Busbar choices for EV power distribution
Author: Dominik Pawlik, Rogers Power Electronics Solutions
Date: 01/28/2017
Categories: Thermal Management
Tag: #PSD #automotive #Busbar.com #Rogers_Corp
Automotive systems like robust electric motor drives need quality power delivery
Interest in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is growing steadily as battery
technologies improve and the driving range of such vehicles increases. Perhaps as important, EVs/HEVs offer
a “green” alternative to traditional vehicles powered by internal-combustion gasoline engines.
EVs and HEVs rely on robust electric motor drives, large-capacity battery pack, power inverters, and efficient
distribution of power from charging source to battery and then throughout the vehicle. Busbars, which
comprise a system of electrical conductors for collecting and distributing current, provide the means to
efficiently distribute power to the vehicles’ various subsystems. A number of different types of busbars are
commercially available, so specifying the best match for an EV/HEV application is a matter of understanding
the various requirements of an EV/HEV and how different types of power busbars can meet those
requirements.
Efficient use of a limited amount of energy is critical to any vehicle design and EVs and HEVs typically work
with rechargeable lithium-ion battery backs as their source of energy. Fortunately, the cost of these battery
packs has been dropping in recent years, to around a current cost of about $300 USD/kWh. The cost of
EV/HEV battery power is expected to continue to drop during the next decade, making EVs and HEVs more
affordable and priced more in line with vehicles based on internal-combustion engines.
Acceptance of EVs/HEVs is growing to a point where over 200,000 Nissan Leafs have been sold worldwide. In
fact, in some countries, such as Japan, electric vehicle charging stations now outnumber gas stations. Many
EVs are now referred to as “plug-in” EVs for their recharging capabilities and are equipped with “fast-charge”
charging modes to provide quick energy for shorter driving distances.
Power distribution & driving range
Power storage and driving range have been chief concerns with EVs/HEVs, with power typically provided by
large banks of battery cells combined in sealed packs to achieve the required operating voltage and current to
power a vehicle’s electric motor. Of course, induction motors, whether dedicated to each wheel in some novel
designs or with power transferred to the front wheel axle through a transmission system, are not the only
subsystem in an EV/HEV requiring electric power. All of the basic vehicular functions found in a vehicle
powered by an internal combustion engine, including heating, cooling, lights, and warning systems, require
electric power in an EV/HEV, and each subsystem when in use can subtract from the total driving range
possible with a charged vehicle battery pack.
Fortunately, effective power distribution within an EV/HEV can contribute to improved driving range. A number
of battery technologies are employed in new EVs and HEVs, with lithium-ion (Li-ion) technology providing the
most popular solution for the large battery packs that operate the electric drive motor. Traditional lead-acid
batteries are still commonly used within EVs and HEVs as auxiliary power sources, for functions such as
sensors, cooling fans, and lights. Li-ion battery systems can provide 130 Wh/kg energy capacity and handle
thousands of charging cycles with minimum degradation of storage capacity.
For a typical EV or HEV with a driving range of 100 miles or more, this translates into a useful Li-ion battery
lifetime of 6 years or more (or the typical warranty period for a new EV/HEV). Several manufacturers are
developing variants of lithium-based power cells, including lithium-iron-phosphate batteries and lithium-titanate
batteries, attempting to add range to EVs and HEVs, although cost must be within certain limits for competitive
automotive markets. Additional vehicular battery technologies include nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) cells, which
are heavier and less efficient than Li-ion batteries, but considerably less in cost, and zinc-air batteries, but Liion batteries currently represent the dominant technology in EVs and HEVs.
Connecting cells
Cells in a high-power EV/HEV battery pack can be combined in series or parallel to achieve voltage ratings
approaching 400 V. Individual cells of about 1.5 to 2.0 V are typically combined using busbars rather than
insulated cables. A busbar is essentially an electric conductor and ground plane separated by an insulator. It
can be fabricated as a single layer component or with multiple layers, including circuit paths for signals as well
as for distributing power.
As with other basic circuit components, a busbar can be characterized by its resistance, capacitance, and
inductance, ideally with its electrical contributions distributed as evenly as possible across its length to avoid
performance inconsistencies. While the lowest possible resistance and inductance values are to be preferred
in a busbar for EV and HEV power distribution, some busbars for that purpose have capacitance added in
different ways to increase the charge-carrying capabilities of the power-distribution structure.
