1. Ishino, Y., Shinagawa, H., Makino, K., Amemura, M., Nakata, A., (1987). Nucleotide sequence of the iap gene, responsible for alkaline phosphatase isozyme conversion in Escherichia coli, and identification of the gene product. J. Bacteriol. 169 (12), 5429e5433. 2. Makarova, K.S., Wolf, Y.I., Alkhnbashi, O.S., Costa, F., Shah, S.A., Saunders, S.J., et al., (2015). An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPReCas systems. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 13 (11), 722e736. 3. Hille, F., Richter, H., Wong, S.P., Bratovic, M., Ressel, S., Charpentier, E., (2018). The biology of CRISPR-Cas: backward and forward. Cell 172 (6), 1239-1259. 4. Singh, V., Braddick, D., Dhar, P.K., (2017). Exploring the potential of genome editing CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Gene 599, 1e18. 5. Bhaya, D., Davison, M., Barrangou, R., (2011). CRISPR-Cas systems in bacteria and archaea: versatile small RNAs for adaptive defense and regulation. Annu. Rev. Genet. 45, 273e297. 6. Brouns, S.J., Jore, M.M., Lundgren, M., Westra, E.R., Slijkhuis, R.J., Snijders, A.P., et al., (2008). Small CRISPR RNAs guide antiviral defense in prokaryotes. Science 321 (5891), 960e964. 7. Cui, Y., Li, Y., Gorgé, O., Platonov, M.E., Yan, Y., Guo, Z., et al., (2008). Insight into microevolution of Yersinia pestis by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. PLoS One 3 (7), e2652. 8. Garneau, J.E., Dupuis, M.È., Villion, M., Romero, D.A., Barrangou, R., Boyaval, P., et al., (2010). The CRISPR/Cas bacterial immune system cleaves bacteriophage and plasmid DNA. Nature 468 (7320), 67e71. 9. Chylinski, K., Le Rhun, A., Charpentier, E., (2013). The tracrRNA and Cas9 families of type II CRISPR-Cas immunity systems. RNA Biol. 10 (5), 726e737. 10. Nam, K.H., Kurinov, I., Ke, A., (2011). Crystal structure of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated Csn2 protein revealed Ca2þ-dependent doublestranded DNA binding activity. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (35), 30759e30768. 11. Makarova, K.S., Aravind, L., Wolf, Y.I., Koonin, E.V., (2011). Unification of Cas protein families and a simple scenario for the origin and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems. Biol. Direct 6, 38. 12. East-Seletsky, A., O’Connell, M.R., Knight, S.C., Burstein, D., Cate, J.H., Tjian, R., et al., (2016). Two distinct RNase activities of CRISPR-C2c2 enable guide-RNA processing and RNA detection. Nature 538 (7624), 270e273. 13. Myhrvold, C., Freije, C.A., Gootenberg, J.S., Abudayyeh, O.O., Metsky, H.C., Durbin, A.F., et al., (2018). Field-deployable viral diagnostics using CRISPR-Cas13. Science 360 (6387), 444e448. 14. Khambhati, K., Bhattacharjee, G., Singh, V., (2019). Current progress in CRISPR-based diagnostic platforms. J. Cell. Biochem. 120 (3), 2721e2725. 15. Gootenberg, J.S., Abudayyeh, O.O., Kellner, M.J., Joung, J., Collins, J.J., Zhang, F., (2018). Multiplexed and portable nucleic acid detection platform with Cas13, Cas12a, and Csm6. Science 360 (6387), 439e444. 16. Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E (2012) A programmable dual RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 337:816–821 17. Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D et al (2013) Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science 339:819–823 18. Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM et al (2013) RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science 339:823–826 19. Xie K, Minkenberg B, Yang Y (2015) Boosting CRISPR/Cas9 multiplex editing capability with the endogenous tRNA-processing system. