History History ? historiography historiography storytelling historiography chronological? storytelling historiography chronological? truths storytelling Past historiography chronological? truths storytelling Past historiography chronological? truthsHistoricity storytelling Past historiography chronological? truthsHistoricity storytellingherstory Past historiography chronological? Prehistory truthsHistoricity storytellingherstory Past historiography events chronological? Prehistory truthsHistoricity storytellingherstory Past historiography events chronological? Jose Rizal Prehistory truthsHistoricity storytellingherstory Past historiography events chronological? Jose Rizal Prehistory truthsHistoricity facts storytellingherstory Past historiography events chronological? Jose Rizal record Prehistor truthsHistoricity facts storytellingherstory Past historiography events chronological? Jose Rizal record Prehistory truths Historicity facts interpretation storytellingherstory Past historiography eventsRevisionism chronological? Jose Rizal record Prehistory truths Historicity facts interpretation storytellingherstory Past historiography eventsRevisionism chronological? Jose Rizal record Prehistory truths Historicity facts interpretation storytelling herstory occurrences context Past historiography events Revisionism chronological? Jose Rizal record Prehistory truths Historicity facts interpretation storytelling herstory occurrences Physical events OCCURRENCES Chronological storytelling facts truths History is Interpretive… History is Revisionist… History is Constant process… History is Integrative… History is Inclusive… History involves historiography... History is relevant... idealism + historicism relativism + analytical Ancient World Civilization Some comments About History… “History is not just a catalogue of events put in the right order like a railway timetable.”-A.J.P. Taylor “History is written by the winners.”Napoleon Bonaparte “If you don’t know history, then you don’t know anything. You are a leaf that does not know it is part pf the tree.”-Michael Crichton “Those who cannot remember the past, are condemned to repeat it.”George Santayana “To be ignorant of what occurred before you were born is to remain always a child.”-Marcus Tullius “The most effective way to destroy people is to deny and obliterate their own understanding of their history.”-George Orwell “Study the past of you would define the future.”-Confucius “History is a wheel, for the nature of man is fundamentally unchanging, What has happened before will perforce happen again.”George R. R. Martin “He who cannot draw on three thousand years is living from hand to mouth.”-Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe “A generation which ignores history has no past-and no future.”-Robert A. Heinlein “If we are to make progress, we must not repeat history but make new history. We must add to inheritance left by our ancestors.”Mahatma Gandhi “We are not makers of history. We are made by history.”-Martin Luther King “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.”-Karl Marx “Let us study things that are no more. It is necessary to understand them, if only to avoid them.”-Victor Hugo “History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.”-David McCullough “The lack of a sense of history is the damnation of the modern world.”Robert Penn Warren “A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.”Marcus Garvey “History will be kind to me for I intend to write it.”-Winston S. Churchill Why study History? Why study History? “He who controls the past control the future. He who controls the present controls the past” ---George Orwell, 1984 History provides us a sense of our own identity History---good history is a corrective for misleading analogies “lessons” of the past History enables us to understand the tendencies of humankind, social institutions, and all aspects of the human condition. History can help one develop tolerance and open-mindedness History provides the basic background for many other disciplines. History can be entertainment The careful study of history teaches one many critical skills History lays the groundwork for strong, resilient communities. No place really becomes a community until it is wrapped in human memory: family stories, traditions, civic commemorations. History is a catalyst for economic growth. People are drawn to communities that have preserved a strong sense of historical identity and characters THEORIES OF HISTORY? THEORIES OF HISTORY? 1.Clyclical theory History does repeat itself, again and again. Approaches come and go only to come again, and this applies across the board from clothing styles to economic hard times and prosperity. Herodutus: Histories is the story of men and states as recurring cycles Thucydides: envisioned time as recurring in a cyclical fashion, a process which men were unable to control Petrarch: Suggested the basis of history was the actions of people rather than the whims of gods. Machiavelli: History is cyclical and suggested that it could be seen as a casebook of political strategy Arnold Toynbee and Oswald Spengler: History is cyclical: civilizations rise and fall, each new one rising to a greater level. 