Mobile
Communication
Information
S
MD Monir Hosen Jony
f18010107@njupt.edu.cn
F18010107
Nanjing
Nanjing University
University of
of Post
Posts
&
& Telecommunication
Telecommunications
F18010107 | EIE2018 | MD MONIR HOSEN JONY | MOBILE COMMUNICATION
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Introduction
With mobile communication and computing becoming popular, demands for the
miniaturization and higher performance of information equipment’s are
growing. The vibrational friction motor has a high potential as an actuator for
micro-sized memories and output devises since it has a simple structure and
uses friction force that is a dominant force in micro domain. The prototype
motor has been manufactured, but the method of design and estimation has not
been established yet because the driving mechanism of the motor is complicated
due to the sequence motion of vibration, collision, and friction.
Figure 1 shows the structure of the vibrational friction motor. The stator
consists of oscillators with PZT film. Figure 2 shows the process of the driving
force being generated. The driving mechanism is such that the stator is excited
at the resonant frequency by PZT, and the stator top collides with the rotor
obliquely, and the frictional force generates the tangential force to the rotor
surface. The driving force of this motor depends on both the vibrational
condition of the stator and the contact condition between the stator and the
rotor. As the first step, the driving force is estimated qualitatively by analyzing
only the vibration of stator by FEM. Next, the instrument to measure colliding
force is fabricated and the influence of the coefficient of restitution and the
coefficient of friction is clarified experimentally.
Figure 1. Vibrational
friction motor
1
Figure 2. Principle of
driving force
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3G: IMT-2000
3G is short for 3GPP, with its full name is the 3rd Generation Partner Project,
so it is also referred to as the third generation. 3G refers to a set of standards
used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunications use services and
networks that comply with the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000
(IMT-2000) specifications. The third generation, as the name suggests, follows
two earlier generations.
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has identified three major
wireless interface standards for 3G: W-CDMA, CDMA2000 and TDS-CDMA.
In short, 3G is loosely defined, but generally includes high data speeds, alwayson data access, and greater voice capacity. The high data speeds are possibly
the most prominent feature, and certainly the most hyped. They enable such
advanced features as live, streaming video.
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3G Standards
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunication 2000)
3G Standards Initiator
WCDMA
Europe, Japan
CDMA 2000
TD-SCDMA
WiMAX
Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access
America
Code Division Multiple Access
2000
China
Time Division-Synchronous Code
Division Multiple Access
IEEE 802.16work group World Interoperability for
Microwave Access
Multiple Access Technologies
Multiple Access is the use of multiplexing techniques to provide communication
service to multiple users over a single channel. It allows for many users at one
time by sharing a finite amount of spectrum. The available bandwidth is
subdivided into a number of narrower band channels.
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FDMA
FDMA (frequency division multiple access) is the division of the frequency band
allocated for wireless cellular telephone communication into 30 channels, each
of which can carry a voice conversation or, with digital service, carry digital
data.
TDMA
Time-division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for sharedmedium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel
by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid
succession, one after the other, each using its own time slot.
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a digital technology for transmitting
data. It is a new and mature wireless communication technology developed from
spread spectrum technology.
CDMA is used as the access method in many mobile phone standards. IS-95,
also called "cdmaOne", and its 3G evolution CDMA2000, are often simply
referred to as "CDMA", but UMTS, the 3G standard used by GSM carriers, also
uses "wideband CDMA", or W-CDMA, as well as TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA,
as its radio technologies.
WCDMA
WCDMA, that is, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, is an air interface
standard found in 3G mobile telecommunications networks. It supports
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conventional cellular voice, text and MMS services, but can also carry data at
high speeds, allowing mobile operators to deliver higher bandwidth
applications including music-on-demand, TV and video streaming and
broadband Internet access.
It allows use of both voice and data and offers data speeds of up to 384Kbps.
The frequency bands for WCDMA are as follows: Europe and Asia - 2100MHz,
North America - 1900MHz and 850MHz.
WCDMA is also called UMTS and the two terms have become interchangeable.
Some parts of the WCDMA are based on GSM technology and the networks are
designed to integrate the GSM networks at some levels.