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112:3570–3575 20. Islam T (2019) CRISPR-Cas technology in modifying food crops. CAB Reviews 14:1–16 21. Bhowmik P, Hassan MM, Molla K, Rahman M, Islam MT (2019) Application of CRISPR-Cas genome editing tools for the improvement of plant abiotic stress tolerance. In: Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M, Oku H, Islam MT (eds) Approaches for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in plants. CRC Press, New York, pp 459–472 22. Haque E, Taniguchi H, Hassan MM, Bhowmik P, Karim MR, Smiech M et al (2018) Application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology for the improvement of crops cultivated in tropical climates: recent progress, prospects, and challenges. Front Plant Sci 9:617 23. Wang D, Zhang F, Gao G (2020) CRISPRbased therapeutic genome editing: strategies and in vivo delivery by AAV vectors. Cell 181 (1):136–150 24. Maeder ML, Linder SJ, Cascio VM, Fu Y, Ho QH, Joung JK (2013) CRISPR RNA–guided activation of endogenous human genes. Nat Methods 10:977–999 25. Perez-Pinera P, Kocak DD, Vockley CM et al (2013) RNA-guided gene activation by CRISPR-Cas9– based transcription factors. Nat Methods 10:973–976 26. Qi LS, Larson MH, Gilbert LA, Doudna JA, Weissman JS, Arkin AP, Lim WA et al (2013) Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression. Cell 152:1173–1183 27. Gilbert LA, Larson MH, Morsut L et al (2013) CRISPR-mediated modular RNA-guided regulation of transcription in eukaryotes. Cell 154:442–451 28. Adli M (2018) The CRISPR tool kit for genome editing and beyond. Nat Commun 9:1–13 29. Doench JG (2018) Am I ready for CRISPR? A user’s guide to genetic screens. Nat Rev Genet19:67–80 30. Hilton IB, D’ippolito AM, Vockley CM et al (2015) Epigenome editing by a CRISPRCas9-based acetyltransferase activates genes from promoters and enhancers. Nat Biotechnol 33:510–517 31. Van Steensel B, Belmont AS (2017) Laminaassociated domains: links with chromosome architecture, heterochromatin, and gene repression. Cell 169:780–791 32. Wang J, Meng X, Hu X, Sun T, Li J, Wang K, Yu H (2019) xCas9 expands the scope of genome editing with reduced efficiency in rice. Plant Biotechnol J 17:709–711 33. Morgan SL, Mariano NC, Bermudez A et al (2017) Manipulation of nuclear architecture through CRISPR-mediated chromosomal looping. Nat Commun 8:15993 34. Hao N, Shearwin KE, Dodd IB et al (2017) Programmable DNA looping using engineered bivalent dCas9 complexes. Nat Commun 8:1628 35. Chen B, Guan J, Huang B (2016) Imaging specific genomic DNA in living cells. Annu Rev Biophys 45:1–23 36. Ma H, Naseri A, Reyes-Gutierrez P, Wolfe SA, Zhang S, Pederson T et al (2015) Multicolor CRISPR labeling of chromosomal loci in human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112:3002–3007 37. Qin P, Parlak M, Kuscu C, Bandaria J, Mir M, Szlachta K et al (2017) Live cell imaging of low-and non-repetitive chromosome loci using CRISPR-Cas9. Nat Commun 8:14725 38. Yang LZ, Wang Y, Li SQ et al (2019) Dynamic imaging of RNA in living cells by CRISPRCas13 systems. Mol Cell 76:981–997 39. Wu X, Mao S, Ying Y, Krueger CJ, Chen AK (2019) Progress and challenges for live-cell imaging of genomic loci using CRISPR-based platforms. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 17:119–128 40. Adli M (2018) The CRISPR tool kit for genome editing and beyond. Nat Commun 9:1–13 41. Gaudelli NM, Komor AC, Rees HA et al (2017) Programmable base editing of Al T to Gl C in genomic DNA without DNA cleavage. Nature 551:464–471 42. Komor AC, Kim YB, Packer MS, Zuris JA, Liu DR et al (2016) Programmable editing of a target base in genomic DNA without doubles tranded DNA cleavage. Nature 533:420–424 43. Nishida K, Arazoe T, Yachie N et al (2016) Targeted nucleotide editing using hybrid prokaryotic and vertebrate adaptive immune systems. Science 353:aaf8729 44. Molla KA, Yang Y (2019a) CRISPR/Casmediated base editing: technical considerations and practical applications. Trends Biotechnology 37:1121–1142 45. Molla KA, Yang Y (2019b) Predicting CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations for precise genome editing. Trends Biotechnol S0167-7799:30206–30209 46. Abudayyeh OO, Gootenberg JS, Franklin B et al. (2019) A cytosine deaminase for programmable single-base RNA editing. Science 365:382–386 