FE-235
Unit Operation in Food Processing
(Size reduction In Food Processing)
Shelke G.N
Assistant Professor
Department of Food Engineering
CFT Ashti,
Maharashtra 414202
Phone: +919561777282
E-mail: shelkeganesh838@gmail.com
Point to be covered
 Introduction. Principles of size reduction
 Forces Used in Size Reduction
Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
 desired
Energyseparation
requirements
in Size Reduction
of components
 Size reduction equipment
 Criteria for selection of comminution
processes
 Applications
Introduction
 Size reduction is a process of reducing
large solid unit masses into small unit
masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
 Processes
Size reduction
is also termed
as accomplish the
which process
depend primarily
forces to
desired
separation of components
Comminution/Diminution/Pulverizations.
 Solid pieces of food is reduced by the
application of grinding, compression
or impact forces.
 In many food processes it is frequently
necessary to reduce the size of solid
materials for different purposes.
Benefits in food processing:
 Increase in the surface-area-to-volume ratio of the food.
 Increases the rate of drying,
 Increases the rate heating or cooling
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired
separation
components
 Improves
the of
efficiency
and rate of extraction.
 Facilitating mixing and blending
 Facilitates heat exchange, chemical and
biological reactions
Classification of Size Reduction
 Chopping, cutting, slicing and dicing:




Large to medium
Stewing steak
Cheese and
Sliced fruitwhich
for canning
Processes
depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Medium to small
 Sliced green beans and
 Diced carrot




Small to granular
Minced or shredded meat
Flaked fish or nuts and
Shredded vegetables
Classification of Size Reduction
 Milling to powders or pastes of increasing fineness






Grated products
Spices
Flours
Fruit nectars
Powdered sugar starches
Smooth
pastes
Processes
which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Emulsification and homogenization
 Milk
Essential oils
 Butter
 Ice
 Cream and margarine
Forces Used in Size Reduction
 The types of forces commonly
used in food processes are
compressive, impact, attrition
or shear and cutting.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 In a comminution operation,
more than one type of force is
usually acting.
 For
example,
crushing,
grinding, and milling take place
in powdered sugar, flour,
mustard, and cocoa production.
 Principle and mechanisms of comminution of food
 Compressive forces are used for coarse
crushing of hard materials.
 Impact forces can be regarded as general
purpose forces.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
 desired
Shear or
attrition of
forces
are applied in
separation
components
fine pulverization when the size of products
can reach the micrometer range.
 ultra-fine grinding is associated with
processes in which the sub-micron range
of particles is attained.
 cutting gives a definite particle size and
may even produce a definite shape.
The Mechanism of Size Reduction
 In the grinding process, materials are reduced in size by
fracturing them.
 In the process, the material is stressed by the action of
mechanical moving parts in the grinding machine and
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired
Initially
the stress
absorbed internally by the material as strain
separation
ofis
components
energy.
Stress
Strain
Fracture in lines of Weakness
Released Heat
 Some of the energy is taken up in the creation of new surface, but the greater
part of it is dissipated as heat.
Energy for Size reduction
Energy required depends upon:
1. The hardness of the material
2. The tendency of the material to crack (friability).
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 The minimum energy needed to rupture the material.
 Excess energy is lost as heat.
 This loss should be kept as low as practicable.
Energy for Size reduction
 Figures of less than 2% efficiency have been quoted (coulson and
richardson, 1996); thus,
 Grinding is a very inefficient process, perhaps the most inefficient of
the
traditional
unit operations.
Processes
which depend
primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Much of the input energy is lost in deforming the particles within
their elastic limits and through Inter particle friction.
 A large amount of this wasted energy is released as heat which, in
turn, may be responsible for heat damage of biological materials.
Energy for Size reduction
 Grinding is a very inefficient process and it is important to use
energy as efficiently as possible.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 A three theories depend upon the basic assumption that the energy
required to produce a change dL in a particle of a typical size
dimension L is a simple power function of L:
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 The energy required to reduce the size of solid foods is calculated
using one of three equations, as follows:
 Kick’s law
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
separation
desired
Rittinger’s
lawof components
 Bond’s law
Kick’s Law
 Kick reckoned that the energy required for a given size reduction was
proportional to the size reduction ratio,
 The value of the power n as 1.
