General Biochemistry
III lecture
Carbohydrates - Sugars
Glucose
glycogen
galactose
ribose/deoxyrabose
Lactose
intolerance
Diabetes
mellitus
Disorders
Galactosemia
Glycogen
storage
disease
Classification of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Monosaccharides
(Classification according to the number of carbon atoms)
Trioses (3C)
Tetroses (4C)
Pentoses (5C)
Hexoses (6C)
Heptoses (7C)
Monosaccharides
(Classification according to the type of the functional group)
Aldoses
Ketoses
Polyhydric alcohols
(polyols)
Trioses
Glyceraldehyde
(Glycerose)
Dihydroxyacetone
• L and D stereoisomers are defined by the position
of hydrogen and hydroxyl towards the carbon
atom that is just before the final alcohol group;
L
D
• This isn’t the same as optical isomerism.
Tetroses
D-Erythrose
D-Threose
Pentoses
D-Ribose
D-Deoxyribose
D-Xylose
D-Arabinose
• Isomers differing as a result of variations in
configuration of the hydrogen and hydroxyl
atoms to the chiral carbon atoms, instead the one
that is just before the final alcohol group (CH2OH)
are known as epimers.
D-Ribulose
D-Xylulose
Hexoses
D-Glucose
D-Galactose
D-Mannose
D-Fructose
Cyclic structures and Anomers
Furan
D-Glucofuranose
Pyran
D-Glucopyranose
D-Ribofuranose
D-Deoxyribofuranose
D-Fructofuranose
D-Fructopyranose
Anomers
Anomeric carbon atom
α-D-Glucopyranose
Anomeric carbon atom
β-D-Gluopyranose
Polyols
Sugar Alcohols
Monosaccharide+Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide+ Non Carbohydrate compoun
Glycosides
O-glycans
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•
•
•
•
N-Glycans
Methanol
Glycerol
Sterol
Phenol
Adenine
Aminosugars
α-D-glucosamine
α-D-galactosamine
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Homopolysaccharides
•
•
•
•
•
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
Chitin
Inulin
Heteropolysaccharides
•
•
•
•
•
Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin sulfate
Heparin
Heparansulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin sulfate
Heprain
Thank you for your attention