THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS Chapter 1 – Transportation
THIRD EDITION
and Geography
CONCEPTS
Copyright © 1998-2015, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography,
Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA.
Jean-Paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu
You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or
redistribution permitted.
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Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
What is Transport Geography?
THIRD EDITION
Concept 1
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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The Core Principles of Transport Geography
1
• Transportation is the spatial linking of a derived demand
2
• Distance is a relative concept involving space, time and effort
3
• Space is at the same time a generator, a support and a constraint for mobility
4
• The relation between space and time can converge or diverge
5
• A location can be a central or an intermediate element of mobility
6
• To overcome geography, transportation must consume space
7
• Transportation seeks massification but is constrained by atomization
8
• Velocity is a modal, intermodal and managerial effort
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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The Scales of Transport Geography
Network
Flows
Spatial Constructs
Local
Transit systems
Street networks
Commuting
Personal and social trips
Deliveries
Terminal
District / Neighborhood
Development zone
City
Regional
Commuter rail
Regional air networks
National highway systems
National railway systems
Short sea shipping / feeders
Intercity passenger flows
Metropolitan area
Market area
Hinterland / Corridor
Urban region
Global
Landbridge
International air networks
Maritime shipping networks
Supply chains
Trade
Trade agreement
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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The Sisyphus Analogy in Transportation
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Transportability of Freight
Cargo
Weight
Storage
Fragility
Perishable
Coal
Heavy (0.83 g/cc)
Simple (piling)
None
None
Grain
Heavy (0.83 g/cc)
Average (silos)
Low
Low
Petroleum
Heavy (0.88 g/cc)
Simple (tanks)
None
None
Clothing
Average
Average (distribution
center)
Low
None
Fruits
Average
Complex (temperature
controlled)
High
High
Container
Average (15-20 tons)
Average (stacking)
Low
Cargo dependent
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Transportation as a Derived Demand
Activity
Working
Vacationing
Manufacturing
Taxi
Air travel
Truck
Containership
Services
Warehousing
Direct
Commuting
Indirect
Services
Energy
Derived Demand
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Different Representations of Distance
Euclidean Distance
A
B
Transport Distance
A
Delivery
Pickup
Transshipment
B
Logistical Distance
A
Pickup
Order Processing
Packing
Scheduling
Order
Transshipment
Sorting
Warehousing
Delivery
B
Inventory Management
Unpacking
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The Spatial Consideration of a Movement
A
Walking
Cycling
Driving
B
Movement
Friction of Distance
D(C)
D(D)
Time
D(W)
Distance (D)
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Transportation and the Mobility of Passengers and Freight
Share of total passengers or tons-km
Commuting
Shopping
Recreation
Commodity / Supply Chains
Trade
Energy & Raw Materials
Waste disposal
Local distribution
Business
Tourism
Migration
Distance
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Operational Differences between Passengers and Freight Transportation
Board, get off and transfer without
assistance.
Process information and act on it without
assistance.
Make choices between transport modes
without assistance but often irrationally.
Require travel accommodations related to
comfort and safety.
Must be loaded, unloaded and transferred.
Information must be processed through
logistics managers.
Logistics managers meet choices between
transport modes rationally.
Require limited travel accommodations.
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Spatial Flows
Trade
European
Power
a
b
c
C
C
d
C
Hinterland
City
Port
Hierarchical
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Atomization versus Massification in Transportation Modes
Cruise ship
Passengers
Passenger train
Airplane
5,000
Bus
Car
Atomization
Person
Parcel
Part
1
1,000
50
5
500
Massification
100
25
1,000
10,000
Container
Truck
Cargo plane
100,000
400,000
Freight train
Containership
Tons
Bulk carrier & Tanker
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Vehicle Use Indicators, World, 1950-2010
60
13,000
Annual car production (millions) (left axis)
50
People per registered car (left axis)
12,000
Miles traveled per passenger vehicle (USA) (right axis)
11,000
40
10,000
30
9,000
20
8,000
10
0
7,000
6,000
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Billions
Vehicle-Miles Traveled by Cars in the United States, 1960-2005
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
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Transport and Communication Costs Indexes, 1920-2000
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Sea freight rates
Air transport (Average revenue per passenger-km)
Telephone call (3 minutes, New York / London)
Computers
2000
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World Road and Rail Networks
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Key Dimensions of Transportation
Dimension
Historical
Changes brought by transport technologies. Rise of civilizations (e.g. Egypt, Rome and
China). Development of modern nation states. Globalization.
