprint, London: B.Y. Jove, 1998.
Author/editor
Year of original publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Reprint
Place of reprint publication: reprint publisher
Year of reprint
25
Translated books
In-text citation:
Ludwig (2005) feared the worst for Napoleon.
Reference list:
Ludwig, E. (2005) Napoleon. Translated by E. Paul and C. Paul. London: Book
Jungle.
Author/editor
Year of translated publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Translated by ...
Place of publication: reprint publisher
26
JOURNALS
Journal articles
In-text citation:
In their review of the literature (Knapik et al., 2015)…
Reference list:
Knapik, J. J., Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional
movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’, The Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research, 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162.
Author (surname followed by initials)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words
such as and, of, the, for)
Issue information, that is, volume (unbracketed) and, where applicable, part number, month
or season (all in round brackets)
Page reference
doi (if available)
Over recent years it has become clear that the referencing of journal articles, whether print
or electronic, should be simplified. Students and tutors can access academic journal articles
through password-protected institutional databases, but other readers may not have access
to these. Therefore, as long as the journal reference provides enough bibliographic
information for the article to be located, other elements no longer need to be included, for
example [Online], database title and URL. The reader would locate the article using the
resources they can access and search.
If you are specifically referencing the abstract of a journal article, your citation would make
this clear, for example: The abstract highlights ... (Rodgers and Baker, 2013, p. 34). Note
that the reference would follow the same format as for a journal article, as the page
reference above would take the reader to the abstract.
27
Journal articles accessed via VLE
In-text citation:
In their review of the literature (Knapik et al., 2015, p. 87)…
Reference list:
Knapik, J. J., Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional
movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’, The Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research, 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162. EDUC 1028: E-learning.
Available at: http://intranet.bir.ac.uk (Accessed: 25 June 2015).
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics)
Volume, issue, page numbers
Module code: module title (in italics)
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)
Prepublication journal articles
In-text citation:
Several scientists have encountered a problem in this area (Jones, Kree and Rigby,
2014).
Reference list:
Jones, J., Kree, J. and Rigby, P. (2014) ‘Aerobic capacity’. To be published in
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research [Preprint]. Available at:
http://journals.lww.com/jscr/Abstract/2015 (Accessed: 23 June 2015).
Author
Year (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
To be published in (if this is stated)
Title of journal (in italics and capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking
words such as and, of, the, for)
Volume and issue numbers (if stated)
[Preprint]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
28
Cochrane Library Review
In-text citation:
McDonald et al. (2014) or (McDonald et al., 2014)
Reference list:
McDonald, S., Page, M. J., Beringer, K., Wasiak, J. and Sprowson, A. (2014)
Preoperative education for hip or knee replacement. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews, Issue 5. CD003526.
Author(s), editor(s) or corporate author. Use family name, followed by author's initial(s).
The Year of publication (in brackets).
The title and any subtitle.
Database name, which must be in italics.
Issue number (not including the long DOI number).
Report Number (CD....)
NICE/NHS guidance entry and summary
In-text citation: (NICE/NHS summary)
It is clear that (Hill, 2010)…
Reference List: (NICE/NHS summary)
Hill, J. (2010) Reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis
and pulmonary embolism) in patients admitted to hospital: summary of the NICE
guideline. Heart;96:879-882. doi:10.1136/hrt.2010.198275
In-text citation: (NICE/NHS guidance entry)
It is clear that (NICE [CG50], 2007)…
Reference list: (NICE/NHS guidance entry)
NICE. (2007) Acutely ill patients in hospital: recognition of and response to acute
illness in adults in hospital. NICE guidelines [CG50]. Available at:
http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg50 (Accessed: 5 May 2015)
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of guideline
Title of Journal (if relevant)
Volume
Page reference
doi (if available)
29
Magazine articles
In-text citation:
Stevens discusses this (2011, p. 11)…
Reference list:
Stevens, N. (2011) ‘Circular Motion’, Physics Monthly (November), pp. 8-15.
Author (surname followed by initials)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words
such as and, of, the, for)
Issue information, that is, volume (unbracketed) and, where applicable, part number, month
or season (all in round brackets)
Page reference
doi (if available)
DIGITAL AND INTERNET
The internet
Blogs
In-text citation:
No evidence was suggested (Davidson, 2013) in the wake of the bombings.
Reference list:
Davidson, A. (2013) ‘The Saudi Marathon Man’, The New Yorker, 16 April. Available
at: http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-saudi-marathon-man
(Accessed: 22 June 2015).
Author of message
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of message (in single quotation marks)
Title of internet site (in italics)
Day/month of posted message
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Blogs (weblogs) are produced by individuals and organisations to provide updates on issues
of interest or concern. Beware that, as blogs are someone's opinions, they may not provide
objective, reasoned discussion of an issue. Use blogs in conjunction with reputable sources.
Note that due to the informality of the internet, many authors give first names or aliases. Use
the name they have used in your reference.
30
Facebook
In-text citation:
The University of Birmingham is soon to have a new library (University of
Birmingham, 2015).
Reference list:
University of Birmingham (2015) 9 June. Available at http://www.facebook.com
(Accessed: 18 June 2015).
Author
Year that the page was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of page (in italics) (unless it is the same as the Author)
Day/month of posted message
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Note that as social networking sites require registration and then acceptance by other
members, it is suggested that the main web address be used. You may wish to include a
copy of the member-to-member discussion you are referring to as an appendix to your work,
so that readers without access to the original can read it.
Also note that if the author of the page is the same as the title of the page, then you only
need to include the author at the beginning of the reference – there is no need to repeat it
further on in the same reference.
Twitter
In-text citation:
The University of Birmingham (University of Birmingham, 2015) are well
accomplished in using social media…
Reference list:
University of Birmingham. (2015) 13 June. Available at
https://twitter.com/unibirmingham/status/609691694762627072 (Accessed: 17 June
2015).
Author
Year that the page was last updated (in round brackets)
Day/month of posted message
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
31
Wikis
In-text citation:
Rush originated from the Willowdale neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario (‘Rush
(band)’, 2015).
Reference list:
‘Rush (band)’ (2015) Wikipedia. Available at
https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Rush_(band) (Accessed: 18 June 2015).
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of wiki site (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Web pages
Web page - Individual authors
In-text citation:
Snow (2015) stated that ‘millions of soldiers died on the Western Front’ (Snow, 2015).
Reference list:
Snow, D. (2015) How did so many soldiers survive the trenches? Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z3kgjxs (Accessed: 18 July 2015).
Author
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of web page (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
32
Web page - Organisations as authors
In-text citation:
During WW1 (BBC News, 2014)…
Reference list:
BBC News (2014) ‘Lights out’ ends day of WW1 centenary commemorations.
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28632223 (Accessed: 17 October 2012).
Organisation
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of web page (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Web page - No authors or titles
In-text citation:
Thunderstorms have become increasingly common
(http://www.blitzortung.org/Webpages/index.php?lang=en&page=1, 2015).
Reference list:
(2015) Available at:
http://www.blitzortung.org/Webpages/index.php?lang=en&page=1 (Accessed: 18
June 2015).
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
33
Web page - No dates
In-text citation:
He was seen by many to be a great man (BBC History,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml, no date).
Reference list:
BBC History (no date) Duke of Wellington (1769-1852). Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml (Accessed: 18
June 2015).
Author
(no date)
Title of web page (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Radio and internet radio
In-text citation:
According to the latest research (The Sun, 2015)…
Reference list:
The Sun (2015) BBC Radio 4, 1 January.
The Sun (2015) BBC Radio 4, 1 January. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b048nlfb#auto (Accessed: 23 January 2015).
Title of programme (in italics)
Year of transmission (in round brackets)
Name of channel
Date of transmission (day/month)
The internet has radically altered access to audio and visual sources and created the means
for anyone to produce and distribute material. You may also view or hear programmes
through catch-up services such as BBC iPlayer, ITV Player, 4 on Demand(4oD), Demand
5 and Sky Go on a variety of devices. You do not need to specify the catch-up service nor
the device. The nature of the material and the facts necessary to identify or retrieve it should
dictate the substance of your in-text citations and reference list.