3G-Service
3G technology allows location based services such as the weather reports on
the mobile, It is cheaper for the providers, however, The plans are more
expensive due to the high cost of implementation of 3G network, 3G technology
enables video calls, business conferencing between cities, states and even
countries.
The picture messaging allows the products, progress or problems to be shown
visually, The applications that are more data intensive can be developed & used,
3G technology helps the people to access music, pictures & videos with ease
creating a bigger & open market for those industries in advertising.
3G Internet capability offers connectivity which is always on mode which means
that your Internet connection is always available whenever you are ready to use
it, The connectivity is packet-based, so, you only pay for the Internet connection
when you are using it to send the information packets such as email or browsing
the Web.
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3G Network Architecture
3G Core network has different structure compared to 4G and 5G Core
networks. It is possible to divide core network into 2 with one part is packet
switching and other part is circuit switching.
3G Core Network has 4 main functions as it can be seen from figure above.
These are:
1. Circuit Switching: It uses Circuit Switched Network in which dedicated link
or channel is provided for a particular time slot to set of users. The two
functions which are related with circuit switching part is:
· MSC — Mobile Switching Centre manages circuit switched calls.
· GMSC — Gateway MSC acts as an intermediary between external and
internal networks.
2. Packet-switching: It uses IP Network where IP’s are responsible for
transmitting and receiving data among two or more devices. The two functions
which are related with Packet Switching is:
· SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node): The various functions provided by SGSN
are mobility management, session management, billing, communication with
other areas of the network.
· GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node): It can be considered as a very complex
router and handles the internal operations between the external packet switched
networks and UMTS packet switched network.
When we evolve from 3G to 4G, we can see big differences because circuit
switching is no more used. All network is based on IP packets and packet
switching so it is possible to say that this is a big evolution and change.
In addition to this, most of standard functions of a core network was held by just
a single function, which is SGSN. It was doing mobility management, session
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management, billing and communication with other networks. However, when
we look at it in a 4G Core network, this is separated to many other functions.
TD-SCDMA Experimental
Network & Device
TD-SCDMA, an acronym for Time Division-Synchronous Code Division
Multiple Access, is a 3G format of choice for the national standard of 3G
mobile telecommunication in China as an alternative to W-CDMA.
TD-SCDMA uses the TDMA channel access method combined with an adaptive
synchronous CDMA component on 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum, allowing
deployment in even tighter frequency bands than TD-CDMA. It is standardized
by the 3GPP and also referred to as "UTRA-TDD LCR".
TD-SCDMA network is incompatible with W-CDMA / UMTS-FDD and TDCDMA / UMTS-TDD (HCR) networks.
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3G Disadvantages
1. Since in telecom sector, there is much competition, so the companies have a
very marginal price for their facilities
2. The companies, who will not get license from the spectrum distribution
authorities, will suffer to use only 26, which will badly affect their business. In
this situation these companies will either disappear from this sector or will run
with losses. Because of the customers will start to use the services of the
companies having 3G technologies
3. Due to use of the DIH & the technology, everyone will use this multi purpose services to avoid time loss and keeping records for different service
providers. So, the traditional cable business will badly affected by implementing
this new technology.
4. The radiation of magnetic waves generated with the heavily use of the
wireless system will affect our life also. More uses of the services will have
more effect on us. The radiation of the magnetic waves is danger for our life. A
long use can affect our brains.
5. The mobile are not suitable devices to see TV or web browsing. Sa, initially
this service may be used in mass but in future, mobile cannot be used to see the
IV or for Internet surfing. Which will affect the bus mess of 3G.
4G: IMT-Advanced
4G is the short name for fourth-generation wireless, the stage of broadband
mobile communications that will supersede the third generation (3G).
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According to the ITU, a 4G network requires a mobile device to be able to
exchange data at 100M bit/Sec. A 3G network, on the other hand, can offer data
speeds as slow as 3.84 Mbit/Sec.
Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (a 4G candidate system) is another name
for 4G. LTE systems are available in two formats: FDD-LTE and TDD-LTE,
that is, Frequency Division Duplex LTE system and Time Division Duplex LTE
system.
In terms of speed, TD-LTE’s downlink and uplink network bandwidth are
100Mbps and 50Mbps, respectively, while the FDD-LTE’s downlink and uplink
network bandwidth are 150Mbps and 40Mbps, respectively. The two standard
has little difference in the speed.
