The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov Reference Tables for Physical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE Radioactive Decay Data Specific Heats of Common Materials RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE (years) ISOTOPE Carbon-14 14 Potassium-40 40 C 3 14 5.7 × 10 N 40 K Ar 9 1.3 × 10 40 Ca Uranium-238 238 206 Rubidium-87 87 87 U Rb 9 Pb 4.5 × 10 Sr 4.9 × 10 10 Equations Eccentricity = Gradient = distance between foci length of major axis SPECIFIC HEAT (Joules/gram • °C) Liquid water Solid water (ice) Water vapor Dry air Basalt Granite Iron Copper Lead 4.18 2.11 2.00 1.01 0.84 0.79 0.45 0.38 0.13 Properties of Water change in field value distance Rate of change = MATERIAL Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g change in value time Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g mass Density = volume Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere ELEMENT (symbol) Oxygen (O) Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Other HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE Percent by mass CRUST Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume 46.10 28.20 8.23 5.63 4.15 2.36 2.33 2.09 94.04 0.88 0.48 0.49 1.18 1.11 0.33 1.42 33.0 21.0 78.0 0.91 0.07 2011 EDITION This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2011–12 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination in Physical Setting/Earth Science. 66.0 1.0 1.0 Eurypterus remipes New York State Fossil Lake Erie Ap p Grenville Province (Highlands) at Pl u ea ( Key ) ds n la p U Tug Hill Plateau e International boundary State boundary Landscape region boundary ds Adirondack Mountains Lo an wl The Catskills e nc Major geographic province boundary Allegheny Plateau Erie-Ontario Lowlands (Plains) Lake Ontario S a t. L wr Interior Lowlands Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State Interior Lowlands ala c h ia n Champlain Lowlands ew En (H gla i gh nd l P a nd ro v N 0 20 40 60 Kilometers 80 Miles 0 10 20 30 40 50 tic n a l At W S N e lain P l a st Coa nds ighla H n o H uds rong tan P t a h Man Huds o nM o h a w k Lo wlands Taco n i c M ounta ins N Lo ewa w l an rk ds in c s) Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 2 E 79° JAMESTOWN ERIE BUFFALO NIAGARA FALLS 78° 78° 77° SYRACUSE limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles Lines are generalized structure trends. MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN 74° NEW YORK CITY 41° RS EY Intensely metamorphosed rocks (regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.) JE } W NE KINGSTON SLIDE MT. ALBANY R iv e r } Dominantly sedimentary origin 75° wk MT. MARCY 74° Dominantly metamorphosed rocks } Moha Rive r } } UTICA OLD FORGE MASSENA are CRETACEOUS and PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, basalt, and diabase (Palisades sill) PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales DEVONIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates SILURIAN also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite. SILURIAN 76° Susquehanna BINGHAMTON ITHACA P E N N S Y L V A N I A 77° WATERTOWN 76° OSWEGO LAKES 44° ELMIRA FINGER ROCHESTER LAKE ONTARIO elevation 75 m modified from GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1989 75° law GEOLOGIC PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK 42° LAKE elevation 175 m 43° 79° ar a River ag Ni e nc er iv Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State Ge r ve Ri ee ne s S t. La w re R R iv e r 73° 45° PLATTSBURGH AIN MPL 44° CH A 43° 0 0 20 40 60 20 40 60 80 Kilometers Kilometers 80 W Miles Miles 20 30 40 50 0 100 2010 30 40 50 73°30' 41° 72° S N E ATLANTIC OCEAN UND 40°30' 73° D ISLAN LONG RIVERHEAD ND SO ISLA G 73° N 41° LO 42° LAKE R r iv e on ds Hu Hu ds on VERMONT MASSACHUSETTS Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition CONNECTICUT 45° De 3 Rive r Surface Ocean Currents Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 4 Mi d Eurasian Plate n ia ou nd I the st e e as g t hw Rid t Ind u ia n So Ridg e a Tr ria n a e n ch Fiji Plate st Ea Convergent plate boundary (subduction zone) subducting plate overriding plate Antarctic Plate Nazca Plate r Sandwich Plate Mantle hot spot Bouvet Hot Spot St. Helena Hot Spot African Plate Eurasian Plate Iceland Hot Spot