Title of programme (in italics)
Year of original transmission (in round brackets)
Name of channel
Day and month of original transmission
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
34
Photographs from the internet
In-text citation:
The great photograph (Jarvis, 2015)…
Reference list:
Jarvis, C. (2015) Blue. Available at:
http://www.chasejarvis.com/#s=10&mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&p=8&a=0&at=0
(Accessed 18 June 2015).
Photographer
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of photograph (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed/downloaded: date)
For images that you download onto e-devices, and to which you still have access, you
should replace accessed date with downloaded date.
Papers from conference proceedings published on the internet
In-text citation:
Jones (1999) explained…
Reference list:
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research
conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses. Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 19
January 2014).
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Location and date of conference
Publisher
Available at: URL (or doi if available)
(Accessed: date) (not required when doi used)
35
Television programmes viewed on the internet
In-text citation
Napoleon was incredibly important, as seen in the Napoleon series shown on BBC
Two (‘Episode 2’, 2015)…
Reference list:
‘Episode 2’ (2015) Napoleon, BBC Two, 17 June. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b05zq7xf/napoleon-episode-2 (Accessed: 18
June 2015).
Title of episode (in single quotation marks) if known; if not, use title of programme
Year of broadcast (in round brackets)
Title of programme/series (in italics)
Series and episode numbers (if known)
Name of channel
Broadcast date (day/month)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Video or films on YouTube
In-text citation:
The video (University of Birmingham, 2010)…
Reference list:
The University of Birmingham (2010) The University of Birmingham experience.
Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA (Accessed: 18 June
2015).
Name of person posting video
Year video posted (in round brackets)
Title of film or programme (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
36
Digital repositories
Books in digital repositories
In-text citation:
Several PhD candidates gave useful advice (Davids and Wright, 1999).
Reference list:
Davids, E. and Wright, I. (1999) Doing referencing. Birmingham: Reference-works.
Reference books and journal articles in repositories should be referenced as you would for
the corresponding print versions.
Conference papers in digital repositories
In-text citation:
Jones (2003) revoked the theory…
Reference list:
Jones, S. (2003) ‘Is there a correct way to reference?’ Workshop on referencing in
universities, Main Library, University of Birmingham, UK, 30 March to 2 April 2003.
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Organisation or company (if stated)
Location and date of conference
37
Prepublication journal articles in online or digital repositories
In-text citation:
Several scientists have encountered a problem in this area (Jones, Kree and Rigby,
2014).
Reference list:
Jones, J., Kree, J. and Rigby, P. (2014) ‘Aerobic capacity’. To be published in
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research [Preprint]. Available at:
http://journals.lww.com/jscr/Abstract/2015 (Accessed: 23 June 2015).
Author
Year (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
To be published in (if this is stated)
Title of journal (in italics and capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking
words such as and, of, the, for)
Volume and issue numbers (if stated)
[Preprint]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs
CD-ROM
In-text citation:
The music industry has expanded greatly, and the ‘Now That’s What I Call Music’
series has proved this (Now That’s What I Call Music, 2015)…
Reference list:
Now that’s what I call music 91 (2015) [CD-ROM]. Now. Available: EMI Group
Limited.
Title of publication (in italics)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
[CD-ROM]
Producer (where identifiable)
Available: publisher/distributor
38
DVD-ROM
In-text citation:
Spielberg (Saving Private Ryan, 1998) clearly suggests…
Reference list:
Saving Private Ryan (1998) (DVD). Steven Spielberg (director). Available:
Paramount Pictures.
Title of film (in italics)
Year of distribution (in round brackets)
Directed by
[DVD] or [Blu-ray]
Place of distribution: distribution company
Computer games and programs
Computer games
In-text citation:
Games such as Rome: Total War (The Creative Assembly, 2004)…
Reference list:
The Creative Assembly (2004) Rome: Total War [Computer game]. Available at
http://rome-total-war.en.softonic.com/ (Downloaded: 18 June 2015).
Author (if given)
Date (if given)
Title of program (in italics and capitalise initial letters)
[Computer game]
Availability, that is, distributor, address, order number (if given)
OR if downloaded from the internet:
URL
(Downloaded: date)
39
Computer programs
In-text citation:
Games such as Rome: Total War (The Creative Assembly, 2004)…
Reference list:
The Creative Assembly (2004) Rome: Total War [Computer game]. Available at:
http://rome-total-war.en.softonic.com/ (Downloaded: 18 June 2015).
Author (if given)
Date (if given)
Title of program (in italics and capitalise initial letters)
[Computer game]
Availability, that is, distributor, address, order number (if given)
OR if downloaded from the internet:
URL
(Downloaded: date)
Personal and virtual learning environments
Learning support materials
Journal articles accessed via VLE
In-text citation:
In their review of the literature (Knapik et al., 2015, p. 87)…
Reference list:
Knapik, J. J., Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional
movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’, The Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research, 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162. EDUC 1028: E-learning.
Available at: http://intranet.bir.ac.uk (Accessed: 25 June 2015).
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics)
Volume, issue, page numbers
Module code: module title (in italics)
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)
40
PowerPoint presentations
In-text citation:
The great presentation (Whittingham, 2014)…
Reference list:
Whittingham, D. (2014) ‘History of warfare’ [PowerPoint presentation]. L252: War
studies. Available at: https://intranet.bham.ac.uk (Accessed: 7 June 2014).
Author or tutor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of presentation (in single quotation marks)
[PowerPoint presentation]
Module code: module title (in italics)
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)
Tutors’ lecture notes in VLEs
In-text citation:
The tutor’s work (Whittingham, 2015)…
Reference list:
Whittingham, D. (2015) ‘Zulu warriors’. L252: War Studies. Available at:
http://intranet.bham.ac.uk (Accessed: 21 June 2015).
Author or tutor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of item (in single quotation marks)
Module code: module title (in italics)
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)
41
MEDIA AND ART
Newspaper articles
In-text citation:
“Businesses and organisations around York are showing their support” (Lewis, 2015,
p. 6).
Reference list:
Lewis, S. (2015) ‘Rainbow support for York pride’, The Press, York, 18 June.
Author/byline
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of newspaper (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking
words such as and, of, the, for)
Edition if required (in round brackets)
Day and month
Page reference
Just like journal articles, over recent years it has become clear that the referencing of
newspaper articles, whether print or electronic, could be simplified. Students and tutors can
access newspaper articles through password-protected institutional databases, but other
readers may not have access to these. Therefore, as long as the newspaper reference
provides enough bibliographic information for the article to be located, other elements no
longer need to be included, for example [Online] and database title. The reader would locate
the newspaper article using the format/resource they can access and search themselves.
Live performances
Concerts
In-text citation:
Rush (2015) wowed the audience…
Reference list:
Rush (2015) [Bishopthorpe Social Club. 29 March].
Composer
Year of performance (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Performed by ... conducted by ...
Location. Date seen (in square brackets)
42
Plays
In-text citation:
It was a spectacular feat of engineering (Romeo and Juliet, 2013).
Reference list:
Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare (2013). Directed by David Smith [Theatre
Royal, York. 18 January].
Title (in italics)
by author
Year of performance (in round brackets)
Directed by
Location. Date seen (in square brackets)
Visual sources
Book illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos and tables
In-text citation:
Jones’ painting illustrated his immense skill (Bevin, 1997, pp. 77-78).
Reference list:
Bevin, A. (1997) Lost Welsh Treasures. London: Davies Publishers, pp. 77-78, illus.
Author of book
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Page reference of illustration and so on
illus./fig./diagram/logo/table
43
Cartoons
In-text citation:
Joe Bloggs (2013) highlighted the issue…
Reference list:
Bloggs, J. (2013) ‘The key issue’ [Cartoon]. The Times, 20 January. Available at:
http://www.times.co.uk/world/cartoon/2013/jan/20/bloggs (Accessed: 25 July 2015).
Artist
Date (if available)
Title of cartoon (in single quotation marks)
[Cartoon]
Title of publication (in italics)
Day and month
OR if seen online add:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Comics
In-text citation:
Dennis the Menace is still going strong (‘The wrath of Gnasher’, 2015).
Reference list:
‘The wrath of Gnasher’ (2015) The Beano, 25 July, pp. 40-42.
