CDU FLSH El Jadida Diouny & Marouane Make-up Exam Introduction to Language Name: This exam consists of SIX (6) pages. Write your name at the top of each subsequent page. Write your answers in pen, directly on this exam paper. Part I: For each question, circle the letter (A, B, C, or D) which corresponds to the answer you have chosen. 1. The vocal chords are situated in … A. the human brain B. the larynx C. the mouth D. the pharynx 2. A. B. C. D. The main problem when dealing with the theories of the origin of human language is that … there are so many they are contradictory they try to disprove the Bible there is no evidence to prove them right 3. The ability of human language to refer to things not present in the immediate environment is called … A. discreteness B. diversity C. duality D. displacement 4. A. B. C. D. The relationship between linguistic form and meaning is … arbitrary informative non-directional onomatopoeic 5. A. B. C. D. The initial sounds in the words tip, dip, zoo, so and nut are all … alveolars velars fricatives voiced 6. A. B. C. D. The initial sounds in the words too and so differ in … place of articulation manner of articulation voice nasalisation 7. A. B. C. D. The vowel in heat is a … high front vowel mid central vowel high back vowel low front vowel 8. A. B. C. D. The first vowel in award is a … high front vowel mid central vowel high back vowel low front vowel CDU FLSH El Jadida Diouny & Marouane Make-up Exam Introduction to Language Name: 9. A. B. C. D. In producing …, we move from one vocalic position to another. semi-vowels diphthongs central vowels schwa 10. A. B. C. D. A phoneme is … the smallest meaningful unit of language the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit of language a variation of the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit of language the physical realisation of the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit of language 11. A. B. C. D. If the production of a sound is accompanied by a particularly strong stream of air we speak of assimilation aspiration approximants affective filter 12. A. B. C. D. The words … form a minimal pair. friend and friendship food and feet tough and dough fit and foot 13. A. B. C. D. The process of inventing a totally new term to add a word to a language is known as … coinage neologism derivation calque 14. A. B. C. D. One of the most common sources of new words in English is the process known as … coinage borrowing blending backformation 15. A. B. C. D. The words known as Anglizismen in German belong to the category of … borrowing compounding calque analogy 16. A. B. C. D. Words such as fingerprint or bookcase belong to the word-formation process known as … borrowing compounding calque analogy 17. A. B. C. D. Words such as fax or flu belong to the word-formation process known as … blending clipping backformation conversion CDU FLSH El Jadida Diouny & Marouane Make-up Exam Introduction to Language Name: 18. A. B. C. D. Words such as boyish or unhappy belong to the word-formation process known as … blending compounding derivation conversion A. B. C. D. E. The word that is a … morpheme. free lexical free functional bound inflectional bound derivational 19. A. B. C. D. The last morpheme in helpless is a … morpheme. free lexical free functional bound inflectional bound derivational 20. A. B. C. D. The second morpheme in oxen is … the stem of the word a zero-morpheme an allomorph of the plural morpheme a derivational morpheme Part II: Answer the following questions: 1. What is onomatopoeia, and what is its significance with respect to language origin? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………. 2. In what sense do human language and animal systems of communication differ with respect to the property of DISPLACEMENT? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Write the three part articulatory description for the consonants given below: [j] …………………………………. [ɛ]………………………………………… [w] …………………………………. [ð] ………. ……………………………….. [h] …………………………………. [dʒ] …. ………………………………….. [ŋ] …………………………………… [ʌ] ……………………………………….. [l]….……………………………….. 4. Give the phonetic symbols representing each of the following sounds a. Bilabial voiced fricative [ ] b. Glottal voiced fricative [ ] CDU FLSH El Jadida Diouny & Marouane Make-up Exam Introduction to Language Name: c. Uvular voiceless stop [ ] d. Labiovelar fricative [ ] 5. Write the four part-articulatory description for the vowels given below: [o]……………………………………………………. [æ]……………………………………………………. [ɯ]……………………………………………………. [i] …………………………………………………… 6. Natural classes : Which sound does not fit in the set ? And what do the rest of the sounds have in common? a. [p b s t k ɡ] b. [t f d k p s ʃ θ] c. [ɪ u i ɔ ʊ] d. [ɛ, ɔ, i, æ, ɑ] The Sound that Doesn’t Fit [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] Feature of the Remaining Sounds Part III 1. Phonology: Answer the questions below based on the following data from Yoruba (West Africa): ba hide mba is hiding fɔ break mfɔ is breaking tɛ spread ntɛ is spreading kɔ write ŋkɔ is writing sun sleep nsun is sleeping wa come ŋwa is coming a. State the distribution of the sounds undergoing alternation. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… b. Are the sounds distinct phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme? If they are allophones of the same phoneme, give evidence for this. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… c. Is the occurrence of one or all the sounds involved in the alternation predictable or not? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… d. Formulate the rule accounting for the distribution of the sounds. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… e. Name the phonological process involved in the sound alternation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… CDU FLSH El Jadida Diouny & Marouane Make-up Exam Introduction to Language Name: 2. Morphology: I. Indicate the process illustrated in word formation: a. Laser: ……………………………………………………………… b. Brunch: ……………………………………………………………… c. To baby-sit: ……………………………………………………………… d. Bike: ……………………………………………………………… e. Tortilla: ……………………………………………………………… II. Root III. Analyse the following English into internal morpheme constituents Independency, reconsideration, incompletion, bottled, unreliable Prefix suffix Inflectional derivational Consider the following nine new words from Isthmus Zapotec [geta] [sketabe] [sketalu] ‘tortilla’ ‘tortilla owned by him ‘tortilla owned by you’ [doʔo] [stoʔobe] [stoʔolu] ‘rope’ ‘rope owned by him’ ‘rope owned by you’ [bere] [sperebe] [sperelu] ‘chicken’ ‘chicken owned by him’ ‘chicken owned by you Question 1: a) What are the allomorphs that mean ‘tortilla’? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… b) What are the allomorphs that mean ‘chicken’? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… c) What are the allomorphs that mean ‘rope’? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 2: a) What is the morphophonemic rule that controls which allomorph for ‘tortilla’ to use? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… CDU FLSH El Jadida Diouny & Marouane Make-up Exam Introduction to Language Name: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Write the rule using formal notation. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 3: a) What is the morphophonemic rule that controls which allomorph for ‘chicken’ to use? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… b) Write the rule using formal notation. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 4: a) What is the morphophonemic rule that controls which allomorph for ‘rope’ to use? Please ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… b) b) Write the rule using formal notation. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Syntax: Discuss the derivation of ONE of the following sentences, giving arguments in support of your analysis and illustrating with tree diagrams: a. Where will you put your car? b. Dave told Bill the rumor that John ran out the door …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… End of Exam Paper
