University of Karbala Collage of nursing Family and community health nursing Global health Prepared by Zahra Mohammed khudaire Supervised by Haqi lsmael lecture Outline • • • • • • • introduction Identify Global health issues Historical development of Terms Disciplines involved in global health Key concept in relation to global health Global health trends Key principles of global health Introduction Global health Health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, which may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries and which are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions. Ø Reasons for interest in global health • moral duty • Public diplomacy • Investment in self-protection Ø Problems facing global health • Past-limited resources • Present- uncoordinated efforts-wasted resources Ø Key factors to future direction • Expanded talent pool in developing world • Devise effective system for disease prevention and treatment • Mend health infrastructure Global health issues Refers to any health issue that concerns many countries or is affected by transnational determinants such as: Climate change Urbanization Malnutrition-under or over nutrition Or solutions such as : Polio eradication Containment of avian influenza Approach to tobacco control Historical development of terms Ø Public health : developed as a discipline in the mid 19th century in UK ,Europe and US concerned more with national issues. • Data and evidence to support action, focus on populations, social justice and equity, emphasis on prevention vs. cure. Ø International health : developed during past decades, came to be more concerned with • • • The diseases(e.g. tropical diseases) and Conditions(war, natural disasters ) of middle and low income countries Tended to denote a one way flow of good ideas. Ø Global health: more recent in its origin and emphasizes a greater scope of health problems and solution That transcend national boundaries. Requiring greater inter-disciplinary approach. Disciplines involved in global health Ø Social sciences Ø Behavioral sciences Ø Law Ø Economics Ø History Ø Engineering Ø Biomedical sciences Ø Environmental sciences Key concepts in relation to global health 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. the determinants of health The measurement of health status The importance of culture to health The global burden of disease The key risk factors for various health problems The organization and function of health system 1. Determinants of health Ø Genetic make Ø Age Ø Gender lifestyle choices Ø Community influences Ø Income status Ø Geographical location Ø Culture Ø Environmental factors Ø Work conditions Ø Education Ø Access to health services Determinants of health Plus more general factors such as : Ø Political stability Ø Civil rights Ø Environmental degradation Ø Population growth Ø Urbanization Ø Development of country of residence 2. The measurement of health status Ø Cause of death: obtained from death certification but limited because of incomplete coverage. Ø Life expectancy at birth: the average number of ears a new- born baby could expect to live if current trends in mortality were to continue for the rest of the new-born is life. Ø Maternal mortality rate: the number of women who die as a result of childbirth and pregnancy related complications per 100,000 live births in a given year . Ø Infant mortality rate: the number of deaths in infants under one years per 1,000 live births for a given year . Ø Neonatal mortality rate : the number among infants under 28 days in a given year per 1,000 live births in that year Ø Child mortality rate : the probability that a new-born will die before reaching the age of live years, expressed as a number per 1,000 live births 3. Culture and health Ø Culture: the predominating attitudes and behavior that characterize the functioning of a group or organization Ø Traditional heath systems Ø Beliefs about health • e.g. epilepsy- a disorder of neuronal depolarization vs. a from of possession /bad omen sent by the ancestors • Psychoses-ancestral problems requiring the assistance of traditional healer/spiritualist Ø Influence of culture of health : diversity, marginalization and vulnerability due to race, gender and ethnicity 4. The global burden of disease Ø Predicted changes in burden of disease from communicable to non-communicable between 2004 and 2030 Ø reductions in malaria, diarrheal disease ,TB and HIV/AIDS Ø increase in cardiovascular deaths , COPD, road traffic accidents and diabetes mellitus Ø Ageing population in middle and low income countries Ø Socioeconomic growth with increased car ownership Ø Based on a’ business as usual’ assumption 5. Key risk for factors for various health condition Tobacco usRelated to the top ten causes of mortality world wide Poor sanitation and access to clean waterRelated to high levels of diarrheal /water borne diseases Extra marital affairsHIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections Malnutrition Under –nutrition (increased susceptibility to infectious diseases) and over nutrition responsible for cardiovascular diseases, cancers, obesity etc 6. The organization and function of health system A Health system comprises all organization , institutions and resources developed to producing actions whose primary intent is to improve health Most national health system consist : Public ,private Traditional and informal sectors Global health trends 1.Tuberculosis Commonly known as TB(tubercle bacillus) is a bacterial in function that can spread through the lymph nodes and bloodstream to any organ in your body it is often most found in the lungs 2. Drug use & abuse It is patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the drug substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others 3.HIV/AIDS It is transmitted primarily via unprotected sexual intercourse, contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy ,delivery ,or breastfeeding 4.Non-communicable disease NCD, can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly 5. Communicable disease Also know as infectious disease or transmissible diseases These are illnesses that result from the infection , presence and growth of pathogenic biologic agents in humans. 6. Climate change Ø A change in global or regional climate patterns attributed directly or indirectly to human activity Ø “global warming ” in sheep's clothing Ø A long- term change in the earths climate 7. Mental health It is a level of psychological well-being and the absence of a mental disorder. 8. Immunization & vaccines Ø It is the safe and effective use of a small amount of a weakened and killed virus or bacteria or bits of lab made protein that imitate the virus in order to prevent infection by the same virus or bacteria. Ø When you get an immunization you are injected with the weakened form or disease . This triggers your body's immune response, causing it to either produce antibodies and the like 9. Alcohol and tobacco abuse/addiction Ø The excessive consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Ø Causes communicable and non communicable diseases. 10. malaria/other vector borne Ø Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever , fatigue, vomiting and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma or death. Ø Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans 1. A Focus on the public good . 2. Belief in a global perspective . 3. A scientific and interdisciplinary approach . 4. The need for multi-level approaches to interventions. 5. The need for comprehensive framework for health polices and financing . References Ø http://www.aannet.org/policy-advocacy/ Ø http://www.nursingworld.org/ Ø http://www.apic.org/professional-practice/implementation-guides Ø Global health council(2011a) .Emerging diseases. Retrieved july11,2011 Ø Altenstetter , C .(2003). Insights from health care in Germany. American journal of public health ,93(1)