Author (where available)
Title of comic strip (in single quotation marks)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of comic (in italics)
Day and month, page
OR if seen online add:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
44
Displays
In-text citation:
It is obvious (Paintings of John Doe, 2012) that…
Reference list:
Paintings of John Doe (2012) Display board at Alex Davids Art Gallery exhibition,
Pontefract, 28 April 2015.
Title (in italics)
Year of production (if available)
Display board at
Name of venue, city
Date observed
Exhibitions
In-text citation:
The acclaimed exhibition in London is one to behold (Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian
Avant-Garde, 2012)
Reference list:
Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde (2012) [Exhibition]. Tate Modern, London. 12
September 2012-13 January 2013.
Title of exhibition (in italics)
Year (in round brackets)
[Exhibition]
Location
Date(s) of exhibition
Installations
In-text citation:
My house by Jordan Thompson (2009)…
Reference list:
Thompson, J. (2009) My house [Installation]. Tate Modern, London, 4 January 2009.
Artist
Year (in round brackets)
Title of installation or exhibit (in italics)
[Installation] or [Exhibit]
Gallery or location
Date viewed
45
Graffiti
In-text citation:
The graffiti (Jimmy no!, 2015) demonstrated…
Reference list:
Jimmy no! (2015) [Graffiti] 15 West Street, York. 23 June 2015.
Title or description (with graffitist's tag, if present) (in italics)
Year (in round brackets)
[Graffiti]
Location
Date viewed
Inscriptions
On monuments
In-text citation:
The gravestone of the man (‘James Smith’, 2014) showed him to be the man he truly
was.
Reference list:
‘James Smith’ (2014) [Monument inscription] St Andrews Churchyard, Bishopthorpe,
York (Viewed: 22 June 2015).
Name of deceased (in single quotation marks)
Year of death/event (in round brackets)
[Monument inscription]
Location
Date viewed (in round brackets)
Inscriptions on gravestones and memorials are, in many instances, the only detailed record
of a person's existence, circumstances and relationships, apart from basic information given
in birth, marriage and death certificates and the census. Referencing this information can be
difficult, but (as with printed information) you should aim to provide as much information as
possible for another person to locate the gravestone or memorial. In some instances, the
plot number of a grave will be obtainable and can be referenced; if not, try to give an
indication of the location from a landmark.
46
On buildings
In-text citation:
The exterior inscription by Stevens (2005)…
Reference list:
Stevens, G. (2005) Inscription on English Development Centre, Jubbergate, York.
(Viewed: 17 March 2008).
Author (if known); if not, use first three words of inscription
Year of inscription (in round brackets)
Inscription on ... (in italics)
Location
Date viewed (in round brackets)
Maps
Ordnance Survey maps
In-text citation:
Archaeological sites are clearly shown (Ordnance Survey, 2002)…
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2002) York, sheet 56, 1:50 000. Southampton: Ordnance Survey
(Landranger series).
Ordnance Survey
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Sheet number, scale
Place of publication: publisher
Series (in round brackets)
47
Geological Survey maps
In-text citation:
The landscape has changed quite considerably (Ordnance Survey, 1988).
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (1988) Castleford (solid), sheet 16, 1:50 000. Southampton:
Ordnance Survey. (Geological Survey of Great Britain [England and Wales]).
Corporate author and publisher
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Sheet number, scale
Place of publication: publisher
Series (in round brackets)
Online maps
In-text citation:
The social club is close to the playing fields (Ordnance Survey, 2010).
Reference list:
Ordnance Survey (2010) ‘Ferry Lane’, Tile sp15nw, 1:10 000. Available at:
http://edina.ac.iuk/digimap/ (Accessed: 8 June 2014).
Map publisher
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of map section (in single quotation marks)
Sheet number or tile, scale
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
48
Medical images
In-text citation:
The X-ray (2014) evidently showed…
Reference list:
The femur (2014) [X-ray]. Available at: http://www.anatomy.tv/femur (Accessed: 25
June 2015).
Image title (in italics)
Year (in round brackets)
Medium (in square brackets)
Available at: URL
(Accessed/Downloaded: date)
Many kinds of medical/anatomical images can be viewed and downloaded from the internet
(for example, MRI, PET, CT and ultrasound scans and X-rays) for use in supporting your
arguments or demonstrating particular aspects of anatomical or medical information. These
would simply be referenced as photographs/images from the internet.
Other images may be found in online databases such as Anatomy TV. For these, use the
following format.
Mood boards
In-text citation:
The mood board (Smith, 2012)…
Reference list:
Smith, D. (2012) Hello. Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/hello/57647
(Accessed: 19 June 2015).
Artist (if known, or use title)
Year (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
[Mood board]
Exhibited at
Location and date(s) of exhibition
Dimensions (if relevant and available)
If it's an online mood board:
Artist (if known, or use title)
Year (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Available at:
(Accessed: date).
49
Packaging
In-text citation:
The packaging (Mars Incorporated, 2013) made it clear.
Reference list:
Mars Incorporated (2013) Mars Bar [Wrapper].
Manufacturer
Year seen
Product name (in italics)
Medium (in square brackets)
OR if seen online, add:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Paintings/drawings
In-text citation:
Works by Dali (1958) are fascinating.
Reference list:
Dali, S. (1958) Madonna [Oil on canvas]. Tate Gallery, London.
Artist
Year (if available)
Title of the work (in italics)
Medium (in square brackets)
Institution or collection that houses the work, followed by the city
OR if seen online:
Available at:
(Accessed: date)
50
Photographs/images
Photographic prints or slides
In-text citation:
It is ever so clear (Tebow, 2009) that…
Reference list:
Tebow, T. (2009) York at night [Photograph]. York: Here and There Publishing.
Photographer
Year (in round brackets)
Title of photograph (in italics)
[Photograph]
Place of publication: publisher (if available)
Students often become confused when referencing works of art they have photographed.
They are often unsure whether to reference themselves as the image maker or to reference
the work itself. The answer is clear: you reference what it is you are referring to (ie your
photograph or the work of art). Thus, if you wish to discuss the way you photographed a
sculpture by Rodin, you would reference yourself, following the examples below (omitting, if
necessary, place of publication and publisher). If, however, you photographed Rodin's
sculpture in a gallery and you are discussing the sculpture itself, you would follow the
guidelines for Sculpture.
For images that you download onto edevices, and to which you still have access, you should
replace accessed date with downloaded date.
Photographs from the internet
In-text citation:
The great photograph (Jarvis, 2015)…
Reference list:
Jarvis, C. (2015) Blue. Available at:
http://www.chasejarvis.com/#s=10&mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&p=8&a=0&at=0
(Accessed 18 June 2015).
Photographer
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of photograph (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed/downloaded: date)
For images that you download onto edevices, and to which you still have access, you should
replace accessed date with downloaded date.
51
Clip art
In-text citation:
The image of the dinosaur (Dinosaur, no date)…
Reference list:
Dinosaur (no date). Available at: http://www.clipart.co.uk/cgibin/dinosaur (Accessed:
17 June 2015).
Producer
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of clip art (in italics)
Available at: URL
(Accessed/Downloaded: date)
If using clip art images from online collections, use the details you are given to take the
reader to the relevant piece of artwork. On occasions, you may need to reference clipart that
you have found through social media sites like Pinterest or Tumblr, or that you have viewed
directly on Flickr. Do not be confused: you simply take the reader to where you viewed the
image.
For images that you download onto edevices, and to which you still have access, you should
replace accessed date with downloaded date.
Postcards
In-text citation:
The shore was beautiful (Terrence, no date)…
Reference list:
Terrence, T. (no date) Tintagel [Postcard]. England: Cornwall Gallery.
Artist (if available)
Year (in round brackets if available)
Title (in italics)
[Postcard]
Place of publication: publisher
52
Posters
In-text citation:
The image (Severn, no date)…
Reference list:
Severn, J. (no date) Le Joue [Poster]. 84cm x48cm/33” x 19”.
Artist (if known, or use title)
Year (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
[Poster]
Exhibited at
Location and date(s) of exhibition
Dimensions (if relevant and available)
PowerPoint presentations
In-text citation:
The great presentation (Whittingham, 2014)…
Reference list:
Whittingham, D. (2014) ‘History of warfare’ [PowerPoint presentation]. L252: War
studies. Available at: https://intranet.bham.ac.uk (Accessed: 7 June 2014).