Because even low resistance will cause heating effects from large current flow at high enough power levels, it
is important to minimize the contact resistance at all connection points along a busbar, including solder joints.
To minimize contact resistance, groups of battery cells are often laser welded to a busbar in the process of
assembling the large, high-power battery packs for EVs/HEVs. Laser welded connections can also be made as
part of an automated assembly process to minimize manufacturing costs in large-volume production.
Busbars & thermal management
With the proper materials, a busbar can assist thermal management along with power distribution in an
EV/HEV. A busbar’s conductor material and the cross-sectional size of the busbar will determine its currentcarrying capacity. Laminated busbars typically consist of copper or aluminum conductors which may or may
not be plated with an additional conductive metal, such as silver or gold. Busbars can be fabricated in a variety
of shapes, including flat strips, solid rods, and hollow tubes, with flat or hollow forms generally preferred for
high-current applications.
Although the AC drive motors used in EVs/HEVs generate very little heat compared to their internal
combustion counterparts, the flow of current across any resistive junction in a vehicular power-distribution
system can generate heat, including within the battery pack itself. Typically, good electrical conductors such
as copper are also good thermal conductors. In a busbar, it is the blend of materials and differences in
coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) for a busbar’s composite materials that can pose challenges due to
ohmic heating and at elevated environmental temperatures.
Busbars designed for low electrical and thermal resistance can readily serve as part of an EV’s/HEV’s thermal
path, from a heat source to a heat sink or coolant reservoir. Busbar materials can also limit process
manufacturing temperatures for interconnection methods, such as when using lead-free-solder attachment
methods, and expected reliability, particularly if busbar material temperatures are not rated above the
temperature limits of a lead-free or reflow solder process.
Along with combining the power cells within an EV/HEV battery pack, laminated busbars offer practical
alternatives to multiple-conductor cables for distributing power to the many sensors, subsystems, and other
electronic components throughout an EV/HEV. Primary among these different electronic components is the AC
drive motor and inverter system that provides drive power typically to the front axle in an EV/HEV (see Figure
1). The inverter converts DC from the battery pack to the multiple-phase AC power needed by a three-phase
induction or permanent-magnet motor.
Click image to enlarge
Figure 1. Laminated busbars in EVs/HEVs are essentially for transferring electrical energy from the large highpower battery pack to the inverter for conversion to AC electricity for use by the electric engine.
Power conversion & energy requirements
Power conversion in an EV/HEV usually takes place in several stages, often employing IGBT devices for power
conversion. The voltage from the vehicle battery pack is first increased by a DC/DC boost converter to the
minimum voltage required by the inverter. This can be a significant increase in DC voltage, from 200 V or less
to 600 V or more. Once the voltage is boosted, it is converted to an AC voltage at the proper frequency by
means of the inverter to drive the vehicle’s electric motor. Busbars and different connectors provide practical
methods for distributing energy initially from the high-power battery pack to these different power-generating
components and on to other components within an EV/HEV electrical system.
Busbars can also serve as a key part of charging process so essential to EVs and HEVs, as a portion of the
low-inductance power transmission path that delivers energy from a home or charging station to the Li-ion cells
of a vehicle power pack. Mechanically, busbars for EVs/HEVs must be durable, capable of withstanding high
levels of vibration, and operate over wide ambient temperature extremes. Electrically, they must provide lowinductance conduction of electrical energy with high isolation from other circuits and potential ground points to
avoid arcing.
The energy requirements of an EV/HEV can vary widely, with the largest amounts of electrical energy required
by the inverter and electric drive motor. An EV motor has a wide range of power levels, from lower-voltage
operation at slow speeds to higher-power use when accelerating or climbing steep grades. Low-inductance
busbars can help achieve low-loss transfer of energy with high energy efficiency from a battery pack, by
minimizing energy losses in the power transmission path from an EV’s high-power battery pack to the inverter
and electric drive motor.
In contrast to power cables, busbars also make it possible to achieve power distribution with high power
density, by mounting active components for power conversion, such as IGBT semiconductors, and passive
circuit elements, such as capacitors and EMI filters for noise reduction, on the busbars. In most cases, circuit
elements can be incorporated onto a laminated busbar prior to its installation in an EV or HEV, or as part of the
busbar’s manufacturing process. Incorporating electrolytic capacitors into busbars for motor drives can improve
performance while also conserving circuit volume. For further savings of space within an EV/HEV, hybrid forms
of busbars are available with signal paths alongside the power planes for interconnecting sensors and control
units to on-board vehicle computers and driver controls.
