GRAPH OF CHANGE (cont.)
VOCABULARY
A. Time words
over the period
during the period
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
throughout the period
throughout (Adv)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
in
by
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 Tất cả các trường hợp KHÔNG có số, chắc chắn dùng by
After a slight increase by 2015, …
* Để ý đến vị trí của in.
meanwhile
at the same time
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
B. Types of change
in absolute terms
……………………………………………………………………………
in relative terms
……………………………………………………………………………
C. Nhấn mạnh
Earlier, 10% of Canadians were Asians; the period saw that double to 20%.
Earlier, no more than / only 10% of Canadians were Asians, but the period saw that soar to 45%.
Earlier, no less than 60% of Canadians lived in the countryside, but the period saw that plummet
to 25%.
GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
A.3.1-4
Đây là các câu với NAP trong lesson trước
A.2
Dùng V
come to
Asians came to account for a much larger percentage of the US population in 2010 than they did
in 1960.
Miêu tả cái Visible
Dùng V
go from (Present Simple)
The ‘Asians’ category goes from total absence to 12%.
MODEL ESSAY
1. The pie charts below show information on electricity generation by source in Vietnam and
Japan in 1980 and 2010.
Vietn am 1980
Petroleum
9%
Vietn am 2010
Hydropower
26%
Petroleum 4%
Natural gas
11%
Coal
10%
Natural gas
30%
Hydropower
75%
Coal
35%
Jap an 1980
Jap an 2010
Hydropower 4%
Nuclear fission 12%
Petroleum
8%
Natural gas
33%
Hydropower
20%
Coal
27%
Nuclear fission
96%
The four pie charts illustrate the composition by source of the electricity produced in Vietnam and
Japan in 1980 and 2010.
It is clear that over the period hydropower hugely grew in importance for Vietnam’s electricity
production industry at the expense of all other sources; nuclear fission, for Japan’s.
In 1980, 26% of Vietnam’s electricity output was generated from hydropower, and 35% was
recorded for coal. By 2010, the first figure had almost tripled to 75%, whereas the second had
dropped to 10% – the largest decrease in absolute terms, of 25%. Similar to coal, natural gas came
to account for a markedly lower percentage than it previously did: 11%, down from 30.
In Japan, earlier nuclear fission was employed to produce no more than 12% of the output, but the
period saw that soar to 96%. By contrast, the ‘coal’ and ‘natural gas’ categories go from 27 and
33% respectively to total absence. In 2010, all the remaining 4% came solely from hydropower.
(163 words)
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GRAMMAR
Thể hiện Future
- Nouns:
projections, predictions (for)
- Sentence construction:
it is projected / predicted / forecast / expected that + SVO
S + is projected / … to + VO
The predictions have it that + SVO
… be likely to …
* Không cần dùng các cấu trúc trên trong every sentence, chỉ cần thi thoảng nhắc lại (để remind
người đọc). Trong các câu khác, khi mốc thời gian:
Hoàn toàn trong tương lai, dùng Future (will)
Bao gồm cả quá khứ - tương lai, dùng Present Simple
2. The charts below give information on the ages of the populations of Vietnam and Japan in
2010 and projections for 2050.
VIETNAM 2010
VIETNAM 2050
0-17
0-17
18-64
65+
4%
18-64
65+
6%
33%
45%
51%
61%
JAPAN 2010
0-17
18-64
JAPAN 2050
65+
0-17
18-64
65+
12%
14%
25%
48%
40%
61%
The pie charts illustrate the composition by age group of the Vietnamese and Japanese population
in 2010 and predictions for 2050.
It is clear that both populations are projected to grow at least significantly older over the period,
with Japan’s doing it to a much higher degree.
In 2010, 45% of Vietnamese were 17 years old or younger, and 51% between the ages of 18 and
64. It is forecast that, by 2050, while the first figure will have declined significantly to 33%, the
second will have done the opposite and reached 61%. Meanwhile, the country will have 6% of its
population aged 65 or above.
Earlier, 18-to-64-year-olds constituted no less than 61% of Japanese, but the period is likely to see
that drop sharply to 40%. By contrast, people 65 or over will come to account for a nearly twice
larger percentage than they previously did: 48%, up from 25. The predictions also have it that 12%
will be people under 18.
(163 words)
3. The charts below show the differences in how three countries learned English in 2010 and
2015.
2010
2015
23%
25%
5%
10%
67%
70%
Country A
20%
20%
8%
48%
72%
32%
Country B
3%
6%
15%
Evening class
Online
Abroad
94%
82%
Country C
The pie charts illustrate the composition by approach to studying of English-language learners in
three in countries in 2010 and 2015.