Economic
Transport and economic development (indirectly and directly). Factor in the production
and added-value of goods and services. Facilitates economies of scale. Influences land
(real estate) value. Contributes to the specialization of regions.
Social
Access to healthcare, welfare, and cultural events. Shape social interactions.
Political
Nation building and national unity. National defense (Roman empire, American road
network). Rules and regulations. Mobility often subsidized (e.g. public transit or
highways).
Environmental
Important environmental impacts. Pollution, exploitation of natural resources.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Core Components of Transportation
Modes
• Conveyances (vehicles) used to move passengers or freight.
• Mobile elements of transportation.
Infrastructures
• Physical support of transport modes, such as routes and terminals.
• Fixed elements of transportation.
Networks
• System of linked locations (nodes).
• Functional and spatial organization of transportation.
Flows
• Movements of people, freight and information over their network.
• Flows have origins, intermediary locations and destinations.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Complex Systems and Transportation
Characteristic
Description
Transportation System
Adaptability
Elements adapt to the action of other components and
to changes in their environment.
Transport companies competing in
offering services.
Self-organization
Autonomous adaptation to changing conditions as a
result of the adaptability of the individual components.
Routing. Supply chain management.
Attractors
A recognizable dynamic state of a system that may
continuously reappear.
Land use. Transport terminals.
Non-linearity
Changes in one property or component may have a
disproportionately large effect on another property or
component.
Congestion.
Phase transition
A system’s behavior may change radically, and
sometimes irreversibly, when a certain “tipping point”
or phase transition point is reached.
Containerization. Peak oil.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Fields of Transport Geography
NATURAL SCIENCES
Cartography
MATHEMATICS,
COMPUTER
SCIENCE
Information
systems
Environmental
studies
Field
methods
Spatial
statistics,
modeling
Natural
resources
Transport
demand
Transport
networks
Resource
planning
Regional
planning
Population
geography
Transport
nodes
PLANNING
Regional
geography
Regional
economics
ECONOMICS
Operations
research
Spatial
optimization
Economic
geography
Political
Geography
Historical
geography
POLITICAL
SCIENCE
ECONOMICS,
SOCIOLOGY
Land
use
Urban
geography
Transport geography
Location
theory
World
geography
HISTORY
ECONOMICS
Passengers
Fields at the core of
transport geography
Fields related to
transport geography
Freight
Information
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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The Transport System
Demand
Volume
Frequency
Passengers
Freight
Linkages
Capacity
Networks
Information
Flows
Origins
Destinations
Intermediacy
Nodes
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Dimensions of Transport Geography
Passengers
Freight
Information
Technology
Economics
Environment
History
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Two Common Fallacies in Transport Geography
Access vs. Accessibility
Distance vs. Time
55
30
50
b
35
65
50
25
35
40
30
35
55
30
30 40
40
45
c
60
65
65
60
a
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Common Problems for Transport Systems
Capacity
Transfer
Hub / Gateway
Terminal
Route
Bottleneck
Reliability
Integration
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THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Transportation and Space
THIRD EDITION
Concept 2
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Absolute, Relative and Arbitrary Barriers
Absolute Barrier
Arbitrary Barrier
Modal Change
A
B
Detour
Relative Barrier
A
B
Arbitrary Barrier
Low
Friction
High
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World’s Longest Tunnels Used for Transportation
Name
Location
Traffic
Opening
Length
Gotthard Base Tunnel
Swiss Alps
Rail
2017
57.1 km
Seikan Tunnel
Strait of Tsugaru, Japan
Rail
1988
53.8 km
Channel Tunnel
English Channel (UK-France)
Rail (High speed)
1994
50.4 km
Lötschberg Base Tunnel
Swiss Alps
Rail
2007
34.6 km
Guadarrama Tunnel