Performance limits
Understanding the performance limits of a laminated busbar can help guide optimum use of these
components for power distribution in EVs and HEVs. As an example, the ROLINX Hybrid from Rogers Corp.,
Power Electronics Solutions is a laminated busbar that combines power and signal paths in a compact
assembly (see Figure 2) suitable for power distribution and signal connections within and from the large
rechargeable battery pack in an EV/HEV. In addition to power-handling capabilities that equal or surpass those
of shielded cables, the low-inductance busbar provides signal and ground planes for mounting and connection
of additional components, including electrolytic capacitors and surface-mount-technology (SMT) components,
such as EMI/RFI filters for noise reduction within a vehicle’s power distribution system.
Click image to enlarge
Figure 2. The ROLINX Hybrid is an example of a commercial laminated busbar that combines signal and power
connections to save space in the design of an EV or HEV.
As noted earlier, busbar performance will depend upon the composite materials used to construct the busbar.
The ROLINX Hybrid employs either copper or aluminum conductors in various thicknesses: standard
thicknesses from 0.5 to 6.0 mm for copper and from 1.0 to 5.0 mm for aluminum. For any EV/HEV application
where heat is a concern, copper offers superior thermal characteristics to aluminum, with thermal conductivity
of 401 W/mK for copper compared to 237 W/mK for aluminum, and thermal expansion of 16.5 ppm/K for
copper compared to 23.1 ppm/K for aluminum.
Design considerations
In the design of the conductors for any busbar, the ground return conductor should be at least as large in area
as the voltage conductor. This serves to improve the capacitance of the busbar and also provides a sufficiently
large ground plane for thermal dissipation and to minimize voltage variations due to temperature effects. An
adequate busbar ground plane can also help to limit coupling effects from nearby electronic circuits and
components in an EV/ HEV.
Insulation/dielectric materials used in the construction of busbars for EVs and HEVs are as important as its
conductor materials. Insulation should exhibit stable dielectric constant with temperature so that the resulting
capacitance and voltage through a busbar remains stable with temperature. Higher busbar capacitance
translates into lower impedance and better rejection of noise, and can be achieved by using thinner dielectric
layers between a busbar’s conductive layers.
Insulation is used on both the outside and inside of a sealed busbar construction, with a variety of insulation
materials applied, including flexible polyester films (for higher-voltage, lower temperature applications) and
polyimide films (for higher-temperature, lower-voltage applications). Inner insulation often includes some form
of filler for increased insulation and rigidity, such as glass fiber or cloth (see Figure 3). When required, busbars
can be sealed by means of edge insulation, typically by means of mold or potting.
Click image to enlarge
Figure 3. The edges of a busbar may or may not be sealed with insulating material depending upon the
requirements of an application.
Specifying busbars for EV/HEVs
Specifying a laminated busbar for an EV/HEV or other application requires an understanding of certain
minimum dimensions, including the form factor for a particular EV or HEV requirement and several spacing
distances within the busbar, such as clearance and creepage distances. Depending upon the busbar
manufacturer and the busbar’s metallization and dielectric materials, the clearance and creepage distances
will be a function of voltage capacity. Clearance is the shortest allowable distance in air between two
conductors to prevent arcing, while clearance is the shortest distance along the surface of an insulator
between two conductors to prevent arcing.
Using a ROLINX busbar as an example, the minimum clearance distances for voltages of 750, 1500, and 3000
V are 5.5, 11.0, and 22.0 mm, respectively. The minimum creepage distances for the same type of busbar for
750, 1500, and 3000 V are slightly less, at 5.2, 10.6, and 21.6 mm, respectively. Such minimum distances must
be taken into consideration in the design of any high-voltage busbars and its conductor and connector
spacings.
Otherwise, busbar manufacturers can review the minimum requirements for a busbar intended for use within
an EV/HEV, or other power distribution application, detailing the tradeoffs between cost and material choices
and performance. Of course, for EV/HEV power distribution applications, drive safety is an added concern and
busbar materials selection should be performed with the intent of achieving the highest reliability possible, not
only for meeting vehicle warranty requirements but for the safety of the driver and passengers.
Rogers Power Electronics Solutions