Author or tutor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of presentation (in single quotation marks)
[PowerPoint presentation]
Module code: module title (in italics)
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)
53
War memorials
In-text citation:
The memorial (Derek Boorman, 1995)…
Reference list:
Derek Boorman (1995) For Your Tomorrow, York Minster, Deangate, York, UK.
(Viewed: 22 June 2014).
Name of architect (if known); if not, use name of memorial
Date of construction (in round brackets)
Name of memorial (in italics)
Location (and/or GPS coordinates, if available)
Date viewed (in round brackets)
Audiovisual material
CD-ROMs
In-text citation:
The music industry has expanded greatly, and the ‘Now That’s What I Call Music’
series has proved this (Now That’s What I Call Music, 2015)…
Reference list:
Now that’s what I call music 91 (2015) [CD-ROM]. Now. Available: EMI Group
Limited.
Title of publication (in italics)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
[CD-ROM]
Producer (where identifiable)
Available: publisher/distributor
DVD-ROM
In-text citation:
Spielberg (Saving Private Ryan, 1998) clearly suggests…
Reference list:
Saving Private Ryan (1998). Steven Spielberg (director) [DVD]. Available: Paramount
Pictures.
Title of film (in italics)
Year of distribution (in round brackets)
Directed by
[DVD] or [Blu-ray]
54
Place of distribution: distribution company
Microform
In-text citation:
Data from Jones (1997)…
Reference list:
Jones, P. (1997) The Jones collection [Microform]. Yorkshire: Jones Physiological
Association.
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of microform (in italics)
Medium (in square brackets)
Place of publication: publisher
Phonecasts
In-text citation:
Zuckerberg created his website in 2004 (A conversation with Mark Zuckerberg, 2007).
Reference list:
A conversation with Mark Zuckerberg (2007) [Phonecast]. Available at:
http://www.phonecasting.com/Channel/View/Channel.aspx (Accessed: 27 June
2014).
Title of phonecast (in italics)
Year of production (in round brackets)
[Phonecast]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Phonecasts are audio or video programmes transmitted to a user's mobile phone. The user
dials a number to access the programme. Alternatively, phonecasters can broadcast by
using their telephones in place of microphones. Although phone calls are personal
communications, it is possible to reference phonecasts if the access details are available in
a publication or web page.
55
Podcasts
In-text citation:
It was clear that George Osborne was well out of his depth (Yesterday in Parliament,
2015)…
Reference list:
Yesterday in Parliament (2015) 18th June 15 [Podcast]. 18 June. Available at
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02tys33 (Accessed: 19 June 2015).
Author/presenter
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of podcast (in italics)
[Podcast]
Day/month of posted message
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Although podcasts can be downloaded onto portable devices, you should reference where it
was published or displayed for download rather than trying to give 'my iPod' as a source.
Screencasts
In-text citation:
An online video showed this (Learning Rails the zombie way, no date).
Reference list:
Learning Rails the zombie way (no date) [Screencast]. Available at:
http://www.rubyonrails.org (Accessed: 12 January 2014).
Title of screencast (in italics)
Year of production (in round brackets)
[Screencast]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
56
Vodcasts or vidcasts
In-text citation:
The vodcast (Butler and O’Rourke, 2014) explained how Bob Saget was a hero to
them.
Reference list:
Butler, B. and O’Rourke, A. (2014) Bob Saget: Norm Macdonald Live: Video Podcast
Network. [Vodcast]. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=peDLWyHegfI
(Accessed: 22 June 2015).
Author
Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of vodcast (in italics)
[Vodcast]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Video podcasts can be viewed on the internet or downloaded for later viewing. So that
readers can locate the original, cite and reference where you obtained the vodcast.
Interviews with film directors
In-text citation:
The directors were incredibly pleased with the outcome (Wachowski, 2003).
Reference list:
Wachowski, L. (2003) ‘Interview with L. Wachowski’. Interviewed by L. Smith. The
Matrix Reloaded [DVD]. Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc.
Name of person interviewed
Year of interview (in round brackets)
Title of the interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)
Interview with/interviewed by
Interviewer's name
Title of film (in italics)
[DVD] or [Blu-ray]
Place of distribution: distribution company
57
Reviews
Book reviews
In-text citation:
Stevens (2010) thought the book…
Reference list:
Stevens, H. (2010) ‘Biology of birds’. Review of The birds and the bees, by David
Bills. Journal of the History of Biology, 50(2), pp. 190-92.
Name of the reviewer (if indicated)
Year of publication of the review (in round brackets)
Title of the review (in single quotation marks)
Review of ... (title of work reviewed – in italics)
Author of work being reviewed
Publication details (title in italics)
Drama reviews
In-text citation:
One reviewer (Smith, 2007, p. 6) wrote…
Reference list:
Smith, U. (2007) ‘The big finale’. Review of Heaven help me, by T. Jones. Theatre
Royal, York. The Times (Review section), 8 July.
Name of the reviewer (if indicated)
Year of publication of the review (in round brackets)
Title of the review (in single quotation marks)
Review of ... (title of work reviewed – in italics)
Director of work being reviewed
Publication details (title in italics)
58
Film reviews
In-text citation:
One reviewer (Smith, 2007, p. 6) wrote…
Reference list:
Smith, U. (2007) ‘The big finale’. Review of Heaven help me, by T. Jones. Theatre
Royal, York. The Times (Review section), 8 July.
Name of the reviewer (if indicated)
Year of publication of the review (in round brackets)
Title of the review (in single quotation marks)
Review of ... (title of work reviewed – in italics)
Director of work being reviewed
Publication details (title in italics)
Reviews of musical performances
In-text citation:
Jubb (2015) thought the performance was incredible.
Reference list:
Jubb, A. (2015) ‘Absolute magic’. Review of Clockwork Angels Tour, by Rush, York,
UK. The Press (Review section), 29 March, p. 91.
Name of the reviewer (if indicated)
Year of publication of the review (in round brackets)
Title of the review (in single quotation marks)
Review of ... (title of work reviewed – in italics)
Composer of work being reviewed
Publication details (title in italics)
59
Interviews
Newspaper interview
In-text citation:
Jones (2009) believed…
Reference list:
Jones, K. (2009). Interview with Kevin Jones. Interview by Steven Poulter for The
Times, 7 July, p. 88.
Name of person interviewed
Year of interview (in round brackets)
Title of the interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)
Interview with/interviewed by
Interviewer's name
Title of publication or broadcast (in italics)
Day and month of interview, page numbers (if relevant)
If published on the internet add:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Television interview
In-text citation:
Jones was clearly out of his depth (Jones, 2009).
Reference list:
Jones, K. (2009) Interviewed by Steven Poulter for Newsnight, BBC Two Television,
5 February.
Name of person interviewed
Year of interview (in round brackets)
Title of the interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)
Interview with/interviewed by
Interviewer's name
Title of publication or broadcast (in italics)
Day and month of interview, page numbers (if relevant)
If published on the internet add:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
60
Internet interview
In-text citation:
Jones was clearly out of his depth (Jones, 2009).
Reference list:
Jones, K. (2009) Interviewed by Steven Poulter for Newsnight, 7 March. Available at:
http://iplayer.co.uk/Newsnight/march7 (Accessed: 17 June 2015).
Name of person interviewed
Year of interview (in round brackets)
Title of the interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)
Interview with/interviewed by
Interviewer's name
Title of publication or broadcast (in italics)
Day and month of interview, page numbers (if relevant)
If published on the internet add:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
RESEARCH
Unpublished or confidential information
Confidential information
In-text citation:
The records they produced (Placement hospital, 2014)…
Reference list:
[Placement hospital] (2014) [Placement hospital] examination criteria for patients with
dementia. London: [Placement hospital].
Anonymised institution/agency (in square brackets)
Year produced (in round brackets)
Anonymised title (in italics) (use square brackets for the anonymised part)
Location
Anonymised producer (in square brackets)
In many cases you will need to anonymise the person or institution involved. In medical
situations, for example, you may use terms such as 'Subject 1', 'Patient X' or 'Baby J' instead
of real names; or 'Placement school', 'Placement hospital' or 'Placement agency' instead of
actual institutions.
