Name
Date
Foundations of Chemistry
What is matter, and how does it change?
Before You Read
Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about matter and how it changes. Record
three things that you already know about matter in the first column. Then write three things that you
would like to learn about matter in the second column. Complete the final column of the chart when
you have finished this chapter.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
K
What I Know
W
What I Want to Learn
L
What I Learned
Chapter Vocabulary
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
NEW
NEW
NEW
NEW
matter
atom
substance
element
compound
mixture
heterogeneous mixture
homogeneous mixture
dissolve
physical property
mass
density
solubility
physical change
chemical property
chemical change
concentration
REVIEW
property
ACADEMIC
unique
A Lesson Content Vocabulary page for each lesson is provided in the Chapter Resources Files.
Foundations of Chemistry
97
Lesson 1
Classifying Matter
Scan Lesson 1. Read the lesson titles and bold words. Look at the pictures. Identify three facts
you discovered about matter. Record your facts in your Science Journal.
Organize information about matter.
Understanding Matter
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349
.
2 characteristics
• has mass
Sample examples are
shown.
Smallest particle:
atom
Matter
• takes up space
Examples
Atoms
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350
Matter
• metal
Not matter
• sound
• wood
• light
• plastic
• forces
• clouds
• energy
Identify and describe the parts of an atom.
.
1. proton – positively charged particle
2
3
+
+
+
+
+
in the nucleus
2. nucleus – the protons and neutrons
in the atom’s center
3. neutron – particle with no charge in
the nucleus
4. electrons – negatively charged
4
particles moving in the electron
cloud
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350
.
Relate the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom to the
properties of matter.
The number of protons determines the type of atom and the
properties in the matter made up of that type of atom.
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Foundations of Chemistry
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1
Lesson 1 | Classifying Matter (continued)
Substances
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351
Define substance, and identify two examples.
.
Definition: matter with a composition that is always the
same
Examples: elements and compounds
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351
.
Examine how atoms of elements differ. Circle the
characteristic that gives each type of atom its unique properties.
Example
Aluminum
Oxygen
Is it a substance?
yes
yes
Is it an element?
yes
yes
13
8
individually
in pairs
How many protons
are in its nucleus?
How do its atoms
usually exist?
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352
.
Differentiate elements from compounds.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Element
Compound
a substance that consists
of just one type of atom
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352
.
a substance containing
atoms of two or more
different elements
chemically bonded
together
Interpret the chemical formula.
This means
This means
a carbon atom
an oxygen atom
CO2
This means that there are two oxygen atoms for every one
carbon atom
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352
.
Relate properties of a compound to the properties of the elements
of which it is made.
A compound often has different properties from the
individual elements that compose it.
Foundations of Chemistry
99
Lesson 1 | Classifying Matter (continued)
Mixtures
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353
Organize information about mixtures.
.
Definition:
Combination of:
matter that can
vary in composition
two or more
substances that are
physically blended
Mixture
Heterogeneous:
Homogeneous:
Substances are
not evenly mixed.
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353
.
Individual
substances are
evenly mixed.
Types
Complete the statement to describe how a substance dissolves.
solvent
In a solution, the
is the
solutes
present in the largest amount; the
the other substances that
Compounds v. Solutions
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354
substance
dissolve
are all
in the solvent.
Explain whether a chemical formula can describe a solution.
.
A chemical formula cannot be use to describe a solution
Summarizing Matter
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354
Order the classifications of matter. Use the words in the
.
box to make a sequence that is true.
atoms
can
make up
compounds
elements
mixtures
substances
elements
can
make up
substances
can
make up
compounds
can
make up
mixtures
Analyze It
Evaluate whether the following statement is true or false, and explain
why: All solutions are mixtures.
The statement is true. A solution is the same thing as a homogeneous mixture.
100
Foundations of Chemistry
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
because a solution’s composition can vary.
Lesson 2
Physical Properties
Predict three facts that will be discussed in Lesson 2 after reading the headings. Record your
predictions in your Science Journal.
Define physical property, and give two examples.
Physical Properties
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358
.
