The fourth lesson.
TENSES
I. Complete these sentences with for or since and the phrase in parentheses.
Example:I haven't seen my adviser. (two months) I haven't seen my adviser for two
months.
1. He's worked at the gasoline station. (one month)
2. I haven't seen my adviser. (October)
3. They've been at lunch.(noon)
4. He's been at the post office. (two hours)
5. They've lived in the city. (1972)
6. She's worked for the same company. (three years)
II. Substitute one or ones for the italicized noun in each of these sentences.
Example: He has an old car, but he wants to get a new car. He has an old car, but he
wants to get a new one.
1. He must get new tires because his old tires have worn out.
2. My new coat is warmer than my old coat.
3. This bus goes to the mountains, but that bus goes to the beach.
4. The old office was crowded, but the new office has a lot of space.
III. PRONUNCIATION AND INTONATION PRACTICE
A. Listen and repeat.
E X A M P L E (Teacher) When will you get it back?
(Students) When will you get it back?
(Teacher) When will you get it back?
1.When will I find a real bargain?
2.When will he finish the inventory?
3.When will you see your adviser?
4.When will we have the exam?
5.When will he leave for Chicago?
General Practice: Answer the questions.
1. What time did university lectures begin today?
2. How long have you been at the university today?
3. What time did your English class begin today?
4. How long have you been in your English class today?
5. How many pages have you finished in this book?
6. How many days a week do you have English?
7. How many days have you had English this week?
Pick out Infinitive Constructions from the text and explain their use. Find Passive
Constructions in the text and translate them into Uzbek or Russian.
WHAT IS MATTER?
Scientists can measure the age of rocks that contain uranium quite accurately.
Uranium in a rock slowly but steadily decays into one kind of lead. Thus,
carefulmeasurements to find the relative weight of uranium and lead in the rock can
be used to measure the rock's age. When about one quarter of the uranium has changed
to lead. two billion years passed. This is almost the age of the oldest known rocks, found
in the mountains of India.
In recent years, astronomers and geologists have shown that the story of the origin of
the world is very complicated. Yet everyone agrees that the earth, the planets and the sun
are made of matter. Therefore, comprehension what is meant by matter is the first step
in understanding rocks.
Matter is anything which occupies space, has weight and be detected by so new
means or another. Each bit of matter on the earth or in the universe attracts all other bits
of matter. This ever present attraction is known as gravity or gravitation.
All matter is made of 105 chemical elements listed in the Mendeleyev Periodic
Table. Over 99 per cent of the material in the earth is made of about 30 lightest elements.
If the sun and the other stars are included, the two lightest elements - hydrogen and
helium make up nearly all of the matter in the universe.
On the hot surface of the sun, most atoms (the smallest particles of an element) are
independent of each other. On the earth atoms usually combine to form molecules.
Sometimes two or more atoms of the same kind will join together. Atoms of hydrogen
and oxygen are usually joined in pairs. More often, two or more different elements unite,
forming a molecule made of several kinds of atoms.
I. Memorize this dialogue and perform it in pairs.
- What is matter?
- Matter is the name for anything which has weight and which occupies space.
- In what form does matter exist?
- Matter exists in three different states. It exists as a solid, a liquid or a gas. The
materials around us such as air, water, metals and minerals are forms of matter.
II. Find synonyms among the given words:
To seem, bed, to discover, to appear, due to, to find, layer, because of, piece, matter, bit,
substance, combine, join together, stratum.
III. Find antonyms among the given words:
heavy, thick, equal, ancient, high, far, perfect, thin, unequal, recent, imperfect,
light, near, low
IV. Word-building:
a) Make up verbs using the suffix -en: (Pay special attention to their translation):
flat, wide, broad, white, black
b) Form adverbs using the suffix -ly: (Pay special attention to their translation):
hard, part, near, scarce, close, fair, deep
c) Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them:
to exist, to attract, to weight, to occur
V. Make up questions of your own using the following verbs:
to attract, to occur, to detect, to join, to pick up, to seem, to weigh, to define, to include
VI. Pronounce the following words and translate:
occasionally [ə'keiʒənəli], feldspar [feld`spa:], potash [`pͻtæ∫], glaze [gleiz], pottery
[`pͻtəri],conglomerate [kən`glͻmərət], limestone [laim`stəun], gypsum [`dʒipsəm],
sediment [`sedimənt], oxide [`ͻksaid], siltstone [`silstəun], shale, [∫eil], dolomite
[`dͻləmait], igneous [`ignəs], extent [iks`tent]