47. Cox DB, Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO et al (2017) RNA editing with CRISPR-Cas13. Science 358:1019–1027 48. O’Connell MR, Oakes BL, Sternberg SH, East-Seletsky A, Kaplan M, Doudna JA (2014) Programmable RNA recognition and cleavage by CRISPR/Cas9. Nature 516 (7530):263–266 49. East-Seletsky A, O’Connell MR, Knight SC et al (2016) Two distinct RNase activities of CRISPRC2c2 enable guide-RNA processing and RNA detection. Nature 538:270–273 50. Abudayyeh OO, Gootenberg JS, Essletzbichler P et al (2017) RNA targeting with CRISPR-Cas13. Nature 550:280–284 51. Smargon AA, Cox DB, Pyzocha NK, Zheng K et al (2017) Cas13b is a type VI-B CRISPR associated RNA-guided RNase differentially regulated by accessory proteins Csx27 and Csx28. Mol Cell 65:618–630 52. Slaymaker IM, Mesa P, Kellner MJ et al (2019) High-resolution structure of Cas13b and biochemical characterization of RNA targeting and cleavage. Cell Rep 26:3741–3751 53. Abudayyeh OO, Gootenberg JS, Konermann S et al. (2016) C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector. Science 353:aaf5573 54. Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Alkhnbashi OS et al (2015) An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol 13:722–736 55. Shmakov S, Sergey AS, Scott D, Cox D, Pyzocha N, Yan W, Abudayyeh OO et al. (2017) Diversity and evolution of class 2 CRISPR–Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol 15:169–182 56. Klompe SE, Vo PL, Halpin-Healy TS, Sternberg SH (2019) Transposon-encoded CRISPR–Cas systems direct RNA-guided DNA integration. Nature 571:219–225 57. Peters JE, Makarova KS, Shmakov S, Koonin EV et al (2017) Recruitment of CRISPR-Cas systems by Tn7-like transposons. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114:E7358–E7366 58. Huang TK, Puchta H (2019) CRISPR/Casmediated gene targeting in plants: finally a turn for the better for homologous recombination. Plant Cell Rep 38:443–453 59. Yeh CD, Richardson CD, Corn JE (2019) Advances in genome editing through control of DNA repair pathways. Nat Cell Biol 21:1468–1478 60. Anzalone AV, Randolph PB, Davis JR et al (2019) Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA. Nature 576:149–157 61. Chen JS, Ma E, Harrington LB et al (2018) CRISPR-Cas12a target binding unleashes indiscriminate single-stranded DNase activity. Science 360:436–439 62. Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Lee JW et al (2017) Nucleic acid detection with CRISPRCas13a/ C2c2. Science 356:438–442 63. Scudellari M (2019) Self-destructing mosquitoes and sterilized rodents: the promise of gene drives. Nature 571:160–162 64. Strecker J, Ladha A, Gardner Z, Schmid-BurgkJL, Makarova KS, Koonin EV, Zhang F (2019a) RNAguided DNA insertion with CRISPR-associated transposases. Science 365 (6448):48–53 65. Strecker J, Jones S, Koopal B et al (2019b) Engineering of CRISPR-Cas12b for human genome editing. Nat Commun 10:212 66. L. Bortesi, R. Fischer (2015) The CRISPR/Cas9 system for plant genome editing and beyond Biotechnol. Adv., 33, pp. 41-52 67. Ricroch, A., Clairand, P., and Harwood, W. (2017). Use of CRISPR systems in plant genome editing: toward new opportunities in agriculture. Emerg. Top. Life Sci. 1, 169–182. doi: 10.1042/etls20170085 68. Xie, K., and Yang, Y. (2013). RNA-guided genome editing in plants using a CRISPR-Cas system. Mol. Plant 6, 1975–1983. doi: 10.1093/mp/sst119 69. Shan, Q., Wang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Chen, K., Liang, Z., et al. (2013). Targeted genome modification of crop plants using a CRISPR-Cas system. Nat. Biotechnol. 31, 686–688. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2650 70. Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Wei, P., Zhang, B., Gou, F., Feng, Z., et al. (2014). The CRISPR/Cas9 system produces specific and homozygous targeted gene editing in rice in one generation. Plant Biotechnol. J. 12, 797–807. doi: 10.1111/pbi. 12200 71. Shimatani, Z., Kashojiya, S., Takayama, M., Terada, R., Arazoe, T., Ishii, H., et al. (2017). Targeted base editing in rice and tomato using a CRISPR-Cas9 cytidine deaminase fusion. Nat. Biotechnol. 