Sierra de Guadarrama, Spain
Rail (High speed)
2007
28.4 km
Taihang Tunnel
Taihang Mountains, China
Rail (High speed)
2008
27.8 km
Iwate-Ichinohe Tunnel
Ōu Mountains, Japan
Rail (High speed)
2002
25.8 km
Lærdal Tunnel
Lærdal - Aurland, Norway
Road
2000
24.5 km
Daishimizu Tunnel
Mount Tanigawa, Japan
Rail (High speed)
1982
22.2 km
Wushaoling Tunnel
Wuwei, China
Rail
2006
21.0 km
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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The Geographical Space of Maritime Transportation
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Circum-Equatorial Maritime Route
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Polar Shipping Routes
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Great Circle Distance between New York, Moscow and Tokyo
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Global Wind Patterns
Principle
Cold
(Pole)
Polar
Cell
Polar Front
Ferrel
Cell
Horse Latitudes
Hadley
Cell
Warm (Equator)
Intertropical Convergence Zone
TRADE WINDS
Cold
(Pole)
WESTERLIES
Global Structure
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Seasonal Variation of
Global Wind Patterns
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Major Oceanic Gyres and Sea Currents
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Transport, Site and Situation
Site (Amenities)
Economic
Infrastructure
Physical
Local
Situation (Connectivity)
Regional
Global
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The Spatial Structure and Transportation
Location
Distance
Fixedness
Attributes
Relativity
Dynamics
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Transportation Networks and Geographical Specialization
Diversification
Specialization
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Transportation Networks and Geographical Concentration
Dispersion
Concentration
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Transport as a Centralizing and Decentralizing Force (under construction)
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Space / Time Convergence
Travel Time (A – B)
T1 (1950)
A
A
TT
6.2 hours
2.6 hours
B
B
∆𝑇
∆𝑇𝑇
2.6 − 6.2
𝑆𝑇𝐶 =
2000 − 1950
𝑆𝑇𝐶 = −0.072 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑆𝑇𝐶 =
T2 (2000)
T
Time
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Regional Space / Time Convergence, (London – Edinburgh, New York – Boston)
Travel Time (Minutes)
10,000
1,000
London - Edinburgh (520 km)
New York - Boston (310 km)
100
10
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
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Global Space / Time Convergence: Days Required to Circumnavigate the Globe
400
360
(1500-1840) Average speed of wagon and sail ships: 16 km/hr
350
300
Industrial Revolution
Days
250
Space / Time
Convergence
1850-1930 Average speed of trains: 100 km/hr.
Average speed of steamships: 25 km/hr
200
1950 Average speed of airplanes: 480-640 km/hr
150
150
Modern Era
100
100
1970 Average speed of jet planes: 800-1120 km/hr
60
50
1990 Numeric transmission: instantaneous
3
2
1
1950
1975
2000
0
1850
1875
1900
1925
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Mail Delivery Times between New York and San Francisco, 1840-2000
40
35
Ocean route NYC to Panama,
Overland Panama, Panama to
San Francisco
30
Transcontinental stagecoach
Days
25
Completion of Panama
railroad
20
15
Rail to S. Joseph (MO) and
Pony Express
10
Transcontinental rail service
Air mail service
5
FedEx overnight
0
1840
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Cumulative Distribution of per Capita Trip Rate for all Modes by Trip Distance, 1995
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
5
10
15
20
USA
25
KM
UK
30
35
40
45
50
Developing countries
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Speed Improvement Potential by Transport Mode
Mode
Potential
Main Issues
Road (automobiles, buses,
trucks)
None to limited
Congestion.
Operational safety (speed limits).
Limited access highways.
Rail (Freight)
Limited
Operational safety (grade crossings).
Availability of train slots.
Terminal capacity.
Rail (Passengers)
Good to significant
Development of high speed rail systems.
Long term potential of new technologies (e.g.
Maglev).
Air
None to limited
Energy consumption.
Congestion at airport terminals.
Abandonment of supersonic services.
Maritime
None to limited
Energy consumption (slow steaming).