Complex or uncertain plate boundary Scotia Plate Canary Islands Hot Spot Mi d At la n t i cR idg e South American Plate an ibbe Car late P Pe Galapagos Hot Spot Yellowstone Hot Spot Cocos Plate Easter Island Hot Spot Pacific Plate Hawaii Hot Spot San Andreas Fault Juan de Fuca Plate Divergent plate boundary (usually broken by transform faults along mid-ocean ridges) Tasman Hot Spot To n g a Tr e n c h North American Plate Mid-Atlantic Ridge Tectonic Plates h Aleutian Trenc Indian-Australian Plate M Philippine Plate Transform plate boundary (transform fault) NOTE: Not all mantle hot spots, plates, and boundaries are shown. Relative motion at plate boundary Antarctic Plate S Key frican Rif st A Ea t ian ab Ar late P idge dian Ridge -In Pa cifi cR Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition hile Tren u-C ch 5 C Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust r nd/o na tio ation c pa ent om em C Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity Depo s and B ition uria l 100.0 Boulders 25.6 n r Pressure t and/o Hea tamorphism e M IGNEOUS ROCK Sand 0.01 0.006 Silt 0.001 Clay at 0.0001 1000 500 100 50 li 10 5 So ic di f 1 0.5 g MAGMA 0.2 0.1 0.05 l ti n Pebbles 0.1 0.01 Me 1.0 0.0004 io METAMORPHIC ROCK n 6.4 n lift) rosio (U p &E in g r e th Wea lting Me PARTICLE DIAMETER (cm) ( U p l if t ) n Weathering & Erosio M e lt i n g e ss ur H e a t a nd/or Pre m is M e ta m or p h (U We athe plift) ring & Ero sio E r o s i on SEDIMENTARY ROCK Cobbles 10.0 SEDIMENTS STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s) This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to differences in particle density and shape. noncrystalline Basaltic glass Pumice Scoria Vesicular andesite Rhyolite Andesite Vesicular basalt Basalt INTRUSIVE (Plutonic) Diabase Diorite Granite Gabbro Peridotite Pegmatite LOWER FELSIC (rich in Si, Al) Dunite Vesicular rhyolite CRYSTAL SIZE 10 mm 1 mm less than or to 1 mm larger 10 mm EXTRUSIVE (Volcanic) Obsidian (usually appears black) LIGHTER MINERAL COMPOSITION (relative by volume) CHARACTERISTICS IGNEOUS ROCKS ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification COLOR DARKER DENSITY HIGHER TEXTURE Glassy Nonvesicular Vesicular (gas pockets) Fine Coarse Nonvesicular Very coarse MAFIC (rich in Fe, Mg) COMPOSITION 100% 100% Potassium feldspar (pink to white) 75% Quartz (clear to white) 75% Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray) 50% 50% Pyroxene (green) Biotite (black) 25% Amphibole (black) 0% Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition Olivine (green) 25% 0% 6 Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMPOSITION Pebbles, cobbles, and/or boulders embedded in sand, silt, and/or clay Clastic (fragmental) Sand (0.006 to 0.2 cm) Silt (0.0004 to 0.006 cm) Clay (less than 0.0004 cm) COMMENTS Rounded fragments Mostly quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals; may contain fragments of other rocks and minerals Angular fragments ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL Conglomerate Breccia Fine to coarse Sandstone Very fine grain Siltstone Compact; may split easily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shale CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TEXTURE GRAIN SIZE Crystalline Fine to coarse crystals COMPOSITION COMMENTS Halite Gypsum Microscopic to very coarse Bioclastic MAP SYMBOL Rock salt Crystals from chemical precipitates and evaporites Rock gypsum Dolostone Dolomite Crystalline or bioclastic ROCK NAME Calcite Precipitates of biologic origin or cemented shell fragments Carbon Compacted plant remains Limestone Bituminous coal Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification TEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMPOSITION TYPE OF METAMORPHISM Medium to coarse AMPHIBOLE GARNET PYROXENE Fine to medium Regional (Heat and pressure increases) MICA QUARTZ FELDSPAR MINERAL ALIGNMENT NONFOLIATED BANDING FOLIATED Fine Fine Carbon Regional Fine Various minerals Contact (heat) Quartz Fine to coarse COMMENTS ROCK NAME Low-grade metamorphism of shale Slate Foliation surfaces shiny from microscopic mica crystals Phyllite Platy mica crystals visible from metamorphism of clay or feldspars Schist High-grade metamorphism; mineral types segregated into bands Gneiss Metamorphism of bituminous coal