61
Internal reports
In-text citation:
Recommendations in the report (Hegenbarth, 2014)…
Reference list:
Hegenbarth, L. (2014) Focus group recommendations. Internal LGU report.
Unpublished.
Author or organisation
Year produced (in round brackets)
Title of report (in italics)
Internal report (including name of institution)
Unpublished
Unpublished academic work
Students’ own work
In-text citation:
The topic of the essay (Jubb, 2014)…
Reference list:
Jubb, A. (2014) ‘Did the Allies win the battle of the Atlantic because of superior air
power?’, L252: War Studies. University of Birmingham. Unpublished essay.
Student name
Year of submission (in round brackets)
Title of essay/assignment (in single quotation marks)
Module code: module title (in italics)
Institution
Unpublished essay/assignment
62
Theses and dissertations
In-text citation:
Research by Gregory (1970) suggests that…
Reference list:
Gregory, S. (1970) English military intervention in the Dutch revolt. B.A. Thesis.
University of Birmingham. Available at: http://findit.bham.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 18 June
2015).
Author
Year of submission (in round brackets)
Title of thesis (in italics)
Degree statement
Degree-awarding body
If viewed online:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Tutors’ handouts
In-text citation:
The tutor’s handout (Whittingham, 2015)…
Reference list:
Whittingham, D. (2015) ‘Zulu warriors’, L252: War Studies. University of Birmingham.
Unpublished.
Tutor
Year of distribution (in round brackets)
Title of handout (in single quotation marks)
Module code: module title (in italics)
Institution
Unpublished
63
Tutors’ lecture notes in VLEs
In-text citation:
The tutor’s work (Whittingham, 2015)…
Reference list:
Whittingham, D. (2015) ‘Zulu warriors’. L252: War Studies. Available at:
http://intranet.bham.ac.uk (Accessed: 21 June 2015).
Author or tutor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of item (in single quotation marks)
Module code: module title (in italics)
Available at: URL of VLE
(Accessed: date)
Reports
Financial
Company annual reports
In-text citation:
The company expanded massively during the first half of the year (BSkyB Ltd, 2012).
Reference list:
BSkyB Ltd. (2012) Annual Report 2012. Available at:
http://annualreview2012.sky.com (Accessed: 9 January 2013).
Author or organisation
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of report (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
OR if accessed on the internet:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
64
Financial reports from online databases
In-text citation:
BSkyB’s profit margin rose by over 7 per cent in the financial year 2011-2012
(Bureau van Dijk, 2013).
Reference list:
Bureau van Dijk (2013) ‘BSkyB plc company report’. Available at:
http://fame.bvdep.com/bskyb (Accessed: 8 January 2013).
Publishing organisation
Year of publication/last updated (in round brackets)
Title of extract (in single quotation marks)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Research
Internal reports
In-text citation:
Recommendations in the report (Hegenbarth, 2014)…
Reference list:
Hegenbarth, L. (2014) Focus group recommendations. Internal LGU report.
Unpublished.
Author or organisation
Year produced (in round brackets)
Title of report (in italics)
Internal report (including name of institution)
Unpublished
65
Market research reports from online databases
In-text citation:
Mintel Oxygen (2014) noticed problems in the market…
Reference list:
Mintel Oxygen (2014) ‘Van insurance Wales’. Available at:
http://academic.minteloxygen.com (Accessed: 18 July 2014).
Author or organisation
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of report (in single quotation marks)
Place of publication: publisher
OR if accessed on the internet:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Research reports
In-text citation:
The minimum cost of living in Yorkshire is £15,000 (Friedland, 2009, p. 65)
Reference list:
Friedland, B. (2009) A minimum income standard for Yorkshire: what people think.
Available at: http://www.jrf.org.uk/yorkshireresearch (Accessed: 19 June 2015).
Author or organisation
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of report (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
OR if accessed on the internet:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
66
Genealogical sources
Birth, marriage and death certificates
In-text citation:
Jayne was born in Pontefract (‘Jayne Seaman’, 1966)…
Reference list:
‘Jayne Seaman’ (1966) Certified copy of birth certificate for Jayne Seaman, 20
December 1966. Application number 5001977/D. Pontefract Register Office.
Name of person (in single quotation marks)
Year of event (in round brackets)
Certified copy of ... certificate for ... (in italics)
Full name of person (forenames, surname) (in italics)
Day/month/year of event (in italics)
Application number from certificate
Location of Register Office
OR if you retrieved the certificate online, after application number from certificate, add:
Year of last update (in round brackets)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Censuses
In-text citation:
Mark Jones moved to York in the 1950s (‘Mark Jones’, 1956).
Reference list:
‘Mark Jones’ (1956) Census return for Leeds Road, Bishopthorpe, York subdistrict,
North Yorkshire. Public Record Office: PRO YO9/3765, folio 89, p. 8 (1956).
Available at: http://www.ancestry.co.uk (Accessed: 23 June 2015).
Name of person (in single quotation marks)
Year of census (in round brackets)
Census return for ... (in italics)
Street, place, county (in italics)
Registration subdistrict (in italics)
Public Record Office:
Piece number, folio number, page number
OR if you retrieved the certificate online, add:
Year of last update (in round brackets)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
67
Military records
In-text citation:
Private Hunsley fought valiantly (‘Richard Hunsley VC’, 2014).
Reference list:
‘Richard Hunsley VC’ (1956) Commonwealth War Graves Commission casualty
details. Available at: http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty/hunsleyvc (Accessed: 21
June 2015).
Name of person (in single quotation marks)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of publication (in italics)
Publication details
OR if you retrieved the document online, add:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Parish registers
In-text citation:
Alex and Alice’s wedding (‘Alex Jones and Alice Roberts’, 1934)…
Reference list:
‘Alex Jones and Alice Roberts’ (1934) Marriage of Alex Jones and Alice Roberts, 5
May 1934. St Andrew’s Church Bishopthorpe, York marriage register 1900-1950
(2009). Available at: http://www.genuki.org.uk/bishopthorpe (Accessed: 29 March
2015).
Name of person (in single quotation marks)
Year of event (in round brackets)
Baptism, marriage or burial of ...
Full name of person (forenames, surname)
Day/month/year of event
Title of register (in italics)
OR if you retrieved the certificate online, add:
Year of last update (in round brackets)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
68
Wills
In-text citation:
They inherited a great wealth (Will of Jamie Blackburn of York Abbey, North
Yorkshire, 1800).
Reference list:
Will of Jamie Blackburn of York Abbey, North Yorkshire (1800). The National
Archives: Public Record Office. Catalogue reference: PROB/15/1980.
Title of document (in italics)
Year of will (in round brackets)
Name of archive or repository
Reference number
Manuscripts
In-text citation:
The evidence (Simpson, 1865, 6/57/896) points to…
Reference list:
Simpson, J. (1865) Letter to Jayne Beech, 15 December. James Simpson Collection,
Birmingham University Library.
Author
Year (in round brackets)
Title of manuscript (in italics)
Date (if available)
Name of collection containing manuscript and reference number
Location of manuscript in archive or repository
69
Scientific and technical information
Data
Graphs
In-text citation:
The effects of the atoms (Gray, 2009, p. 87)…
Reference list:
Gray, A. (2009) How to reference scientific papers. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
p. 87, graph.
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of book (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Page number or figure number for graph
Graph
Scientific datasets
In-text citation:
The data (Shevchenko, 2014)…
Reference list:
Shevchenko, A. (2014) ‘Na levels holdings’. Available at: http://physics.nist.gov/ajh5
(Accessed: 9 January 2015).
Author
Date (in round brackets)
Title of data (in single quotation marks)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
70
British Standards
In-text citation:
Attic conversions are subject to strict controls (British Standards Institution, 1998).
Reference list:
British Standards Institution (1998) BS5678-9.8: Structural use of timber: ceiling
binders. Available at: http://www.standardsuk.com/ (Accessed: 5 June 2014).
Name of authorising organisation
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Number and title of standard (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
OR if viewed online:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Mathematical equations
In-text citation:
James (2006, p. 1889) noted that z>0.
Reference list:
James, J. (2006) ‘Some functional equations’, Advances in Algebra, 315(8), pp.