It is clear that overall taking evening classes was by far the most important approach. In all the
cases it declined in importance over the period.
72% in 2010, the percentage of Country B’s English-language learners who studied the language
at evening classes decreased by one-third to 48% in 2015 – the greatest decrease in absolute terms,
of 24%. Next, Country C had 94% recorded for it earlier, as opposed to 82% later. It was also
similar for Country A, although the difference is negligible between the numbers shown (70 to
67%), relatively speaking.
As for the other two approaches, people who study English online came to account for a four times
larger percentage in Country B than they previously did: 32%, up from 8. And the ‘abroad’
category for Country C goes from total absence to 3%,
(158 words)
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VOCABULARY
A. Tăng / Giảm
- INCREASE: rise, grow, climb, go up
double, triple, quadruple
(Adj: twofold, threefold)
+ increase DRAMATICALLY: jump, soar, hike, skyrocket
+ peak (V), reach a peak, reach a record high
(a small / massive peak)
+ recover slightly / somewhat, almost recover to the previous / 2010 level
+ recover and surpass the previous / 2010 level
- DECREASE: drop, fall, dip, decline, go down
+ decrease DRAMATICALLY: plummet, nosedive, slump, tank
+ hit bottom, hit a trough, hit a record low
+ recover > < slip back:
(a small / massive trough)
slip back below the previous / 2010 level
- Other important Verbs: start (at), end (at), replace
B. Adjectives / Adverbs
- (≥2 years)
Quantity: minimal, marginal, modest, moderate, substantial, enormous
- (≥3 years)
Manner: sudden, abrupt, temporary, brief, steady
- (≥3 years)
Speed: slow, gradual, rapid
+ Quantity: steep, sharp
C. Time
- from … onwards
- initial, final
The number of tourists to Australia hit 200,000 in 2020, down from an initial far-higher 500,000.
- in the first year, in the second / final year
- at the start, at the end
(* Chỉ nên dùng khi có từ 3 mốc thời gian trở lên)
The period saw the second figure plummet, with it hitting 20,000 at the end.
GRAMMAR
Miêu tả 2 thay đổi trong cùng 1 câu
- after NP, SVO / after V-ing, SVO
After a slight increase by 1995, the rest of the period saw …
- SVO, before NP / SVO, before V-ing
The period preceding 2000 saw … , before a slight decrease.
The figures for … , before suddenly dropping to below the 1995 level.
- SVO, although SVO / SVO, despite NP
At the same time, the second figure quadrupled to 40%, despite a brief, slight decrease by 1995.
- SVO, only to V
(có yếu tố suddenly)
The figures for Australia jumped from 20 to 55% over the period preceding 2010, only to slip back
to the initial level at the end.
- with NP (V-ing)
Australia had 60% recorded for it in 1990, as opposed to 45% in 2000, with a small trough hit by
the middle.
The period saw the figures for Australia quadruple from 10 to 42%, with the largest part of this
increase occurring from … to … .
4. The graph shows oil production capacity for several Gulf countries between 1990 and 2010.
Oil production capacity
16
Millions of barrels per day
14
12
10
1995
8
2000
2005
6
2010
4
2
0
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
UAE
The graph illustrates the number of oil barrels six Gulf countries were capable of producing per
day from 1995 to 2010.
It is clear that, in almost all the cases, there was a more-than-insignificant increase over the 16
years. Saudi Arabia was consistently the most powerful oil producer by far.
Not much over 8 million barrels (MB) in 1995, Saudi Arabia’s oil production capacity jumped to
about 14.5 MB in 2010 – the largest growth in absolute terms by far, of 6.5 MB. Next, Iraq had 2
MB recorded for it at the start, as opposed to close to 4 at the end. On the other hand, the figures
for Qatar only underwent, relatively speaking, negligible changes, being about 0.5 MB throughout.
Of the six, the second most powerful oil producer averaged between the four years was Iran,
capable of producing slightly over 4MB in 2010. Iraq and the UAE were probably in joint third
place.
(155 words)
there were negligible changes to the figures for Qatar
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5. The bar chart below shows the percentage of government spending transport in four countries
in the years 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005.
Government spending on transport
30
percentage
25
20
1990
1995
15
2000
10
2005
5
0
Italy
Portugal
UK
USA
The bar chart illustrates what percentage of government spending was spent on transport in four
countries between 1990 and 2005.
It is clear that, in all the cases except for the US, there was a more-than-insignificant decrease over
the 16 years. During most of the period, Portugal spent proportionally the most money on the
expense.