MAP SYMBOL Anthracite coal Various rocks changed by heat from nearby magma/lava Hornfels Metamorphism of quartz sandstone Quartzite Regional Calcite and/or dolomite or Metamorphism of limestone or dolostone Marble contact Coarse Various minerals Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition Pebbles may be distorted or stretched Metaconglomerate 7 GEOLOGIC HISTORY Eon Era Period PHANEROZOIC QUATERNARY CENOZOIC L A T E PROTEROZOIC M I D D L E 0.01 PLEISTOCENE 1.8 PLIOCENE 5.3 MIOCENE 23.0 OLIGOCENE 33.9 EOCENE 55.8 PALEOCENE 65.5 Large carnivorous mammals Abundant grazing mammals Earliest grasses Many modern groups of mammals Mass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and many land plants CRETACEOUS First sexually reproducing organisms Earliest flowering plants Diverse bony fishes EARLY 146 LATE MIDDLE JURASSIC Earliest birds Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids EARLY Oceanic oxygen begins to enter the atmosphere MIDDLE EARLY 251 LATE MIDDLE PALEOZOIC CARBONIFEROUS Oceanic oxygen produced by cyanobacteria combines with iron, forming iron oxide layers on ocean floor M I D D L E Earliest stromatolites Oldest microfossils E A R L Y Earliest mammals LATE TRIASSIC EARLY 318 LATE MISSISSIPPIAN MIDDLE EARLY DEVONIAN 359 416 LATE SILURIAN Mammal-like reptiles EARLY Extensive coal-forming forests Abundant amphibians Large and numerous scale trees and seed ferns (vascular plants); earliest reptiles Earliest amphibians and plant seeds Extinction of many marine organisms Earth’s first forests Earliest ammonoids and sharks Abundant fish MIDDLE EARLY Evidence of biological carbon Mass extinction of many land and marine organisms (including trilobites) Abundant reptiles LATE EARLY PENNSYLVANIAN Earliest dinosaurs 299 LATE 444 Earliest insects Earliest land plants and animals Abundant eurypterids LATE Oldest known rocks ORDOVICIAN Invertebrates dominant Earth’s first coral reefs MIDDLE 488 LATE Estimated time of origin of Earth and solar system MIDDLE CAMBRIAN EARLY 542 580 (Index fossils not drawn to scale) B Humans, mastodonts, mammoths LATE MESOZOIC EARLY 4600 Bedrock 200 E A R L Y L A T E 4000 A Sediment HOLOCENE 0 PERMIAN ARCHEAN P R E C A M B R I A N 3000 NEOGENE PALEOGENE 1000 2000 Life on Earth Million years ago Million years ago 0 500 Epoch NY Rock Record C 1300 D E F G H I Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms) Earliest fishes Extinction of many primitive marine organisms Earliest trilobites Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied marine organisms) Abundant stromatolites J K L M N Cryptolithus Centroceras Tetragraptus Valcouroceras Eucalyptocrinus Coelophysis Stylonurus Hexameroceras Manticoceras Dicellograptus Eurypterus Ctenocrinus Phacops Elliptocephala Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 8 OF NEW YORK STATE Time Distribution of Fossils Important Geologic Events in New York (including important fossils of New York) The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time of existence of a specific index fossil (e.g. Fossil A lived at the end of the Early Cambrian). S I H E BIRDS MAMMALS VASCULAR PLANTS EURYPTERIDS Q N P M BRACHIOPODS GASTROPODS Pangaea begins to break up 232 million years ago Alleghenian orogeny caused by collision of North America and Africa along transform margin, forming Pangaea R X Catskill delta forms Erosion of Acadian Mountains Acadian orogeny caused by collision of North America and Avalon and closing of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean Z V Y U D T J 359 million years ago Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins K B 119 million years ago Intrusion of Palisades sill CORALS CRINOIDS G 59 million years ago Sands and clays underlying Long Island and Staten Island deposited on margin of Atlantic Ocean Initial opening of Atlantic Ocean North America and Africa separate PLACODERM FISH F GRAPTOLITES C Advance and retreat of last continental ice Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins L TRILOBITES AMMONOIDS DINOSAURS NAUTILOIDS O Inferred Positions of Earth’s Landmasses Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston delta forms Taconian orogeny caused by closing of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and volcanic island arc W 458 million years ago Widespread