 In such a way, by integration of
Processes
whichrelation,
depend primarily
tolaw
accomplish
the

Following
known asforces
kick’s
is obtained:
desired separation of components
 Where x1/x2 is the size reduction ratio.
 Kick’s law has been found to hold more accurately for coarser crushing,
 Where most of the energy is used in causing fracture along existing
Cracks
Rittinger’s Law
 He considered that for the grinding of solids, the energy required
should be proportional to the new surface produced,
 The power n the value of 2,
 Thus obtaining the so-called Rittinger’s law by integration of Eq.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 E is the energy per unit mass required for the production of a new surface by
reduction
 K is called Rittinger’s constant
 x1 is the average initial feed size, and x2 is the average final product size.
 Rittinger’s law has been found to hold better for fine grinding, where a large
increase in surface results.
Bond’s Law and Work Index
 A third version of the comminution law is the one attributed to Bond (1963),
who considered that,
 The work necessary for reduction was inversely proportional to the square root
of the size produced.
 In Bond’s consideration n takes the value of 3/2,
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Where x1 and x2 are measured in micrometers and E in kWh/ton, K = 5Ei,
 Where ei is the bond work index, defined as the energy requires to reduce a unit
mass of material from an infinite particle size to a size such that 80% passes a
100 micrometer sieve.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Size reduction equipment
The principal types of size-reduction machines are as follows:
A. Crushers (coarse and fine)
1. Jaw crushers 2. Gyratory crushers 3. Crushing rolls
B. Grinders (intermediate and fine)
1.
Hammer mills and impactors 2. Rolling–compression mills 3. Attrition mills
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
C. Ultrafine grinders
1. Hammer mills with internal classification 2. Fluid–energy mills 3. Agitated
mills 4. Ball mills
D. Cutting machines
1. Knife cutters, dicers and slitters
Crushers
 Jaw and gyratory crushers draw material down into a progressively narrower
space resulting in size reduction.
 However, they are not extensively used in the food industries.
1. Jaw crushers
2. Gyratory crushers
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Hammer Mills
 Hammer mill, which contains a high-speed
rotor turning inside a cylindrical case.
 The rotor carries a collar bearing a number
of hammers around its periphery.
 Processes
By the rotating
action,primarily
the hammers
swing
which depend
forces to
accomplish the
desired
of components
throughseparation
a circular
path inside the casing
containing a toughened breaker plate.
 Feed passes into the action zone with the
hammers driving the material against the
breaker plate and forcing it to pas through
a bottom mounted screen by gravity when
the particles attain a proper size
Hammer Mills
 Reduction is mainly due to impact
forces.
 The hammers may be replaced by
knives or other devices to give the mill
the possibility of handling tough, ductile
or fibrous materials.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
separation
of components
desired
The hammer
mill
is a versatile piece of
equipment that gives high reduction
ratios.
 It handle a wide variety of materials
from hard and abrasive to fibrous and
sticky.
 In the food industry extensive use for
grinding spices, sugar agglomerate, dry
fruits, dry vegetables
Hammer Mills Working
The important factors affecting the grinding capacity are:
➢ Number of hammers on a rotating shaft
➢ Speed of rotation
➢ Hammer size
➢ Arrangement of hammers
➢ Sharpness
➢ Wear patterns and
➢ Clearance between the tip and screen or striking plate.
Attrition mill
 Attrition mills are also known as
plate mills or disc pulverizes and are
widely used for small-scale milling.
 These mills use the working
principle of a the shearing and
cutting actions.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 The material is fed in between two
circular plates with the flute or
roughened surface.
 One of the plates is fixed while the
other one has a rotation facility.
 Normally, the material is fed near the
axis of the rotation and is sheared
and crushed.
Attrition mill
 These mills produce a narrow range
of particle sizes.
 The low clearance and higher speed
facilitate the production of finer size
particles.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
 desired
The separation
plate mills
led to the
of components
development of the colloid mill.
 The main difference between them is
clearance between the plates and the
speed of rotation.
 These mills are extremely used like
shred, curl, granulate, grind, shear,
twist, blend, rub.