35, 441–443. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3833 72. Zong, Y., Wang, Y., Li, C., Zhang, R., Chen, K., Ran, Y., et al. (2017). Precise base editing in rice, wheat and maize with a Cas9-cytidine deaminase fusion. Nat. Biotechnol. 35, 438–440. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3811 73. Li, J., Sun, Y., Du, J., Zhao, Y., and Xia, L. (2017a). Generation of targeted point mutations in rice by a modified CRISPR/Cas9 system. Mol. Plant 10, 526–529. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.12.001 74. Lowder, L. G., Zhang, D., Baltes, N. J., Paul, J. W. III, Tang, X., Zheng, X., et al. (2015). A CRISPR/Cas9 toolbox for multiplexed plant genome editing and transcriptional regulation. Plant Physiol. 169, 971–985. doi: 10.1104/pp.15. 00636 75. Shan, Q., Wang, Y., Li, J., and Gao, C. (2014). Genome editing in rice and wheat using the CRISPR/Cas system. Nat. Protoc. 9, 2395–2410. doi: 10.1038/nprot. 2014.157 76. Wang, Y., Cheng, X., Shan, Q., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Gao, C., et al. (2014). Simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew. Nat. Biotechnol. 32, 947–951. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2969 77. Gil-Humanes, J., Wang, Y., Liang, Z., Shan, Q., Ozuna, C. V., Sanchez-Leon, S., et al. (2017). Highefficiency gene targeting in hexaploid wheat using DNA replicons and CRISPR/Cas9. Plant J. 89, 1251–1262. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13446 78. Kim, D., Alptekin, B., and Budak, H. (2018). CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in wheat. Funct. Integr. Genomics 18, 31–41. doi: 10.1007/s10142-017-0572-x 79. Shi, J., Gao, H., Wang, H., Lafitte, H. R., Archibald, R. L., Yang, M., et al. (2017). ARGOS8 variants generated by CRISPR-Cas9 improve maize grain yield under field drought stress conditions. Plant Biotechnol. J. 15, 207–216. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12603 80. Zhu, J., Song, N., Sun, S., Yang, W., Zhao, H., Song, W., et al. (2016). Efficiency and inheritance of targeted mutagenesis in maize using CRISPR-Cas9. J. Genet. Genomics 43, 25–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.10.006 81. Feng, C., Yuan, J., Wang, R., Liu, Y., Birchler, J. A., and Han, F. (2016). Efficient targeted genome modification in maize using CRISPR/Cas9 system. J. Genet. Genomics 43, 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2015.10.002 82. Qi, W., Zhu, T., Tian, Z., Li, C., Zhang, W., and Song, R. (2016). High-efficiency CRISPR/Cas9 multiplex gene editing using the glycine tRNA-processing system-based strategy in maize. BMC Biotechnol. 16:58. doi: 10.1186/s12896-016-0289-2 83. Li, J., Zhang, H., Si, X., Tian, Y., Chen, K., Liu, J., et al. (2017b). Generation of thermosensitive male-sterile maize by targeted knockout of the ZmTMS5 gene. J. Genet. Genomics 44, 465–468. doi: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.02.002 84. Andersson, M., Turesson, H., Nicolia, A., Falt, A. S., Samuelsson, M., and Hofvander, P. (2017). Efficient targeted multiallelic mutagenesis in tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) by transient CRISPR-Cas9 expression in protoplasts. Plant Cell Rep. 36, 117–128. doi:10.1007/s00299-016-2062-3 85. Butler, N. M., Baltes, N. J., Voytas, D. F., and Douches, D. S. (2016). Geminivirus-mediated genome editing in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) using sequence-specific nucleases. Front. Plant Sci. 7:1045. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01045 86. Brooks, C., Nekrasov, V., Lippman, Z. B., and Van Eck, J. (2014). Efficient gene editing in tomato in the first generation using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated9 system. Plant Physiol. 