Fast ferries.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Global Accessibility: Time to the Nearest Large City
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
Transportation and Commercial
Geography
THIRD EDITION
Concept 3
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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Dimensions of Economic Geography
A: Product
B: Production
C: Innovation
D: Diffusion
Organizations
C
B
A
Technologies
D
Territories
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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World GDP, 1AD - 2008
80%
70%
60%
United Kingdom
50%
Italy
Germany
France
40%
United States
Japan
30%
India
China
20%
10%
0%
1
1000
1500
1600
1700
1820
1870
1900
1913
1940
1970
2008
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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World Nominal GDP, 2011 (in $US Trillion)
South Korea
Mexico
Australia
Spain
Canada
India
Russian Federation
Italy
United Kingdom
Brazil
France
Germany
Japan
China
United States
1.12
1.16
1.37
1.49
1.74
1.85
1.86
2.19
2.43
2.48
2.77
3.57
5.87
7.32
15.09
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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World Nominal GDP, 2007, 2014 (in billion USD)
Mexico
Spain
South Korea
Australia
Canada
Russia
India
Italy
Brazil
France
United Kingdom
Germany
Japan
China (PRC)
United States
0
4,000,000
8,000,000
2014
12,000,000
2007
16,000,000
20,000,000
Share of the World GDP, 2014 (Current USD)
United States
23%
Rest of the world
37%
Japan
7%
China
13%
Other G8
15%
Germany
5%
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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Global Gross Domestic Product and Human Development Index, 2010
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
The Economic Output of the World's Major Metropolitan Areas, 2012
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Economic, Transport and Commercial Geography
Sphere of Transactions
Sphere of Circulation
Movements
Commercial
Geography
Transport
Geography
Transactions
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Economic, Transport and Commercial Geography
Activities
Economic
Geography
Space
Commercial
Geography
Transactions
Transport
Geography
Circulation
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Competitive Advantages
Added Value
Scarcity
Imitation cost
Competitive
Disadvantage
Competitive Parity
Temporary
Competitive
Advantage
Sustained
Competitive
Advantage
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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Types of Innovation
Organization
Process
Product
Distribution
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Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index, 2008
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Global Financial Centers, 2012
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
World's 250 Largest Corporations by Head Office City
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Global Manufacturing, 2009
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
GDP Share of Manufacturing, Selected Countries, 1970-2012
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Brazil
China
India
Japan
Germany
United States
World
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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Employment in Industry (in % of total Employment), 1980-2011
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
0
Brazil
China
India
Japan
Germany
United States
World
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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The Transition Towards Added-Value
Comparative Advantages
Competitiveness
Capabilities
Added-value /
Complexity
High
Share of
Manufacturing
Low
GDP per capita
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Drivers of Change in Manufacturing
Market Forces
• Growth in emerging markets
• Demographic shifts
Capabilities
• Digitalization and automation
• Production costs
• Improved logistics
Resources
• Energy costs
• Natural resources
Policy
• Environmental regulation
• Trade agreements
• Industrial policy
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Share of Asia in the Value of World Trade, 1980-2012
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
Exports
Imports
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
2010
2012
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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Increases in U.S. Commercial Freight Shipments and Related Growth Factors, 1993–2002
Retail goods sales
61.8
Wholesale goods sales
51.3
Value of freight shipments
45.3
Gross Domestic Product
33.9
Manufacturer's goods sales
28.3
Ton-miles of freight
23.8
Tons of freight
18.4
Employment
13.5
Resident population
10.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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Monthly Retail Sales and Inventories, United States, 1992-2014
450,000
2
400,000
1.8
350,000
Millions of Dollars
300,000
1.4
250,000
1.2
200,000
1
150,000
Ratio Inventories / Sales