deposition over most of New York along edge of Iapetus Ocean A Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean Erosion of Grenville Mountains Grenville orogeny: metamorphism of bedrock now exposed in the Adirondacks and Hudson Highlands O P Q R Mastodont Cooksonia Naples Tree Beluga Whale Bothriolepis Aneurophyton Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition S Condor T U V W X Y Z Cystiphyllum Maclurites Eospirifer Mucrospirifer Lichenaria Pleurodictyum Platyceras ADU (2011) 9 Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 10 Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 S 17 TRAVEL TIME (min) 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 P 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 EPICENTER DISTANCE (× 103 km) Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 11 Dewpoint (°C) Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) – 20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°) 0 – 20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 – 33 – 28 – 24 – 21 –18 –14 –12 –10 –7 –5 –3 –1 1 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 19 21 23 25 27 29 2 – 36 – 28 – 22 –18 –14 –12 –8 –6 –3 –1 1 3 6 8 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 – 29 – 22 –17 – 29 –13 – 20 – 9 –15 – 24 – 6 –11 –17 – 4 – 7 –11 –19 –1 – 4 – 7 –13 – 21 1 – 2 – 5 – 9 –14 4 1 – 2 – 5 – 9 –14 – 28 6 4 1 – 2 – 5 – 9 –16 9 6 4 1 – 2 – 5 –10 –17 11 9 7 4 1 –1 – 6 –10 –17 13 11 9 7 4 2 – 2 – 5 –10 –19 –2 – 5 –10 –19 15 14 12 10 7 4 2 3 –1 – 5 –10 –19 17 16 14 12 10 8 5 6 2 –1 – 5 –10 –18 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 9 6 3 0 –4 –9 22 20 18 17 15 13 11 11 9 7 4 1 –3 24 22 21 19 17 16 14 14 12 10 8 5 1 26 24 23 21 19 18 16 Relative Humidity (%) Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) – 20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°) 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 28 40 48 55 61 66 71 73 77 79 81 83 85 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 11 23 33 41 48 54 58 63 67 70 72 74 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 86 13 20 32 37 45 51 56 59 62 65 67 69 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 79 11 20 28 36 42 46 51 54 57 60 62 64 66 68 69 70 71 72 1 11 20 27 35 39 43 48 50 54 56 58 60 62 64 65 66 6 14 22 28 33 38 41 45 48 51 53 55 57 59 61 10 17 24 28 33 37 40 44 46 49 51 53 55 6 13 19 25 29 33 36 40 42 45 47 49 4 10 16 21 26 30 33 36 39 42 44 2 8 14 19 23 27 30 34 36 39 1 7 12 17 21 25 28 31 34 1 6 11 15 20 23 26 29 5 10 14 18 21 25 4 9 13 17 20 4 9 12 16 Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 12 Pressure Temperature 110 Water boils 220 100 200 90 180 80 160 70 140 60 120 50 100 40 30 80 Room temperature 20 60 10 40 Water freezes 0 20 0 –20 –10 –20 –30 –40 –40 –60 –50 28 30.70 1036.0 30.60 380 370 360 1032.0 350 1028.0 30.50 30.40 30.30 340 1024.0 330 310 30.10 1016.0 30.00 1012.0 29.90 One atmosphere 300 30.20 1020.0 320 29.80 290 1008.0 29.70 280 1004.0 270 29.60 260 1000.0 250 996.0 29.40 992.0 29.30 240 230 988.0 220 29.50 29.20 29.10 984.0 Key to Weather Map Symbols Station Model 1040.0 29.00 Station Model Explanation 980.0 28.90 976.0 28.80 972.0 28.70 968.0 28.60 196 1 2 +19/ 27 .25 28.50 Air Masses Present Weather cA continental arctic Drizzle Rain Smog Hail ThunderRain storms showers cP continental polar cT continental tropical mT maritime tropical Snow Sleet Freezing rain Fog Haze Snow showers Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition mP maritime polar Fronts Hurricane Cold Warm Stationary Tornado Occluded 13 Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere Planetary Wind and Moisture Belts in the Troposphere The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of an equinox. The locations shift somewhat with the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere, the belts shift northward in the summer and southward in the winter. (Not drawn to scale) Electromagnetic Spectrum X rays Gamma rays Microwaves Ultraviolet Infrared Radio waves Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength Visible light Violet Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition Blue Green Yellow Orange Red (Not drawn to scale) 14 Characteristics of Stars (Name in italics refers to star represented by a .) (Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.) 