166, 1292–1297. doi: 10.1104/pp.114.247577 87. Ron, M., Kajala, K., Pauluzzi, G., Wang, D., Reynoso, M. A., Zumstein, K., et al. (2014). Hairy root transformation using Agrobacterium rhizogenes as a tool for exploring cell type-specific gene expression and function using tomato as a model. Plant Physiol. 166, 455–469. doi: 10.1104/pp.114.239392 88. Ito, Y., Nishizawa-Yokoi, A., Endo, M., Mikami, M., and Toki, S. (2015). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the RIN locus that regulates tomato fruit ripening. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 467, 76–82. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.117 89. Li, R., Fu, D., Zhu, B., Luo, Y., and Zhu, H. (2018a). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of lncRNA1459 alters tomato fruit ripening. Plant J. 94, 513–524.doi: 10.1111/tpj.13872 90. Ueta, R., Abe, C., Watanabe, T., Sugano, S. S., Ishihara, R., Ezura, H., et al. (2017). Rapid breeding of parthenocarpic tomato plants using CRISPR/Cas9. Sci. Rep.7:507. doi: 10.1038/s41598-01700501-4 91. Soyk, S., Lemmon, Z. H., Oved, M., Fisher, J., Liberatore, K. L., Park, S. J., et al. (2017). Bypassing negative epistasis on yield in tomato imposed by a domestication gene. Cell 169, 1142– 1155.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.032 92. Jia, H., and Wang, N. (2014). Targeted genome editing of sweet orange using Cas9/sgRNA. PLoS One 9:e93806. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093806 93. Jia, H., Xu, J., Orbovic, V., Zhang, Y., and Wang, N. (2017a). Editing citrus genome via SaCas9/sgRNA system. Front. Plant Sci. 8:2135. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02135 94. Peng, A., Chen, S., Lei, T., Xu, L., He, Y., Wu, L., et al. (2017). Engineering canker resistant plants through CRISPR/Cas9-targeted editing of the susceptibility gene CsLOB1 promoter in citrus. Plant Biotechnol. J. 15, 1509–1519.doi: 10.1111/pbi.12733 95. Dirks, R., K. Van Dun, C.B. De Snoo, M. Van Den Berg, C.L. Lelivelt, W. Voermans, and E. Wijnker. 2009. Reverse breeding: A novel breeding approach based on engineered meiosis. Plant Biotechnol. J. 79:837–845. 96. Chase, C.D. (2007) Cytoplasmic male sterility: a window to the world of plant mitochondrial nuclear interactions. Trends Genet. 23, 81–90 97. Keller, E.R.J. and Korzun, L. (1996) Ovary and ovule culture for haploid production. In In vitro Haploid Production in Higher Plants (Jain, S.M., Sopory, S.K. and Veilleux, R.E., eds), pp. 217– 235, Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad Publ. 98. Wang, Z., Zou, Y., Li, X., Zhang, Q., Chen, L., Wu, H., Su, D., Chen, Y., Guo, J., Luo, D., Long, Y., Zhong, Y. and Liu, Y.-G. (2006) Cytoplasmic male sterility of rice with boro II cytoplasm is caused by a cytotoxic peptide and is restored by two related PPR motif genes via distinct modes of mRNA silencing. Plant Cell, 18, 676–687. 99. Van Dun, C.M.P. and Dirks, R.H.G. (2006) Rijk Zwaan Zaadteelt en Zaadhandel B.V. Near Reverse Breeding, WO⁄ 2006 ⁄ 094773. 100. Ross, K., Fransz, P., Armstrong, S., Vizir, I., Mulligan, B., Franklin, F. and Jones, G. (1997) Cytological characterization of four meiotic mutants of Arabidopsis isolated from TDNAtransformed lines. Chromosome Res. 5, 551–559. 101. Azumi, Y., Liu, D., Zhao, D., Li, W., Wang, G., Hu, Y. and Ma, H. (2002) Homolog interaction during meiotic prophase I in Arabidopsis requires the SOLO DANCERS gene encoding a novel cyclin-like protein. EMBO J. 21, 3081–3095. 102. Caryl, A.P., Armstrong, S.J., Jones, G.H. and Franklin, F.C.H. (2000) A homologue of the yeast HOP1 gene is inactivated in the Arabidopsis meiotic mutant asy1. Chromosoma, 109, 62–71. 103. Couteau, F., Belzile, F., Horlow, C., Grandjean, O., Vezon, D. and Doutriaux, M.-P. (1999) Random chromosome segregation without meiotic arrest in both male and female meiocytes of a dmc1 mutant of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 11, 1623–1634. 