Sample examples are
shown.
Definition: a characteristic of matter that you can observe
or measure without changing the identity of the matter
mass
1.
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359
Differentiate states of matter.
.
State
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
state
2.
Arrangement of
Particles
Motion of Particles
Solid
very close together
can only vibrate
back and forth
Liquid
slightly farther
apart than in a solid
can slide past one
another
Gas
spread out to fill a
closed container
move very quickly
Contrast three size-dependent physical properties. Circle
the measurement that changes with location.
Property
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360
361
.
.
Description
Mass
the amount of matter in an object
Weight
the pull of gravity on matter
Volume
the amount of space something
takes up
Foundations of Chemistry
101
Lesson 2 | Physical Properties (continued)
Describe four size-independent physical properties.
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361
.
Melting and boiling point:
Density:
the temperatures at
which matter changes
state
the mass per unit
volume of a substance
Size-Independent Properties
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362
363
Sample answers are
shown. Students might
identify and describe
other properties,
including melting point
and state of matter.
.
Conductivity:
Solubility:
the ability of matter to
conduct electric current
the ability of one
substance to dissolve
in another
Identify and describe three physical properties that can
.
be used to separate mixtures.
Property
How it can be used to
separate a mixture
A magnet will attract iron from a
mixture of materials.
Boiling point
Each part of a mixture will boil at a
different temperature.
Density
Objects with greater density will sink
in matter with less density.
Synthesize It
Look again at the picture of the man panning for gold on the first
page of Lesson 2. Another method he could use to separate the mixture would be to
sift the sediment through a screen. What physical property affects how sifting separates
a mixture? Would this be as effective for finding gold as panning?
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: Sifting relies on the property of
volume, or the space taken up by each particle in the sediment. This would probably
not be the best way to separate gold out of the mixture. Tiny (but still valuable) pieces
of gold would pass through the screen while larger, worthless sand grains and
pebbles would be trapped.
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Foundations of Chemistry
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Magnetism
Lesson 3
Physical Changes
Skim Lesson 3 in your book. Read the headings and look at the photos and illustrations.
Identify three things you want to learn more about as you read the lesson. Record your ideas in
your Science Journal.
Physical Changes
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367
Characterize physical changes in matter.
.
Physical Changes in Matter
What can change?
• size
• shape
• form
• state
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367
.
What does not change?
matter’s identity
Explain one way that you changed the size or shape of matter as
you made and ate your breakfast.
Sample answer: I changed the shape of matter when I
poured orange juice from the container into a glass.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
I found this on page
368
.
Sequence changes in the state of matter with the continuous
addition of thermal energy.
Thermal energy is added to a solid; particles
temperature
melting
liquid
.
boiling
Particles overcome attractive forces;
temperature
.
; particles
increases
move faster; temperature
Entire liquid becomes
.
remains constant
Entire solid becomes
occurs; temperature
;
increases
Particles overcome attractive forces;
occurs; temperature
move faster
remains constant
gas
increases
Foundations of Chemistry
.
;
.
103
Lesson 3 | Physical Changes (continued)
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369
370
.
.
Identify the opposites of selected physical changes.
melting
freezing
boiling
condensation
sublimation
deposition
Explain dissolving, and express how boiling can reverse the
process in the example of salt water.
Dissolving is a physical change that mixes the salt evenly
throughout the water. Boiling the solution changes the
liquid water to water vapor, leaving the salt behind.
Conservation of Mass
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370
.
Model conservation of mass in a labeled drawing that
illustrates a mixture.
Connect It
Look at this paper in front of you and the pen or pencil in your hand.
Describe the physical change and conservation of mass you observed in those items as
you completed the exercises on this page.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: When I wrote my answers, it
moved graphite from the pencil to the paper. The shape of the graphite changed, but
identity of the materials did not. The total mass stayed the same, too; now some of
the graphite’s mass is just spread out in the lines on the paper instead of contained
where it used to be in the pencil.
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Foundations of Chemistry
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Accept all reasonable responses. Student drawings should
show that the mass of the final mixture equals the
combined masses of the substances that make it up.
