Measurement and Instrumentation ُ ﺳﺎتُ َواﻷ َ ْﺟ ِﮭﺰَ ة َ اﻟ ِﻘﯿَﺎ Lecture 01 Measurement and Instrumentation: An Introduction ُ ﺳ ُﻣﻘَ ِدّ َﻣﺔ:ُ ﺎت َواﻷ َ ْﺟ ِﮭزَ ة َ اﻟ ِﻘﯾَﺎ Muhammad A. Rushdi Cairo University 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 1 Coursework • Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Rushdi mrushdi@eng1.cu.edu.eg Office hours: Monday 3-5 PM, Wednesday 3-5 PM, or by appointment • Teaching Assistant: Eng. Ghaidaa El-Dib ghaidaaeldib91@gmail.com Office hours: To be announced (TBA) • Course grading (125 Marks): - Assignments 15%, - Midterm 15%, - Quizzes and Attendance 10% - Final exam 60%. 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 2 Syllabus • • • • • • Fundamentals of Measurement Systems Instrument Types and Performance Characteristics Dynamic Response of Measurement Systems Measurement Errors and Uncertainty Analysis Calibration of Measuring Sensors and Instruments Basic Electrical Measurements 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 3 References 1. Fundamentals of Measurement Systems 2. Instrument Types and Performance Characteristics 3. Measurement Uncertainty 4. Calibration of Measuring Sensors and Instruments 5. Data Acquisition with LabVIEW (or MATLAB) 6. Signal Processing with LabVIEW (or MATLAB) 7. Electrical Indicating and Test Instruments 8. Display, Recording, and Presentation of Measurement Data 9. Variable Conversion Elements 10. Measurement Signal Transmission 11. Intelligent Devices 12. Measurement Reliability and Safety Systems 13. Sensor Technologies 14. Temperature Measurement 15. Pressure Measurement 16. Flow Measurement 17. Level Measurement 18. Mass, Force, and Torque Measurement 19. Translational Motion, Vibration, and Shock Measurement 20. Rotational Motion Transducers Measurement and Instrumentation: Theory and Application by Alan S Morris https://www.amazon.com/dp/0128008849/ 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 4 References Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements, 3rd Edition , 2014 by Robert B. Northrop http://www.amazon.com/Introd uction-InstrumentationMeasurements-ThirdEdition/dp/1466596775/ 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 5 References Measurement and Data Analysis for Engineering and Science, 2nd Edition, 2010 by Patrick F. Dunn http://www.amazon.com/Measurement -Analysis-Engineering-ScienceSecond/dp/1439825688/ref=sr_1_2? s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1455534594 &sr=12&keywords=patrick+dunn+measure ments 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 6 References Experimentation, Validation, and Uncertainty Analysis for Engineers 3rd Edition by Hugh W. Coleman (Author), W. Glenn Steele (Author) https://www.amazon.com/Exp erimentation-ValidationUncertainty-AnalysisEngineers/dp/0470168889/ 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 7 Lecture 01 Measurement and Instrumentation: An Introduction ُ ﺳ ُﻣﻘَ ِدّ َﻣﺔ:ُ ﺎت َواﻷ َ ْﺟ ِﮭزَ ة َ اﻟ ِﻘﯾَﺎ 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 8 Sample Electrical Measurement Tools Photo Credit: http://img1.tradeget.com/asianengineeringandservices/LTJVUP0F1electrical_elect ronic_test_and_measuring_instruments.jpg 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 9 Sample Measurement Tools Photo Credit: http://jagangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/mitutoyomeasuring-instruments1.jpg 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 10 Sample Biomedical Measurement Tools Photo Credit: http://www.i-jmr.org/article/viewFile/2092/1/20372 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 11 Sample Biomedical Measurement Tools Photo Credit: http://www.dfrobot.com/community/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/luis_conectado_1000.png http://www.dfrobot.com/community/e-health-sensor-platform.html 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 12 Sample Biomedical Measurement Tools Photo Credit: http://www.dfrobot.com/community/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/todos_elementos_1000.png http://www.dfrobot.com/community/e-health-sensor-platform.html 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 13 1. Fundamentals of Measurement Systems 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 14 Measurement Units • A measurement unit is a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same physical quantity. Any other value of the physical quantity can be expressed as a simple multiple of the measurement unit. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_measurement 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 15 Fundamental SI Units Photo Credit: http://mbhs.edu/~jeglick/Images/Information/SI%20Base%20Units.jpg http://www.bipm.org/en/about-us/ 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 16 Suggested ReDefinitions of Standard Measurement Units Photo Credit: http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528791.300historical-units.html http://mbhs.edu/~jeglick/Images/Information/SI%20Base%20Un it%20Proposals.jpg 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 17 Derived SI Measurement Units 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi Photo Credit: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/SIdiagram.html http://mbhs.edu/~jeglick/Images/Information/SI%20Deriv ed%20Units.jpg 18 Measurement System Design • What are the elements of a measurement system? • How do we choose appropriate measuring instruments? 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 19 Elements of a Measurement System • A measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of some variable being measured. 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 20 Elements of a Measurement System • The primary sensor gives an output that is a function of the measurand (the input applied to it). Examples: a liquidin-glass thermometer, a thermocouple, and a strain gauge. 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 21 Elements of a Measurement System • Variable conversion elements are needed where the output variable of a primary transducer is in an inconvenient form and has to be converted to a more convenient form. 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 22 Example of a variable conversion element • The displacement-measuring strain gauge has an output in the form of a varying resistance. Because the resistance change cannot be measured easily, it is converted to a change in voltage by a bridge circuit. Photo Credit: http://www.instrumentationtoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Quater-Bridge-Strain-Gauge-Circuit-Working.jpg 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 23 Example of a variable conversion element • The displacement-measuring strain gauge has an output in the form of a varying resistance. Because the resistance change cannot be measured easily, it is converted to a change in voltage by a bridge circuit. Photo Credit: http://automationwiki.com/images/e/e6/Quarter_bridge_strain_gauge_circuit.jpg http://sensorwiki.org/doku.php/sensors/strain_gauge 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 24 Elements of a Measurement System • Signal processing elements exist to improve the quality of the output of a measurement system in some way. Examples: Electronic amplifiers, and noise filters. 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 25 Elements of a Measurement System • Signal transmission is needed when the observation or application point of the output of a measurement system is some distance away from the site of the primary transducer. Examples: Multicored and fiber-optic cables. 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 26 Example Signal Transmitters: Multicored 36-Channel 40-meter Cable with Monitor Split Photo Credit: http://www.swamp.net.au/images/productimages/Large/N-Multi-28-4R-40-32-8R-10.jpg 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 27 Example Signal Transmitters: Fiber-Optic Cables Photo Credit: http://batoura.com/images/gallery/fiber-optics-1.jpg http://www.technoriya.in/images/fiber-optic-cable-wayne-pascall.jpg 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 28 Choosing Appropriate Measuring Instruments • Specify the required performance characteristics of the instrument • Know the environmental conditions that the instrument will be subjected to • Consult skilled instrument engineers • Refer to published literature • Consider the cost, suitability, durability, maintainability, and constancy of performance. 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 29 Measurement System Applications • Regulating trade by applying instruments that measure physical quantities such as length, volume, and mass in terms of standard units. • Monitoring functions by providing information that enables human beings to take some prescribed action accordingly. 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 30 Measurement System Applications • Usage as part of automatic feedback control systems. 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 31 • “The accuracy and resolution with which an output variable of a process is controlled can never be better than the accuracy and resolution of the measuring instruments used.” 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 32 Reading • Ch. 1 Fundamentals of Measurement Systems Morris and Langari Measurement and Instrumentation: Theory and Application 18/9/2017 SBE 206A - Fall 2017 - M Rushdi 33