104. Nonomura, K.I., Nakano, M., Murata, K., Miyoshi, K., Eiguchi, M., Iayao, A., Hirochika, H. and Kurata, N. (2004) An insertional mutation in the rice PAIR2 gne, the ortholog of Arabidopsis ASY1, results in a defect in homologous chromosome pairing during meisosis. Mol. Genet. Genomics, 271, 121–129. 105. Stacey, N.J., Kuromori, T., Azumi, Y., Roberts, G., Breuer, C., Wada, T., Maxwell, A., Roberts, K. and Sugimoto-Shirasu, K. (2006) Arabidopsis SPO11-2 functions with SPO11-1 in meiotic recombination. Plant J. 48, 206–216. 106. Wijeratne, A.J., Chen, C., Zhang, W., Timofejeva, L. and Ma, H. (2006) The Arabidopsis thaliana PARTING DANCERS gene encoding a novel protein is required for normal meiotic homologous recombination. Mol. Biol. Cell 17, 1331–1343. 107. Fire, A., Xu, S., Montgomery, M. et al. (1998) Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391, 806–811. https://doi.org/10.1038/35888 108. Ratcliff, F., Martin-Hernandez, A. M., and Baulcombe, D. C. (2001). Technical advance. Tobacco rattle virus as a vector for analysis of gene function by silencing. Plant J. 25:237-245. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0960-7412.2000.00942.x Crossref, Medline, ISI, Google Scholar 109. Tijsterman M, Okihara KL, Thijssen K, & Plasterk RHA (2002). PPW-1, a PAZ/PIWI protein required for efficient germline RNAi, is defective in a natural isolate of C. elegans. Curr Biol, 12, 1535-40. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01110-7 110. Dirks, R.H.G., van Dun, C.M.P. and Reinink, K. (2003) Rijk Zwaan Zaadteelt en Zaadhandel B.V. Reverse Breeding,WO⁄ 2003 ⁄ 017753. 111. Jain, S., Sopory, S.K. and Veilleux, R.E. (1996) In vitro haploid production in higher plantsIn Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture, Dordrecht, Boston, London:Kluwer Academic Publishers. 112. Forster, B.P., Heberle-Bors, E., Kasha, K.J. and Touraev, A. (2007) The resurgence of haploids in higher plants. Trends Plant Sci. 12, 368–375. 113. Maluszynski, M., Kasha, K.J. and Szarejko, I. (2003) Published protocols for other crop plant species. In Doubled Haploid Production in Crop Plants: A Manual (Maluszynski, M., Kasha, K.J., Forster, B.P. and Szarejko, I., eds), pp. 309–336, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 114. Schaart, Jan & Visser, Richard. (2009). Novel plant breeding techniques. Consequences of new genetic modification-based plant breeding techniques in comparison to conventional plant breeding. 115. Mathieu O, and Bender J (2004). RNA-directed DNA methylation. J Cell Sci 117: 4881-4888. 116. Mette MF, van der Winden J, Matzke M and, Matzke AJM (2002) Short RNAs can identify new candidate transposable element families in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 130: 6-9. 117. Hohn T, Corsten S, Rieke S, Muller M, and Rothnie H (1996) Methylation of coding region alone inhibits gene expression in plant protoplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 8334-8339. 118. Li X, Wang X, He K, Ma Y, Su N, He H, Stolc V, Tongprasit W, Jin W, Jiang J, Terzaghi W, Li S, and Deng XW (2008) High-resolution mapping of epigenetic modifications of the rice genome uncovers interplay between DNA methylation, histone methylation, and gene expression. Plant Cell 20: 259-276. 119. Shibuya K, Fukushima S and Takatsuji H (2009) RNA-directed DNA methylation induces transcriptional activation in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 1660-1665. 120. Chen, Q., Lai, H., Hurtado, J., Stahnke, J., Leuzinger, K., & Dent, M. (2013). Agroinfiltration as an Effective and Scalable Strategy of Gene Delivery for Production of Pharmaceutical Proteins. Advanced techniques in biology & medicine, 1(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.4172/atbm.1000103 121. Wroblewski T, Tomczak A, Michelmore R. (2005) Optimization of Agrobacterium-mediated transient assays of gene expression in lettuce, tomato and Arabidopsis. Plant Biotechnol J.; 3:259–273. [PubMed: 17173625] 122. Huang Z, Chen Q, Hjelm B, Arntzen C, Mason H. (2009) A DNA replicon system for rapid highlevel production of virus-like particles in plants. Biotechnol Bioeng.103:706–714. [PubMed:19309755] 123. Huang Z, Phoolcharoen W, Lai H, Piensook K, Cardineau G, et al. (2010) High level rapid production of full-size monoclonal antibodies in plants by a singlevector DNA replicon system. Biotechnol Bioeng. 