TOPIC: T-TEST INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT
REPORTERS: FLORENTINO, KRISTINA, LAPEÑA, MILLE DENISE I. & VERACRUZ
MIA MAE
DISCUSSION:
I.
WHAT IS T-TEST?
a. A t-test is a statistical test that is used to compare the means of two
groups.
b. often used in hypothesis testing to determine whether a process or
treatment actually has an effect on the population of interest, or whether two
groups are different from one another. (Bevans, 2020)
c. t-test is a parametric test of difference, meaning that it makes the same
assumptions about your data as other parametric tests. (Bevans, 2020)
II.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF T-TEST
a. Independent t-test
 An inferential statistical test that determines whether there is a
statistically significant difference between the means in two
unrelated group.
i.
Definition of independent measure design- an
experimental design where different participants are used
in each condition of the independent variable.
ii.
The t-statistic for an independent measures design
o null hypothesis- no difference between population
means.
o alternative hypothesis- there is a mean difference.
iii.
Formulas for independent measures hypothesis test
o Basic structure of t-statistic and Independent
measures t-test
iv.
Definition of standard error- measures the accuracy with
which a sample distribution represents a population by
using standard deviation.
v.
Estimated standard error for independent t-test-uses the
measures of standard or average distance between
sample statistic and the population parameter.
vi.
Degrees of freedom- refers to the maximum number of
logically independent values, which are values that have
the freedom to vary, in the data sample.
vii.
Steps for hypothesis testing
b. Dependent t-test
 compares the means of two related groups to determine
whether there is a statistically significant difference between
these means.
i.
Introduction to Repeated-Measures Designs
o Definition of Repeated-Measures Designs- an
experimental design where the same participants
take part in each condition of the dependent
variable.
o Matched-Subject Design- approximates the
advantages of a repeated-measures design.
o Related-Samples Design- has repeated measures
and matched sample.
o t-statistics for repeated-measures research design
 difference score and mean difference
 t-statistics for related samples
ii.
Hypothesis test and effect size for repeated-measures
design
o effect size for related samples
o variability as measure of consistency
o directional hypothesis and one-tailed test
iii.
Steps in hypothesis testing
iv.
Advantages and disadvantages for related samples t-test
v.
Assumptions of the related samples t-test
REFERENCES:
Bevans, R. (2020, January 31). An introduction to t-tests. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/ttest/#:~:text=A%20t%2Dtest%20is%20a,are%20different%20from%20one%20an
other.
Hoffman. (2009, July 17). T Test for Two Independent Samples. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/shoffma5/t-test-for-two-independent-samples
Hoffman, S. (2009b, July 17). Dependent T Test. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/shoffma5/dependent-t-test
Portuguez, M. A. (2014, June 6). The t Test for Two Related Samples. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/maryanneportuguez/the-t-test-for-two-relatedsamples-34324089
Laerd Statistics (2018). Independent T-test for Two Samples. Retrieved from
https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/independent-t-test-statisticalguide.php
Laerd Statistics (2018). Dependent T-test for paired samples. Retrieved from
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ence%20between%20these%20means.
Kenton, Will. (2020, May 31). Standard Error. Investopedia.
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al%20sample%20population.&text=In%20statistics%2C%20a%20sample%20me
an,standard
McLeod, Saul. (2017) Experimental Design. Simply Psychology.
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Ganti, Akhilesh. (2021, Jan 27). Degrees of Freedom. Investopedia.
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%20of%20logically,such%20as%20a%20Chi%2DSquare.