Lesson 4
Chemical Properties and Changes
Predict three facts that will be discussed in Lesson 4 after reading the headings. Record your
predictions in your Science Journal.
Define chemical property, and give two examples.
Chemical Properties
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374
.
Sample examples are
shown. Students might
note others.
Definition: a characteristic of matter that can be observed
as it changes to a different type of matter
1. ability to burn
2. ability to rust
Contrast physical and chemical properties using the example of
Comparing Properties
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374
.
a wood log.
Properties of a Wood Log
Physical
Observable:
• rounded
Chemical
• ability to burn
• ability to rot
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• heavy
Measurable:
• mass
• volume
Characterize chemical change.
Chemical Changes
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375
.
Substances
that make
up matter
Signs of Chemical
Change
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New substances with
• new chemical properties
change into
• new physical properties
Identify some signs of a chemical change.
375
.
Sign:
Sign:
bubbles
energy change
Chemical
Change
Sign:
Sign:
color change
odor change
Foundations of Chemistry
105
Lesson 4 | Chemical Properties and Changes (continued)
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375
.
Describe what constitutes proof of a chemical change.
formation of a new substance
Explaining Chemical
Reactions
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376
Order the events that occur in a chemical reaction.
.
bonded
Atoms are
and form particles of substances.
together
As particles collide, bonds break and atoms separate
Atoms rearrange and bond with different atoms in new
combinations
.
New substances
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376
.
form.
Describe the parts of a chemical equation, and then tell
why these equations are useful.
Products:
substances present
new substances
before the reaction
takes place
yield
present after a
reaction
Chemical equations are useful because they show the
chemical formula of each substance in a reaction.
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377
.
Express how a balanced chemical equation illustrates conservation
of mass.
It shows the same numbers of atoms of each element on
both sides of the equation. Because the total number of
atoms is the same before and after the reaction, the total
mass is the same before and after the reaction.
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Foundations of Chemistry
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Reactants:
Lesson 4 | Chemical Properties and Changes (continued)
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377
.
Assess the role of coefficients in chemical equations.
change
the amount of reactants and
products present
Coefficients
do not change
the identity of substances
The Rate of Chemical
Reactions
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Chemistry
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Explain how factors affect the rate of chemical reactions.
378
.
Factor
Effect on Reaction Speed
Temperature
Higher temperature makes particles
move faster and thus speeds a reaction.
Concentration
Increased concentration provides more
particles and thus speeds a reaction.
Surface area
Increased surface area exposes more
particles and thus speeds a reaction.
Paraphrase two things you need to know about matter in order to
378
.
Students might also cite
“how properties can
change.”
understand chemistry.
1. how the arrangement of atoms determines different
types of matter
2. the differences between chemical and physical
properties
Synthesize It
Describe two chemical changes that have happened in your home
this week.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: Chemical change occurred when
we burned wood in the fireplace last night. Also, there was a potato decomposing in
the bottom drawer of the refrigerator yesterday. Its bad smell indicated a chemical
change.
Foundations of Chemistry
107
Review
Foundations of Chemistry
Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned. Complete the final column
in the chart on the first page of the chapter.
Use this checklist to help you study.
Complete your Foldables® Chapter Project.
Study your Science Notebook on this chapter.
Study the definitions of vocabulary words.
Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.
Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson.
Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
Summarize It
Reread the chapter Big Idea and the lesson Key Concepts.
Summarize why it is necessary to have these ways of classifying and describing
matter and its changes.
Accept all reasonable responses. Sample answer: The roughly 115 elements shown
in the periodic table can combine physically and chemically in countless ways. The
original chemical and physical properties of those elements can also be altered in
a lot of information to keep track of! Categorizing matter by properties and changes
helps us understand how matter behaves.
Challenge Find evidence of a chemical reaction that has occurred at your home. Do research to
learn about the matter involved—the reactants and the products. Write a balanced chemical equation
for the reaction, and explain the equation to your class.
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Foundations of Chemistry
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
countless ways by the different methods through which matter is combined. This is