106:9–17. [PubMed: 20047189] 124. Vaghchhipawala Z, Rojas CM, Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. (2011) Agroinoculation and agroinfiltration: simple tools for complex gene function analyses. Methods Mol Biol. 678:65–76. [PubMed: 20931373] 125. Qiang, C. (2011) Transgenic Horticultural Crops: Challenges, and Opportunities-Essays by Experts. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, USA. Expression and manufacture of pharmaceutical proteins in genetically engineered horticultural plants 126. Zeinipour, M., Azadi, P., Majd, A. et al. Agroinfiltration: a rapid and reliable method to select suitable rose cultivars for blue flower production. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 24, 503–511 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-018-0516-5 127. Hammond-Kosack, K. E., Harrison, K., and Jones, J. D. G. (1994) Developmental^ regulated cell death on expression of the fungal avirulence gene Avr9 in tomato seedlings carrying the diseaseresistance gene Cf-9. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 9 1, 10445-10449. 128. Hammond-Kosack, K. E., Staskawicz, B. J., Jones, J. D. G., and Baulcombe, D. C. (1995). Functional expression of a fungal avirulence gene from a modified potato virus X genome. Mol. PlantMicrobe Interact. 8, 181-185. 129. Hammond-Kosack, K. E., Tang, S., Harrison, K., and Jones, J. D. G. (1998) 130. The tomato Cf-9 disease resistance gene functions in tobacco and potato to confer responsiveness to the fungal avirulence gene product Avr9. Plant Cell 10, 1251-1266. 130. Joosten, M. H. A. J., Vogelsang, R., Cozijnsen, T. J., Verberne, M. C, and De Wit, P. J. G. M. (1997) The biotrophic fungus Cladosporium fulvum circumvents C/-4-mediated resistance by producing unstable AVR4 elicitors. Plant Cell 9, 367-379. 131. Ben-Amar, A., Cobanov, P., Buchholz, G. et al. (2013) In planta agro-infiltration system for transient gene expression in grapevine (Vitis spp.). Acta Physiol Plant 35, 3147–3156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1348-0 132. Takeda, A.; Sugiyama, K.; Nagano, H.; Mori, M.; Kaido, M.; Mise, K.; Tsuda, S.; Okuno, T. (2002) Identification of a novel RNA silencing suppressor, NSs protein of Tomato spotted wilt virus. FEBS Lett. 532, 75–79. 133. Dugdale, B.; Mortimer, C.L.; Kato, M.; James, T.; Harding, R.M.; Dale, J.L. (2014) Design and construction of an in-plant activation cassette for transgene expression and recombinant protein production in plants. Nat. Protoc. 9, 1010–1027. 134. Wroblewski, T.; Tomczak, A.; Michelmore, R. (2005) Optimization of Agrobacterium-mediated transient assays of gene expression in lettuce, tomato and Arabidopsis. Plant Biotech. J. 3, 259– 273. 135. Fujiuchi, N.; Matsuda, R.; Matoba, N.; Fujiwara, K. (2016) Removal of bacterial suspension water occupying the intercellular space of detached leaves after agroinfiltration improves the yield of recombinant hemagglutinin in a N benthamiana transient gene expression system. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 113, 901–906. 136. Zhao, H., Tan, Z., Wen, X., & Wang, Y. (2017). An Improved Syringe Agroinfiltration Protocol to Enhance Transformation Efficiency by Combinative Use of 5-Azacytidine, Ascorbate Acid and Tween-20. Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 6(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants6010009 137. Molla K.A., Karmakar S., Islam M.T. (2020) Wide Horizons of CRISPR-Cas-Derived Technologies for Basic Biology, Agriculture, and Medicine. In: Islam M.T., Bhowmik P.K., Molla K.A. (eds) CRISPR-Cas Methods. Springer Protocols Handbooks. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0616-2_1 138.