Attrition mill Working
The important factors affecting the grinding capacity are:
➢ Number of hammers on a rotating shaft
➢ Speed of rotation
➢ Hammer size
➢ Arrangement of hammers
➢ Sharpness
➢ Wear patterns and
➢ Clearance between the tip and screen or striking plate.
Tumbling mill or ball mill
 A tumbling mill is used in many
industries for fine grinding.
 It basically consists of a horizontal,
slow speed, rotating cylinder that is
partially filled with either balls or
rods. which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
Processes
desired separation of components
 The cylinder shell is usually made of
steel, lined with carbon-steel plate,
porcelain, silica rock, or rubber.
 The balls are normally made out of
steel or flint stones, while the rods
are usually manufactured with high
carbon steel.
Tumbling mill or ball mill
 The cylinder rotates, the grinding
medium is lifted up the sides of the
cylinder and dropped onto the
material being comminuted, filling
the void spaces between the
medium.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
 desired
The grinding
components
separationmedium
of components
also tumble over each other, exerting
a shearing action on the feed
material.
 This combination of impact and
shearing forces brings about a very
effective size reduction.
 As a tumbling mill basically operates
in a batch manner.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Cutting machine
slicing and flaking equipment
dicing equipment
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
shredding
equipment
desired separation of components
pulping equipment.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Size reduction in liquid foods (emulsification and homogenization)
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Homogenization
 The unit operation that prevents fat
globules from coalescing into cream
is called homogenization.
 Which is also a way of size
reduction in liquids.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 The liquid formulation is forced
through a small opening at higher
speeds.
 Breaking down the fat or other
globules into smaller ones.
High-speed mixers
 Edges and tips of the blades in high-speed turbine/ propeller type mixers
impart a shearing action on the low viscous food formulations to
homogenize into a smooth homogeneous emulsion.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
Pressure homogenizers
 Pressure homogenization is conventionally
done prior to pasteurization and ultra-hightemperature (UHT) sterilization.
 Pressure homogenizers use a high pressure
pump, operating at 100–700 bar,
dependwith
primarily
to accomplish the
Processes
Which which
is fitted
a forces
homogenizing
desired
separation
of components
valve(s)
(two-stage
homogenization) on the
discharge side.
 When liquid is pumped through the small
adjustable gap (< 300 μm) between the
valve and the valve seat.
 The high pressure produces a high liquid
velocity (80–150 m/s).
Pressure homogenizers
 An instantaneous drop in velocity
occurs as the liquid emerges from
the valve.
 This extreme turbulence produces
powerful shearing forces and the
droplets in the dispersed phase
Processes
depend primarily forces to accomplish the
becomewhich
disrupted.
desired separation of components
 The collapse of air bubbles (termed
‘cavitation’) and impact forces
created in some valves by placing a
hard surface (a breaker ring) in the
path of the liquid further reduces the
globule size.
Colloid mills
 Colloid mills are more effective than
pressure homogenizers in creating high
shear and are meant for high viscous
liquids.
 They are essentially vertical disc mills
with a narrow gap between stationary and
rotating discs in the range of 0.05–1.3mm
and rotate at 3000–15000 rpm.
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
separation
 desired
Numerous
designs ofofcomponents
disc including flat,
corrugated, conical shapes and even
carborundum are available for different
applications.
 The greater friction created during size
reduction of high-viscous foods may
require these mills to be cooled by
circulating water in the water jacket.
Ultrasonic homogenizers
 A high-frequency sound
wave in the range of 18–30
kHz is used in ultrasonic
homogenizers.
 Cause alternate cycles of
Processes which depend primarily forces to accomplish the
compression and tension in
desired separation of components
low-viscosity liquids.
 It is also responsible for
cavitation of air bubbles to
form emulsions with droplet
sizes of 1–2 μm.
Ultrasonic homogenizers
 This type of homogenizer
is used for the production
of saladwhich
creams,
cream,
Processes
dependice
primarily
forces to accomplish the
desired
separation
of components
synthetic
creams,
baby
foods and essential oil n
emulsions.
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Processes which
depend COMENTS
primarily forces to accomplish
the
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desired separation of components