About 27% in 1990, the share of Portugal’s government expenditure going to transport markedly
declined to 20% in 2005. It was similar for Italy and the UK, despite a temporary jump to a peak
in 2000 for both: Italy had around 22% recorded for it at the start and 19% at the end; the UK, 10
and 8%.
In contrast, after a slight dip, the period from 1995 onwards saw the figures for the US grow by
half from 10 to 15%. 2000 is the only year in which transport did not account for the largest
proportion of government spending in Portugal; it did it in Italy, at approximately 23%.
(165 words)
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6. The graph below shows the annual spending on clothes per person in the US in 1985, 1995
and 2005.
average annual spending
800
700
$ per person
600
500
1985
400
1995
300
2005
200
100
0
Boys' clothes
Girls' clothes
Men's clothes
Women's clothes
The bar char illustrates how much money US people on average spent in a year on four types of
clothes in 1985, 1995 and 2005.
It is clear that, in all the cases except for boys’ clothes, there was a not-insignificant increase over
the 21 years. Women’s clothes were consistently the largest expense.
About $520 in 1985, the US’s annual per-person expenditure on women’s clothes jumped to $670
in 2005, with most of this increase occurring after 1995. Next, men’s clothes had $300 recorded
for them at the start, as opposed to over 400 at the end, with a small peak reached by the middle.
The smallest rise in absolute terms, of around $50, was seen in relation to girls’ clothes – from 120
to $170.
On the other hand, boys’ clothes cost Americans roughly the same amount of money throughout,
at 110 to $120. Of the four, men’s clothes were the second largest expense averaged between the
three years; boys’ clothes, the smallest.
(163 words)
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7. The chart below shows the value of one country's exports in various categories during 2015
and 2016. The table shows the percentage change in each category of exports in 2016 compared
with 2015.
export earnings
70
Percentage change in values
60
$ billions
50
40
Petroleum products
↑ 3%
Engineered goods
↑ 8.5%
Gems and jewelry
↓ 5.18%
30
20
Agricultural products ↑ 0.81%
10
0
Petroleum
products
Engineered
goods
2015
Gems and
jewelry
Agricultural
products
Textiles
Textiles
↑ 15.24%
2016
The bar chart illustrates how much profit five groups of exports generated for a country in 2015
and 2016. The table shows the changes in percentage.
It is clear that there was an increase in almost all the cases. Petroleum products were the most
profitable exports in both years.
About $27 billion in 2015, earnings generated by textiles rose to 32 billion in 2016 – the largest
growth in relative terms, of 15.24%. Next, engineered goods had around $61 billion recorded for
them in the second year – a growth of 8.5%. The only fall seen over the period, of 5.18%, was in
income from gems and jewelry, down to approximately $40 billion.
The country made at least a large $60 billion in profit each year from sending petroleum products
abroad. Of the five, engineered goods were the second most profitable group of exports averaged
between the two points in time, followed at a distance by gems and jewelry.
(157 words)
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Task format: Composition
8. The chart below shows how frequently people in the US ate in fast food restaurants between
2003 and 2013.
frequency of eating in fast food restaurants in the US
35
30
percentage
25
20
15
10
5
0
Every day
Several times a
week
Once a week
2003
2006
Once or twice a
month
A few times a
year
Never
2013
The bar graph illustrates the composition of the US population by frequency of eating in fast food
establishments in 2003, 2006 and 2013.
It is clear that most Americans ate in fast food restaurants between once a week and once a month
in all three years. There was a shift towards doing it less frequently overall.
In 2003, about 31% of Americans ate in fast food outlets once a week, and 30% was recorded for
the frequency of once or twice a month. After rising somewhat by 2006, the first figure slipped
back below the previous level, hitting around 27% in 2013. By contrast, the 10-year period saw
the second figure do roughly the opposite, with it reaching 33% at the end.
The second lowest percentage of the six was consistently shown by people who never ate in fast
food restaurants, at 5 or 4%. The least common habit throughout was doing it every day (about 3
to 4%).
(159 words)
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HOMEWORK
1. The charts below show the percentage of people working in different sectors in Town A and
Town B in 1960, 2010.
TOWN A 1960
TOWN A 2010
20%
29%
Manufacturing
41%
Sales
64%
Services
16%
30%
TOWN B 1960
TOWN B 2010
10%
25%
Manufacturing
20%
Sales
70%
Services
53%
22%
2. The bar chart shows the percentage of young people in higher education in four countries in
2000, 2005 and 2010.
young people in higher education
65
60
55
50
percentage
45
40
35
2000
30
2005
25
2010
20
15
10
5
0
Brazil
Peru
Chile
Argentina
3. The table gives information about five types of vehicles registered in Australia in 2010, 2012
and 2014.