1880-1899. Available at: http://www.mathematicjournals.co.uk/James (Accessed: 19
January 2015).
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words
such as and, of, the, for)
Volume, issue, page numbers
Available at: URL (or doi if available)
(Accessed: date) (not required when doi used)
71
Patents
In-text citation:
Fredericks (2012) proposed a solution.
Reference list:
Fredericks, F. (2012) Vinyl cleaning tool. UK Intellectual Property Office Patent no.
GB2468906. Available at: http://www.ipo.gov.uk/p/find-publication (Accessed: 5 June
2013).
Inventor(s)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Authorising organisation
Patent number
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Requests for Comments (RFCs)
In-text citation:
A number of comments were made relating to the document (Hoff, 1995).
Reference list:
Hoff, D. (1995) The Baywatch years. Nos: FYA 19 and RFC 5879. Available at:
http://tools.ietf.org/hoff (Accessed: 20 October 2009).
Author/editor
Year (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Document number
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
72
Scientific or technical reports
In-text citation:
Jones has found (1997, p. 76)…
Reference list:
Jones, B., (1997) Methods in tumour research. National Agency for Tumour
Research, volume. 7.
Author(s)
Title of report
Publishing organisation. Place of publication
Date of publication
Report series and number
LEGAL MATERIAL
House of Commons and House of Lords Papers
In-text citation:
Parliamentary reports for the year included renewable energy (Parliament. House of
Lords, 2004).
Reference list:
Parliament. House of Lords (2004) Electricity from renewables: the first report. (HL
2003-2004 (19)). London: The Stationary Office.
Parliament. House of ...
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Paper number (in round brackets). For House of Lords papers, the paper number is also in
round brackets to distinguish it from identical House of Commons paper numbers (see
example below)
Place of publication: publisher
73
Hansard
In-text citation:
Dr Sugar expressed his views quite clearly (HC Deb 20 January 2009).
Reference list:
HC Deb 20 January 2009, vol 500, col 1990. Available at:
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/hcdeb1990 (Accessed: 19 August 2010).
Abbreviation of House and Deb (for Debates)
Date of debate
Volume number
Column number
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Hansard is the official record of debates and speeches given in Parliament, as well as
written answers to questions and written statements by ministers. A fully searchable version
of Hansard from 1988 for the Commons and from 1995 for the Lords is available online
athttp://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/hansard/(Accessed: 18 April 2013). For
more information on the use of Hansard, see Factsheet G17: The Official Report (2010)
produced by the House of Commons Information Office. Available
at:http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/g17.pdf (Accessed: 18
April 2013). We suggest adding the URL for the debate you are citing so that your reader
can locate the precise section.
Legislation from UK devolved Assemblies
In-text citation:
In the legislation (Budget (Wales) Act 2008)…
Reference list:
Budget (Wales) Act 2008 (asp 2). Available at:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2008/2/contents (Accessed: 19 March 2009).
Title of Act including year (in italics)
asp number (in round brackets)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
74
More legal material
Bills from the House of Commons of House of Lords
In-text citation:
It is clear that the Green Belt Bill (Parliament, House of Commons, 1999) is
inadequate.
Reference list:
Parliament, House of Commons (1999) Green Belt Bill (Bills 1999-2000 9). London:
The Stationary Office.
Parliament. House of ...
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Bill number (in brackets)
Place of publication: publisher
Command papers including Green and White Papers
In-text citation:
Useful advice (Lord Chancellor’s Department, 2000) includes…
Reference list:
Lord Chancellor’s Department (2000) Government policy on referencing. London:
The Stationery Office (Cm 4517).
Name of committee or Royal Commission
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Paper number (in brackets)
OR if viewed online:
Paper number (in round brackets after title)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
75
Law commission reports and consultation papers
In-text citation:
The report (Crime Commission, 2012)…
Reference list:
Crime Commission (2012) Prosecution Appeals. (Law Com No 567, Cm 8906).
London: The Stationery Office.
Law Commission
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of report or consultation paper (in italics)
Number of report or consultation paper, Command Paper number (if given) (in round
brackets)
Place of publication: publisher
OR if viewed online:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Statutory Instruments (SIs)
In-text citation:
The Terrorism Order 2004…
Reference list:
Terrorism Order 2004 (SI 2004/3354). Available at:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/3354/contents/made (Accessed: 19 January
2013).
Name/title including year (in italics)
SI year and number (in round brackets)
Available at: URL
(Accessed date)
76
GOVERNMENT & EU
European Union publications
In-text citation:
The predicted migration of labour (European Commission, 2007)…
Reference list:
European Commission (2007) Making globalisation profitable. Luxembourg: Office for
Official Publications of the European Communities.
Name of EU institution (for example, Council of the European Union, European Commission)
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Government publications
Command Papers including Green and White Papers
In-text citation:
Useful advice (Lord Chancellor’s Department, 2000) includes…
Reference list:
Lord Chancellor’s Department (2000) Government policy on referencing. London:
The Stationery Office (Cm 4517).
Name of committee or Royal Commission
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
Paper number (in brackets)
OR if viewed online:
Paper number (in round brackets after title)
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
77
Departmental publications
Publications of international organisations
In-text citation:
Reports by the International Chamber of Commerce, Commission for Air Transport
(2010)…
Reference list:
International Chamber of Commerce, Commission for Air Transport (2010) The need
for greater liberalization. Available at: http://www.iccwbo.org/liberalization (Accessed:
8 February, 2014).
Name of organisation or institution
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Place of publication: publisher
OR if viewed online:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
COMMUNICATIONS
Conferences
Full conference proceedings
In-text citation:
The conference (Institute for Large Businesses, 1999)…
Reference list:
Institute for Large Businesses (1999) Large firms policy and research conference.
University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses.
Author/editor
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Location and date of conference
Place of publication: publisher
78
Individual conference papers
In-text citation:
Jones (1999) explained…
Reference list:
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research
conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses.
Author of paper
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Location and date of conference
Place of publication: publisher
Page references for the paper
Papers from conference proceedings published on the internet
In-text citation:
Jones (1999) explained…
Reference list:
Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research
conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large
Businesses. Available at: http://www.bigbusinesses.co.uk/jonesd (Accessed: 19
January 2014).
Author
Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Location and date of conference
Publisher
Available at: URL (or doi if available)
(Accessed: date) (not required when doi used)
79
Public communications
Electronic
Electronic discussion groups and bulletin boards
In-text citation:
This was discussed by Jameson (2014)…
Reference list:
Jameson, A. (2014) ‘International queries’, British Business Schools Librarians Group
discussion list, 13 March. Available email: lisbusinessschools@gmail.com.
Author of message
Year of message (in round brackets)
Subject of the message (in single quotation marks)
Discussion group or bulletin board (in italics)
Date posted: day/month
Available email: email address
Entire discussion groups or bulletin boards
RSS feeds
In-text citation:
The library extension will be completed in 2016 (University of Birmingham Library,
2015).
Reference list:
University of Birmingham Library (2015) Library opening [RSS] 26 January. Available
at: https://www.bham.ac.uk/feeds/news/178 (Accessed: 18 February 2015).
Author/organisation
Year issued (in round brackets)
Title of communication (in italics)
[RSS]
Day/month
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
80
Advertisements & PR
Advertisements
In-text citation:
The advertisement by British Telecom (2012)…
Reference list:
British Telecom (2012) Office relocation gremlins [Advertisement on ITV3 Television].
19 November.
Author/Organisation
Year (in round brackets)
Title of advert/brief description of advert (in italics)
[Advertisement on (insert channel name)]
Date viewed.
Press releases and announcements
In-text citation:
This development (Google Inc., 2015)…
Reference list:
Google Inc. (2015) Google Maps changes forever [Press release]. 29 December.
Available at: http://www.google.com/intl/en/news (Accessed: 30 December 2015).
Author/organisation
Year issued (in round brackets)
Title of communication (in italics)
[Press release]
Day/month
OR if available online, add:
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
81
Display boards (for example in museums)
In-text citation:
It is obvious (Paintings of John Doe, 2012) that…
Reference list:
Paintings of John Doe (2012) Display board at Alex Davids Art Gallery exhibition,
Pontefract, 28 April 2015.