1.6
0.8
100,000
Jan-14
Jan-13
Jan-12
Jan-11
Jan-10
Jan-09
Jan-08
Jan-07
Jan-06
Jan-05
Jan-04
Jan-03
Jan-02
Jan-01
Jan-00
Jan-99
Jan-98
Jan-97
Jan-96
Jan-95
0.4
Jan-94
0
Jan-93
0.6
Jan-92
50,000
Retail Sales
End of Month Retail Inventories
Ratio Inventories / Sales
Trend (Retail Sales)
Trend (Retail Inventories)
Trend (Ratio Inventories / Sales)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Billions
Value of U.S. Merchandise Trade with Canada and Mexico, 1990-2013
1,000
900
U.S. surface trade with NAFTA partners
Current USD
Canada
800
Mexico
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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The World’s 20 Largest Corporations by Market Value, 2013 ($US millions)
Roche
China Construction Bank
Pfizer
Royal Dutch Shell
Procter & Gamble
Google
China Mobile
Samsung
Johnson & Johnson
Industrial & Commerical Bank of China
Chevron
Nestle
IBM
Microsoft
General Electric
Wal-Mart
PetroChina
Berkshire Hathaway
Exxon Mobil
Apple
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
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Global Inflows of Foreign Direct Investments, 1990-2012 (in Millions of Current $US)
2,000,000
1,800,000
Developed countries
Developing countries
1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
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Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) Inflows in China, 1979-2002 (in M USD)
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002
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Worldwide Mergers and Acquisitions, 1987-2006 (in millions current USD)
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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The Commercialization of Transportation
Global
Market Size
Integrated demand
Standardization and integration
Expansion and interconnection
Local
Number of providers
Introduction (isolation / proprietary)
Time
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Selection of Transport Route
Passengers
Freight
Type I
Individual selects route (private
transport)
Shipper or consignee selects route
(own account)
Type II
Charterer selects route
Freight forwarder selects route
Type iii
Transport company selects route
Transport company selects route
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Major Commercial Actors in Freight Distribution
Transport Sector
Function
Maritime shipping companies
Control long distance segments of the global freight distribution linking major markets. Highly capital intensive industry. Decide of their
network configuration (ports of call and routing).
Global port terminal operators
Control important intermodal infrastructures (terminals) within the world’s largest container ports. Have strong linkages with maritime
shipping companies.
Port authorities
Manage and plan port infrastructures. Tend to lease terminal operations. Important intermediaries for regional distribution (hinterland).
Real estate promoters
Develop logistics zones (build to lease, build to suit), often in coordination with terminals (rail and port). Manage a real estate portfolio of
distribution centers (leases).
Maritime lock and canal operators
Operate strategic passages in global and national distribution (e.g. the Panama Canal, the Suez Canal or the St. Lawrence Seaway).
Rail and rail terminal operators
Strategic inland freight carriers transporting a wide array of raw materials and commodities. Responsible for many of the transshipments
between rail and road, particularly for containerized freight.
Trucking industry
Control vast and diverse assets that include critical segments of freight distribution in all economic sectors. Short and medium haul
transport.
Third party logistics providers
Important managerial and organizational skills within supply chains. Often act as brokers between transport customers and service
providers. Some own and operate transport assets.
Air freight transport companies and air
freight terminals
Important assets for the rapid distribution of high value added freight. Decide of their network configuration (airports serviced).
Freight forwarders
Perform tasks such as packaging, labeling and the consolidation of shipments on behalf of their customers. Operate distribution centers.
Define how markets are serviced. Can subcontract to third party providers.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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The Relevance of Logistics
Distribution has a friction
• Logistics cost 10-15% of national GDP.
• Efficient logistics has commercial benefits (costs, time and reliability).
Growing material demands
• Growth of global consumption and income.
• Diversity of consumption patterns.
Complexity of value chains
• Goods are getting more complex (parts and processes).
• Embededness of design, manufacturing, distribution and marketing.
Spatial division of production and consumption
• Stages of production are spatially separated.
• Final production and markets are spatially separated.
Sustainability
• Energy and material efficiency.
• Reverse logistics / recycling.