Vehicle registration, Australia
% change
2010
2012
2014
(2010 to 2014)
Passenger vehicles
11,800,000
12,700,000
13,000,000
↑ 10.2%
Commercial vehicles
2,300,000
2,600,000
2,700,000
↑ 17.4%
Motorcycles
540,000
680,000
709,000
↑ 30.8%
Heavy trucks
384,000
390,000
416,000
↑ 8.3%
Light trucks
106,000
124,000
131,000
↑ 23.5%
4. The chart below shows information about household car ownership in Canada in 1980, 2010
and projections for 2040.
household car ownership in Canada
70
60
% of households
50
40
30
20
10
0
No car
1 car
2 cars
1980
2010
3 cars
2040
4+ cars
1. The charts below show the percentage of people working in different sectors in Town A and
Town B in 1960, 2010.
The pie charts illustrate the composition by sector of employment of the population of Town A
and Town B in 1960 and 2010.
It is clear that, in both cases, service jobs grew at least significantly in importance over the period.
The change experienced by Town A was more dramatic.
In 1960, 41% of Town A inhabitants worked in manufacturing, and 29% worked in the service
sector. By 2010, while the first figure had dropped by half to 20%, the second had done roughly
the opposite and reached 64%. Meanwhile, the place had 16% of its people doing sales jobs.
Earlier manufacturing workers constituted no less than 70% of Town B residents, but the period
saw that decline substantially to 53%. By contrast, employees of the service industries came to
account for a more than twice larger percentage than they previously did: 25%, up from 10. 22%
was recorded for sales workers in 2010.
(154 words)
2. The bar chart shows the percentage of young people in higher education in four countries in
2000, 2005 and 2010.
The bar char illustrates what percentage of young people pursued tertiary education in four
countries in 2000, 2005 and 2010.
It is clear that, in all the cases except for Peru, there was an increase over the eleven years.
Argentina consistently registered the highest rate.
About 36% in 2000, the percentage of young Brazilians that were in higher education jumped to
57% in 2010. Next, Argentina had just over 45% recorded for it at the start, as opposed to 60 at
the end. It was also similar for Chile, although the five-year period preceding 2010 saw the figures
for it remain unchanged, at roughly 48%, up from a not-much-lower initial 43%.
On the other hand, people in tertiary education accounted for the exact same percentage of young
Peruvians in 2000 as in 2010, at 40%, despite a slight dip by the middle. Of the four, Peru was the
country that reported the lowest rates averaged between the three years.
(159 words)
3. The table gives information about five types of vehicles registered in Australia in 2010, 2012
and 2014.
The table shows how many vehicles of five different types were registered in Australia in 2010,
2012 and 2014 as well as the overall changes in percentage.
It is clear that there was an increase over the five years in all the cases. Passenger vehicles were
consistently by far the most common type.
540,000 in 2010, the number of motorcycles known to the Australian authorities rose to 709,000
in 2014 – the largest growth in relative terms, of 30.8% – with the large majority of it having
occurred by 2012. Next, light trucks had 131,000 recorded for them at the end, a change of 23.5%.
The smallest rise, of 8.3%, was seen in relation to heavy trucks – from 384,000 to 416,000.
There were an enormous 11,800,000 registered passenger vehicles in 2010; 13,000,000, in 2014.
Of the five, commercial vehicles were the second most numerous group averaged between the
three years, numbering 2,700,000 at the end. Light trucks were the fewest.
(158 words)
4. The chart below shows information about household car ownership in Canada in 1980, 2010
and projections for 2040.
The bar graph illustrates the composition of Canadian households by the number of cars owned in
1980 and 2010 and predictions for 2040.
It is clear that most Canadian families had or are projected to have one car in all three years. There
is a shift towards owning more automobiles overall.
In 1980, around 64% of households had one car, and 26% was recorded for owning two. It is
forecast that, after falling moderately by 2010, the first figure will slightly recover, reaching about
57% in 2040. By contrast, the 60-year period sees the second figure do roughly the opposite, with
it hitting 34% at the end.
From 2010 onwards, the second lowest percentage of the five was or is expected to be shown by
households not having an automobile, replacing those having three, at about 2 or 4%. The least
common situation throughout is being in possession of four cars or more; the numbers shown are
less than negligible.
(160 words)