Title (in italics)
Year of production (if available)
Display board at
Name of venue, city
Date observed
Leaflets
In-text citation:
Barclays Bank plc (no date) provides insurance for many families.
Reference list:
Barclays Bank plc (no date) Mortgages. [Leaflet obtained in York branch], 8 June
2015.
Author (individual or corporate)
Date (if available)
Title (in italics)
[Leaflet obtained ... ]
Date obtained
Minutes of meetings
In-text citation:
The library staff committee (2014) suggested…
Reference list:
Library staff committee (2014) ‘Item 4.2: Developing technology’. Minutes of library
staff committee meeting 24 January 2014, Main Library, University of Birmingham.
Author (individual or group if identified)
Year of meeting (in round brackets)
Item being referenced (in single quotation marks)
Title and date of meeting (in italics)
Organisation
Location of meeting
82
Personal communications
In-text citation:
This was disputed by Smith (2012).
Reference list:
Smith, D. (2012) Conversation with Steven Jones, 13 August.
Smith, D. (2012) Letter to Steven Jones, 23 January.
Smith, D. (2012) Email to Steven Jones, 14 August.
Smith, D. (2012) Telephone conversation with Steven Jones, 25 December.
Smith, D. (2012) Skype conversation with Steven Jones, 21 June.
Smith, D. (2012) Text message to Steven Jones, 14 June.
Smith, D. (2012) Fax to Steven Jones, 17 December.
Sender/speaker/author
Year of communication (in round brackets)
Medium of communication
Receiver of communication
Day/month of communication
83
A reference list is the detailed list of references that are cited in your work. Therefore, it
includes the full bibliographical information on sources, so that the reader can identify and
then locate the source. A bibliography is a detailed list of references but also includes
background readings or other material that you may have read but not actually cited.
Different courses may require just a reference list, just a bibliography, or even both. It is
better to check with your tutor first. Both the reference list and the bibliography are located at
the end of the work. When using the Harvard style of referencing, both the bibliography and
the reference list are arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s surname, or title (for
when there is no author). Usually, the reference list is included in the wordcount, but the
bibliography is not. However, always check with your lecturer or supervisor beforehand as
this rule can vary between departments.
Sample Reference List
Banerjee, A. and Watson, T.F. (2011) Pickard’s manual of operative dentistry. 9th edn.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Davidson, A. (2013) ‘The Saudi Marathon Man’, The New Yorker, 16 April. Available
at: http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-saudi-marathon-man
(Accessed: 22 June 2015).
Guy, J. (2001) The view across the river: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle
against imperialism. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.
Hislop, V. (2014) The sunrise. Available at http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindlestore
(Downloaded: 17 June 2015).
Homer (1997) The Iliad. Translated by J. Davies. Introduction and notes by D. Wright.
London: Dover Publications.
Knapik, J. J., Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional
movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’, The Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research, 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162. EDUC 1028: E-learning.
Available at: http://intranet.bir.ac.uk (Accessed: 25 June 2015).
Lucas, G. (2004) The wonders of the Universe. 2nd edn. Edited by Frederick Jones,
James Smith and Tony Bradley. London: Smiths.
Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd edn. London: British Medical Association.
‘Rush (band)’ (2015) Wikipedia. Available at
https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Rush_(band) (Accessed: 18 June 2015).
84
Sample Bibliography
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (1994) Epi Info (Version 6) [Computer program].
Available at http://www.cdcp.com/download.html (Accessed: 23 June 2015).
Gregory, S. (1970) English military intervention in the Dutch revolt. B.A. Thesis. University of
Birmingham. Available at: http://findit.bham.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 18 June 2015).
Jones, B., (1997) Methods in tumour research. National Agency for Tumour Research,
volume. 7.
Peart, N. (1976) Something for Nothing. Toronto: Toronto Sound Studios.
Rush (2015) [Bishopthorpe Social Club. 29 March].
The University of Birmingham (2010) The University of Birmingham experience. Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLxV5L6IaFA (Accessed: 18 June 2015).
Note:
Use (Accessed:…) when you have simply viewed the source on the internet, whereas use
(Downloaded:…) when you have specifically downloaded something, for example a book
onto your Kindle.
85
Hints and tips
Be aware: if you don't already know, check with your tutor which referencing style you are
expected to use
Be positive: used properly, references strengthen your writing, demonstrating that you have
spent time researching and digesting material and produced your own opinions and
arguments
Be decisive about the best way to cite your sources and how you balance your use of direct
quotations, paraphrasing and summarising (read about these in the
introductory Basics sections of Cite them right online)
Be willing to ask for help: library/learning resource staff offer support with referencing and
academic skills. Subject Advisors can help with finding and using resources and reference
software, http://libguides.bham.ac.uk/subjectsupport/index; the Academic Skills Centre staff
can help with essay writing and the use of citations and references
http://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/asc.
Be organised: prepare well and keep a record of all potentially useful sources as you find
them
Be prepared: read the Basics sections of ‘Cite them right online’ before you begin your first
assignment
Be consistent: once you have established the referencing style required, use it consistently
throughout your piece of work
Be patient: make time and take your time to ensure that your referencing is accurate
Be clear: clarify the type of source you are referencing and check Cite them right online for
examples
Be thorough: check through your work and your references before you submit your
assignment, ensuring that your citations all match with a full reference and vice versa.
(What is referencing and why is it important? (2015) Available at:
http://www.citethemrightonline.com/Basics/top-ten-tips)
FAQs
86
What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?
•
A reference list is the detailed list of references that are cited in your work.
Therefore, it includes the full bibliographical information on sources, so that the
reader can identify and then locate the source. A bibliography is a detailed list of
references but also includes background readings or other material that you may
have read but not actually cited. Different courses may require just a reference list,
just a bibliography, or even both. It is better to check with your tutor first. Both the
reference list and the bibliography are located at the end of the work. When using the
Harvard style of referencing, both the bibliography and the reference list are arranged
in alphabetical order by the author’s surname, or title (for when there is no author).
What do I do if the publication has no date?
•
•
•
You simply write ‘no date’ in brackets. For example, (Smith and Jones, no date).
Example of in-text citation with no date:
o He was seen by many to be a great man (BBC History,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml, no
date).
Example of reference list entry with no date:
o BBC History (no date) Duke of Wellington (1769-1852). Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wellington_duke_of.shtml
(Accessed: 18 June 2015).
Can I mix referencing styles?
•
No, you should never mix referencing styles. Always be consistent.
When should I use italics?
For a printed or electronic book, the book title is in italics, but for journal articles the name of
the journal is in italics, and for newspaper articles the title of the newspaper is in italics.
Check the i-cite guide or cite them right online for more detailed examples if you are ever
stuck on a reference – never guess!
When should I omit page numbers and when should I include page numbers?
Page numbers in a citation are required for
•
•
Lengthy or direct quotes
If you are using ideas from a specific page or pages of a work
Page numbers in a citation are NOT required
•
•
If you refer to a complete work
Or you refer to ideas that run through an entire work
So you might be summarising ideas that run through a work or summarising an argument in
a journal article or book, then no page numbers are required, but if you refer to an idea or
fact from a page or several pages then you would provide page numbers.
87
Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations?
•
Even when quoting, do not use a full stop until after your in-text citation in brackets
because the in-text citation is part of your sentence.
Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence?
•
Yes, but only cite more than one author in the same sentence if they make similar
points or use similar methods or evidence. If this cannot be avoided, put the sources
in alphabetical order and separate each one with a comma. See the example below:
o A number of different studies (Jamieson, 2011; Hollingworth, 2012; Hatfield,
2013; Rogers, 2015) suggested that…
What should I do if I list more than one source by the same author?
•
If you list different sources by the same author which are produced in the same year,
label the first source a, the second b, etc. Do this in reverse chronological order with
the most recent first. See the example below:
o
In his study of the work of Dawkins, Harris (2007a) emphasised the use of
rationality in the former’s argument. However, it is clear that this was not the
only strength of the original author (2007b).
The reference list would look like this;
▪
▪
Harris, S. (2007a) Dawkins: a history. London: Evolutionary Press.
Harris, S. (2007b) Evolutionary thought. London: Evolutionary Press.
Are in-text citations included in my word count?