1,000,000 Deneb Luminosity (Rate at which a star emits energy relative to the Sun) 100,000 Massive Stars Betelgeuse SUPERGIANTS Rigel (Intermediate stage) Spica 10,000 GIANTS Polaris 1,000 (Intermediate stage) Aldebaran 100 MA IN 10 (E a Pollux SE Sirius rly QU s ta E N ge C ) Alpha Centauri E 1 Sun 0.1 40 Eridani B 0.01 Barnard’s Star WHITE DWARFS (Late stage) 0.001 Procyon B 0.0001 30,000 20,000 10,000 8,000 Small Stars Proxima Centauri 6,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 Surface Temperature (K) Blue Blue White White Yellow Orange Red Color Solar System Data Celestial Object SUN Mean Distance from Sun (million km) Period of Revolution (d=days) (y=years) Period of Rotation at Equator Eccentricity of Orbit Equatorial Diameter (km) Mass (Earth = 1) Density (g/cm3) — — 27 d — 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4 VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2 EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5 MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9 JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3 SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7 URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3 NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8 149.6 27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3 MERCURY EARTH’S MOON (0.386 from Earth) Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 15 Either Metallic luster HARDNESS FRACTURE LUSTER CLEAVAGE Properties of Common Minerals DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME 1–2 silver to gray black streak, greasy feel pencil lead, lubricants C Graphite 2.5 metallic silver gray-black streak, cubic cleavage, density = 7.6 g/cm3 ore of lead, batteries PbS Galena 5.5 – 6.5 black to silver black streak, magnetic ore of iron, steel Fe3O4 Magnetite 6.5 brassy yellow green-black streak, (fool’s gold) ore of sulfur FeS2 Pyrite 5.5 – 6.5 or 1 metallic silver or earthy red red-brown streak ore of iron, jewelry Fe2O3 Hematite white to green greasy feel ceramics, paper Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Talc yellow to amber white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur 1 2 Nonmetallic luster COMMON COLORS 2 white to pink or gray easily scratched by fingernail plaster of paris, drywall CaSO4•2H2O Selenite gypsum 2 – 2.5 colorless to yellow flexible in thin sheets paint, roofing KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Muscovite mica 2.5 colorless to white cubic cleavage, salty taste food additive, melts ice NaCl Halite 2.5 – 3 black to dark brown flexible in thin sheets construction materials K(Mg,Fe)3 AlSi3O10(OH)2 Biotite mica 3 colorless or variable bubbles with acid, rhombohedral cleavage cement, lime CaCO3 Calcite 3.5 colorless or variable bubbles with acid when powdered building stones CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite 4 colorless or variable cleaves in 4 directions hydrofluoric acid CaF2 Fluorite 5–6 black to dark green cleaves in 2 directions at 90° mineral collections, jewelry (Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al) (Si,Al)2O6 Pyroxene (commonly augite) 5.5 black to dark green cleaves at 56° and 124° 6 white to pink cleaves in 2 directions at 90° ceramics, glass KAlSi3O8 Potassium feldspar (commonly orthoclase) 6 white to gray cleaves in 2 directions, striations visible ceramics, glass (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 Plagioclase feldspar mineral collections, CaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3 jewelry Si6O22(O,OH)2 Amphibole (commonly hornblende) 6.5 green to gray or brown commonly light green and granular furnace bricks, jewelry (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 Olivine 7 colorless or variable glassy luster, may form hexagonal crystals glass, jewelry, electronics SiO2 Quartz 6.5 – 7.5 dark red to green often seen as red glassy grains in NYS metamorphic rocks jewelry (NYS gem), abrasives Fe3Al2Si3O12 Garnet *Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum C = carbon Ca = calcium Cl = chlorine F = fluorine Fe = iron H = hydrogen K = potassium Mg = magnesium Na = sodium O = oxygen Pb = lead S = sulfur Si = silicon Ti = titanium = dominant form of breakage Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 16