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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The Nature of a Supply Chain
In-process inventory
Parts or
raw materials
Inventory
Supplier
Orders
Transportation
Parts or
finished goods
Manufacturer /
Distributor
Inventory
Orders
Customer
Transportation
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Economies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
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Footprint of Retail-Based and Distribution-Based Commercial Activities
Information Technologies
E-COMMERCIAL
Commercial Footprint
COMMERCIAL
Total Footprint
Distribution Footprint
Retail Footprint
Distribution-Based
Retail-Based
Store
Distribution center
Consumer
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Factors behind Empty Transport Flows
Imbalanced Flows
Haul
A
Cargo / Equipment Specialization
B
A
Haul
B
Empty Backhaul
Backhaul
Empty
Short Hauls
Haul
Empty Backhaul
Regulatory Constraints
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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THE GEOGRAPHY OF
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
The Geography of Transportation
Networks
THIRD EDITION
Concept 4
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Types of Networks (under construction)
Physical / structural
Relational / virtual
Distribution
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Network Structures
Centralized
Decentralized
Distributed
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Structural Components of Transport Networks
FEEDER
Flow
NODE
HUB
GATEWAY
Link
Corridor
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Types of Flows
Continuous / Discontinuous
Symmetrical / Asymmetrical
Balanced / Imbalanced
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Centrifugal and Centripetal Networks
Centrifugal
Centripetal
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Point-to-Point and Hub-and-Spoke Networks
Point-to-Point
Hub-and-Spoke
Hub
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Cost Structure of Point-to-Point and Hub-and-Spoke Networks
Point-to-Point Total Costs
Hub-and-Spoke Total Costs
3,000
550
550
3,000
525
525
3,000
3,000
3,000
Total: 15,000
1,550
525
525
550
550
Total: 5,850
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Detour Level in a Hub-and-Spoke Network
A
D
1
B
C
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published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Impacts of Integration Processes on Networks and Flows
After Integration
Network
Before Integration
Flows
International border
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Cost, Revenue and Level of Network Coverage
A
4
5
3
10
7
Cost: 10
Revenue: 15
Benefit: 5
B
Cost: 12
Revenue: 18
Benefit: 6
C
D
Cost: 14
Revenue: 25
Benefit: 11
Cost: 19
Revenue: 29
Benefit: 10
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
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Transport Rates and Network Structure
Rate
Low
High
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Topology of a Network
Unidirectional link
Link
Bi-directional link
Node
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Network Topologies
Mesh
Hub-and-Spoke
Linear
Tree
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Network Geometry and Number of Links
For each node to be linked to another node
Even number of nodes
For all the nodes to be linked together
Odd number of nodes
n/2 = 2
(n+1)/2 = 3
For each node to be linked to all other nodes
n(n-1)/2 = 10
n-1 = 5
Number of possible combinations
2(n-1)/2 = 8
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Topology and Network Connectivity
Fully Connected Network
B
C
D
Minimum Network
Average Path Length
A
Geographic Barrier
Network Length
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Abstraction level
Relative location
Abstract
Concrete
1
4
7
Orientation and
extent
2
Port
Railyard
Modes and
Terminals
6
Road
Depot
Rail
5
100
125 km
5
4
3
Highway
Maritime
3
1
6
2
Number of edges
and nodes
Secondary road
50
90 km
Distance, road type
and control of
the vehicle
Continuous
Volume and
direction
Divided
Type of traffic
Hierarchical
0.3
Typology of
Transportation
Networks
Load and
capacity
Non- hierarchical
0.9
0.7
0.5
Type of
correspondence
0.7
Linear
Pattern
Mesh
Random
Change (dynamics)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Transport Networks and Space
Transport Network
Space
Accessibility
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Mode of Territorial Occupation by Transport Networks
Overlap
Rail
Air corridor
Road
Cellular coverage
Clearly Defined
Vaguely Defined
Without Definition
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Network Strategies to Service a Set of Locations
A
B
C
D
E
F
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Absolute and Relative Distance in a Network
Absolute Distance
10 km
Relative Distance
30 minutes
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Networks and Spatial Continuity
A
B
C
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Spatial Continuity by Transportation Mode
Ubiquity
Fractionalization
Instantaneity
Automobile
High (road coverage the
most extensive)
None (1 passenger = 1
movement)
High (available on demand)
Transit
Average (within metropolitan Average (bus loads or train
areas)
loads)
Average to high (fixed high
frequency schedules)
Air transport
Limited to airports
(common)
Average (plane loads from 50 to
500 passengers)
Average (fixed schedules and
connections)
Maritime
Limited to ports (rare)
High (ship loads, reinforced by
economies of scale)
Low (fixed schedules and
connections)
Rail
Limited to rail terminals
(common)
Average (train loads)
Average (fixed schedule)
Pipeline
Limited to network
Low (continuous flow)
High (continuous flow)
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Networks as Tools of Spatial Cohesion (Control)
Period
Emerging Network
Outcome
Pre-colonial
Fluvial, coastal and road
Empire building
Colonial Era
Maritime
Trade, exploitation and political control
19th Century
Canal and rail
Nation building, commerce and political
control
20th Century
Highways and air
National and transnational integration
21st Century
Telecommunication
Global supply chains
Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.