2. Linear View of History History implies the acceptance or subscriptions to linear time That is progressive and moving forward and not having a cyclical return Agustine: saw history as being the unfolding of the plan of God, a process that would end in the Final Judgement. Voltaire: saw history as Being linear, but in a more secular way. He envisioned four great ages of man culminating in the scientific enlightenment of Newton Marxist historians: see history as a series of class struggles that inevitably ends in a worker’s revolution H.G. Wells: described history as a race between education and disaster either as world cataclysm or a world state 3. The Great God View of History Theological theory attempting to explain the origin and development of the world. The creation myths in primitive 4. Great Man View of History History was determined by dominant personalities. Rulers, warriors, statemen and heroes are decisive forces in history and history is the record of the deeds of great people. Thomas Carlyle: “universal” history of what man has accomplished in this world is at the bottom the history of the great men who have worked here 5. The Best People View of History History was made by some elite, the Best Race, the favored nation, the ruling class alone. 6. Ideas or the Great Mind View of History History’s driving force is peoples’s ideas. The condition that create history are created or changed by ideas. The Greek Anaxogoras: reason govern The world Aristotle: held that the prime mover of the universe and ultimate animator of everything within it was God, who was defined as pure mind engaged in thinking about itself. G.W.F. Hegel: “Spirit or Mind is the only motive principle of history”. History as the continual refinement of intellectual understanding. The goal of World Spirit was the realization of the idea of freedom. The progress of mankind consisted in the working out and consummation of an idea. 7. The Human Nature View of History History was determined by qualities of human nature, good or bad. The historian’s task was to demonstrate what these invariant traits of human constitution and character were, how the course of history exemplified them, and how the social structure was molded or had to be remodeled in accordance with them. Thucydides: “human nature and human behavior were-essentially fixed qualities, the same in one century as another. David Hume: “Mankind are so much the same, in all times and places, that history informs us nothing new or strange in this particular. Its chief use is only to discover the constant and universal principles of human nature. E. B. Taylor: “human institutions, like stratified rocks, succeed each other in series substantially uniform over the globe, independent of what seems the comparatively superficial differences of race and language, but shaped by similar human nature. 8. The Economic View of History History sees economic factors as the most important determinant of history. The production and exchange goods and services is the base of all social structures and processes. The economic factor is the foundation for the superstructure of culture and government. Karl Marx: disagreed with Hegel by saying that it was not ideas that created material conditions, but rather the reverse 9. Gender History History looks at the past from the perspective of gender. It considers in what ways historical events and periodization impact women differently from men. Interested in how gender difference has been perceived and configured at different times and places, usually with the assumption that such differences are socially constructed. In the 80s, with the rise of the feminist movement, the focus shifted to uncovering women’ oppression and discrimination. Nowadays, gender history is more about charting female agency and recognizing female achievements in several fields that were usually dominated by men. Joan Kelly: questioned whether the notion of a Renaissance was relevant to women in a seminal article in 1977, “Did Women have a Renaissance?” 10. Postmodern View of History History is as “what we make of it”. Sees no ultimate purpose in history. The belief that historical facts are inaccessible, leaving the historian to his or her imagination and ideological bent to reconstruct what happened in the past. Also view that all questions must be settled within cultural and social context in which they raised. Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucault: argue that each historical period has its own knowledge system and individuals are unavoidably entangled within these systems. Answer to life’s questions cannot be found by appealing to some external truth, but only to the norms and forms within each culture that phase the question There is no accurate telling of the past is possible because historians blur the difference between fact and fictionsome even claim that all historical accounts are fion. 10. Other Views of History History is a result of geographic factors, and others suggest that wars determine history. Others suggest that religion, race or climate determines the course of history. Friedrich Nietzsche: saw history as having no beginning or end, just chaos that could only be understood by the powers of the mind. Michel Foucault: posited that the victors of a social struggle use their political dominance to suppress a defeated adversary’s version of historical events in favor of their own propaganda, which may go so far as historical revisionism. .