•
Yes, they are counted in your word count. However, your bibliography or list of
references is not counted in your word count.
What are DOIs?
•
DOIs are digital object identifiers – a character string used to uniquely identify a
digital object.
What is the difference between using (Accessed:...) and (Downloaded:…)?
•
Use (Accessed:…) when you have simply viewed the source on the internet,
whereas use (Downloaded:…) when you have specifically downloaded something,
for example a book onto your Kindle.
88
Further information and useful websites
Cite them right online homepage – the most useful website for the Harvard (author-date)
referencing style. If you have any further questions or queries, this is probably the best
website to go to;
http://www.citethemrightonline.com/Home
A useful guide with many different source type examples;
http://www2.le.ac.uk/library/help/referencing/author-date/author-date
A succinct example of a reference list, along with many citation examples;
http://www.hup.harvard.edu/resources/authors/pdf/hup-author-guidelines-authordate-citations-and-reference-lists.pdf
A useful guide with many different source type examples. Also comes with an excellent quiz
at the end to test your new-found referencing knowledge;
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/referencing/referencing%20skills/page_24.htm
A more in-depth referencing guide, set out in a table-style format;
http://lib.tsinghua.edu.cn/service/harvard-referencing.pdf
A useful guide with many different source type examples;
https://www.brookes.ac.uk/library/resources/harvard.pdf
Any questions?
If you have a query that is not answered within this Guide, and the answer is still not found
on any of the other useful websites that are linked further up, please speak to your tutor or
subject advisor. Always refer back to the Cite them right online website if you are still unsure.
Glossary (from Cite them right online)
89
Bibliography: A list of all the sources you consulted for your work arranged in alphabetical
order by author's surname or, when there is no author, by title. For web pages where no
author or title is apparent, the URL of the web page would be used.
Citation: The in-text reference that gives brief details (for example author, date, page
number) of the source you are quoting from or referring to. This citation corresponds with the
full details of the work (title, publisher and so on) given in your reference list or bibliography,
so that the reader can identify and/or locate the work. End-text citations are more commonly
known as references.
Common knowledge: Facts that are generally known.
Digital Object Identifier (doi): A numbered tag used to identify individual digital (online)
sources, such as journal articles and conference papers.
Direct quotation: The actual words used by an author, in exactly the same order as in their
original work, and with the original spelling.
Ellipsis: The omission of words from speech or writing. A set of three dots (...) shows where
the original words have been omitted.
End-text citation: An entry in the reference list at the end of your work, which contains the
full (bibliographical) details of information for the in-text citation.
et al.: (From the Latin et alia meaning 'and others'.) A term most commonly used (for
example Harvard author-date system) for works having more than three authors. The citation
gives the first surname listed in the publication, followed by et al. One example is; (Smith et
al., 2014).
Ibid: Ibid is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a
source that was cited in the previous endnote or footnote. The previous reference should be
immediately visible. For example, within the same paragraph or page.
In-text citation: Often known as simply the citation, this gives brief details (for example
author, date, page number) of your source of information within your text.
Paraphrase: A restating of someone else's thoughts or ideas in your own words. You must
always cite your source when paraphrasing.
Peer-review: A process used in academic publishing to check the accuracy and quality of a
work intended for publication. The author's draft of a book or article is sent by an editor
(usually anonymously) to experts in the subject, who suggest amendments or corrections.
This process is seen as a guarantee of academic quality and is a major distinction between
traditional forms of publishing, such as books and journals, and information in web pages,
which can be written by anyone, even if they have no expertise in a subject.
Plagiarism: Taking and using another person's thoughts, writings or inventions as your own
without acknowledging or citing the source of the ideas and expressions. In the case of
copyrighted material, plagiarism is illegal.
Proper noun: The name of an individual person, place or organisation, having an initial
capital letter.
90
Quotation: The words or sentences from another information source used within your text.
Reference: The full publication details of the work cited.
Reference list: A list of references at the end of your assignment that includes the full
information for your citations so that the reader can easily identify and retrieve each work
(journal articles, books, web pages and so on).
Secondary referencing: Citing/referencing a work that has been mentioned or quoted in the
work you are reading. You may wish to refer to an author's idea, model or dataset but have
not been able to read the actual chapter containing the information, but only another author's
discussion or report of it. Similarly you may refer to a primary source, e.g. an author's letters
or diary, or a government report, that you have only 'read' as cited or reproduced within
another author's text. This is known as secondary referencing because you have not
actually read the source, but only someone else's account of it.
sic: (From the Latin meaning 'so, thus'.) A term used after a quoted or copied word to show
that the original word has been written exactly as it appears in the original text, and usually
highlights an error or misspelling of the word.
Summarise: Similar to paraphrasing, summarising provides a brief account of someone
else's ideas or work, covering only the main points and leaving out the details.
URL: The abbreviation for Uniform (or Universal) Resource Locator, the address of
documents and other information sources on the internet (for example http://...).
Virtual learning environment (VLE): An online teaching environment (also known as online
learning environment – OLE) that allows interaction between tutors and students, and the
storage of course documents and teaching materials.
Index
91
Advertisements 81
Ancient texts 19
Anthologies 20
Atlases 20
Audiobooks 21
Bible 18
Bibliographies 22
Bills from the House of Commons of
House of Lords 75
Birth, marriage and death certificates 67
Blogs 30
Book illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos
and tables 43
Book reviews 58
Books in digital repositories 37
Books in languages other than English 22
British Standards 71
Cartoons 44
CD-ROM 38
Censuses 68
Chapter in an edited book 16
Clip art 52
Cochrane Library Review 29
Collected works 18
Comics 44
Command papers including Green and
White Papers 75
Company annual reports 64
Computer games 39
Computer programs 40
Concerts 42
Conference papers in digital repositories
37
Confidential information 61
Display boards 82
Drama reviews 58
DVD-ROM 39
E-book 17
Electronic discussion groups and bulletin
boards 80
European Union publications 77
Exhibitions 46
Facebook 31
Film reviews 59
Financial reports from online databases 65
Full conference proceedings 78
Geological Survey maps 48
Graffiti 46
Graphs 69
Hansard 74
Historical books in online collections 23
House of Commons and House of Lords
Papers 73
Individual conference papers 79
Installations 45
Internal reports 62
Internet interview 61
Interviews with film directors 57
Journal articles 27
Journal articles accessed via VLE 28
Law commission reports and consultation
papers 76
Leaflets 82
Legislation from UK devolved Assemblies
74
Lines within plays 23
Magazine articles 24
Manuscripts 69
Market research reports from online
databases 66
Mathematical equations 71
Medical images 49
Microform 55
Military records 68
Minutes of meetings 82
Mood boards 49
Multi-volume works 17
Newspaper articles 42
Newspaper interview 60
NICE/NHS Guidelines 29
Online maps 48
Ordnance Survey maps 47
Packaging 50
Paintings/drawings 50
Pamphlets 25
Papers from conference proceedings
published on the internet 36
Parish registers 69
Patents 72
Personal communications 83
Phonecasts 55
Photographic prints or slides 51
Photographs from the internet 51
Plays 43
Podcasts 56
Postcards 53
92
Posters 54
PowerPoint presentations 53
Prepublication journal articles 29
Prepublication journal articles in online or
digital repositories 38
Press releases and announcements 81
Printed book with an editor 14
Printed book with authors and editors 15
Printed book with more than three authors
14
Printed book with no author 15
Printed book with one author 13
Printed book with two or three authors 13
Publications of international organisations
78
Qur’an 19
Radio and internet radio 34
Reprint editions 25
Requests for Comments (RFCs) 72
Research reports 66
Reviews of musical performances 59
RSS feeds 80
Scientific datasets 70
Scientific or technical reports 73
Screencasts 56
Statutory Instruments (SIs) 76
Students’ own work 62
Television interview 60
Television programmes viewed on the
internet 36
Theses and dissertations 63
Torah 18
Translated books 26
Tutors’ handouts 63
Tutors’ lecture notes in VLEs 64
Twitter 31
Video or films on YouTube 36
Vodcasts or vidcasts 57
War memorials 54
Web page - Individual authors 32
Web page - No authors or titles 33
Web page - No dates 34
Web page - Organisations as authors 33
Wikis 32
Wills 69
93