LTE Network Architecture
LTE was designed with the goal of providing IP (Internet Protocol) connectivity
between mobile terminals and the Internet. To that end, an LTE network is
typically equipped with a number of nodes that perform specific tasks. Figure
below snapshots the architecture of an LTE network. LTE networks split their
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architecture into two main sections: the Radio Access Network (RAN) and the
core network, known as the Evolved Packet Core (EPC).
LTE network architecture
The RAN of an LTE network is comprised of the mobile terminals, known as
User Equipment (UE), and eNodeBs, or LTE base stations. The evolution of
mobile networks towards LTE has highly isolated and specialized the operations
of the RAN and the EPC. The RAN is able to, independently from the EPC,
assign radio resources to UEs, manage their radio resource utilization,
implement access control, and, leveraging the X2 interface between eNodeBs,
manage mobility and handoffs. The EPC is in charge of establishing and
managing the point-to-point connectivity between UEs and the Internet. It
contains a number of nodes; the Serving Gateway (SGW) and the PDN (Packet
Data Network) Gateway (PGW) are the two routing points for user traffic
connectivity to the PDN. In addition, logistics of the bearer establishment and
release, mobility, and other network functions, such as authentication and
access control, are managed by the Mobility Management Entity (MME). In
order to provide security for user traffic, the MME communicates with the
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Home Subscriber Server (HSS), which stores the authentication parameters,
secret keys, and user account details of all the UEs. A real LTE network
deployment also implements other nodes for higher layer applications, such as
the Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF), and other elements in
charge of IMS-based connectivity. These other nodes and respective higher
layer applications are out of the scope of this paper’s analysis.
4G Service
•
•
•
•
Fast time to setup: If a shoe retailer plans to open its showrooms across
the city, it would take many weeks to setup wired connectivity for Pointof-Sale (POS) machines, connectivity to central office inventory,
telephony etc. In comparison, LTE based connectivity can be provided
within few hours without hassles of wiring, installation. It provides entire
connectivity for credit card machines, VoIP phones, and Inventory mgmt.
This will save lot of time and resources for hundreds of such stores across
the city for a big chain of stores.
Healthcare: Mobile connectivity has already proved to be a major
beneficiary for health care system. Patients can remotely send the reports
to doctor, consult them via video conferencing, ambulances are also now
connected to hospitals while en-route and provide necessary treatment to
patients. Apart from this, through wellness and health products (e.g.
armband) patients can directly provide the vital information to the
physician 24×7.
Connected automobiles: Connected car is another paradigm that has
taken automobile industry by storm. BMW was the first car manufacturer
which introduced 4G LTE for in car connectivity. Since then many
automobile companies had introduced hotspots in cars (using LTE) for
infotainment, Wi-Fi connectivity for passengers, geo navigation etc. In
addition, transportation systems have been improved in many countries
using 4G LTE.
Temporary business setup: Getting a wired network at a makeshift or
temporary office (for few weeks/months) e.g. construction site, civil and
mechanical site would be difficult and hard to maintain. On the other
hand, setting up a LTE based network would be easy to setup and
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•
•
maintain. Construction sites needs to transfer large files, graphic
images/maps, 3D CAD images etc. to central office for fast work flow.
Having fast network connectivity with low failure rate saves a lot of
money for such businesses.
Time to repair: In case of failure for a wired network connection, it could
take few days to repair the same depending on the fault location, type of
fault etc. Network connectivity based on LTE will be available within few
hours even if it fails (Mobile networks have a good reputation for running
for years without facing an outage).
Backup solution: Enterprises can also have 4G LTE as their backup
network connection in case their primary wired connection fails.
Virtual Simulation
Experiment
The use of 3D objects and environments to create immersive and engaging
learning experiences. Delineation of the tumor volume and the radiosensitive
normal tissue and visualization of the field apertures using CT dataset. The use
of technology to enhance, augment, or replace real-life simulation. A simulation
that takes place in a virtual environment. Refers to the process by which a
certain aspect of reality is simulated in an virtual world/environment in such a
way that participants can explore it and perform tests on that aspect as this it
would be in the real world.
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