Florence Review Sheet: Test
Renaissance- rebirth
Quattrocento- Renaissance era in Italian
Papacy/Religion
Peter- one of twelve apostles, travels to Rome, becomes bishop, popes are from the direct line of Peter, Petrine
Doctrine
Paul- Jewish, believes in one male god, that is the creator and that all creatures are subordinate to him, does not
believe in the gnostic believes, but did believe that Jesus had a closer connection with God, believes that God
works through Jesus
Rome- age of faith, Christianity, before plague, ruling city
Gregory VII- “papacy over secular rulers”, rules of the Pope, pope of excommunicated Henry gave forgiveness
after three days in the snow
Excommunication- cuts the leader off from the Church and Sacraments, gives the people the power to disobey
the leader
Great Schism- the Church is split, there are two popes and at one point three popes, Italian and French popes
Martin V- once he is elected, the Great Schism ends
Savanarola- Bonfire of the Vanities, wanted to make God’s city, damned Lorenzo de Medici on death bed,
worked with Charles VIII to gain power in Florence
Julius II- pope, commissioned many works of art, Michelangelo, Raphael
Politics and Economics
Frederick Barbarossa- Germanic king, tries to claim the title of Holy Roman Emperor and unite all of
Christianity
Holy Roman Empire- tried to get power back into Rome after the fall
Battle of Legano- Roman army (Frederick Barbarossa) and the Lombard League (Northern Italy and Pope’s
forces), battle to prevent the dominance of Barbarossa over Italy
Plague/Black Death- 1347 plague in Messina, went to China on boats, then went to Europe, 1349 Europe is full
of plague until 1350, carrier is the flea, explanations were God’s wrath, witchcraft and polluted water by the
Jews, ½ of Europes population, 25 million people, consequences is cheap labor is rare, individualism, people
leading away from the church, rise of the middle class, revolts from lower class, rise of towns
Textiles/wool making- Medici family was first involved in this before banking
Banking- Medici’s were in this line, Albizzi, very competitive everyone wants the business, support popes
Guilds- a group of people who work in the same occupation, there are regulated goods and prices
Giovanni (di Bicci) Medici- godfather of the Medici’s, humble beginnings, bank and wool guild, supported
pope, “God’s banker”, supported minuto populo, supported Pirate Cossa who became pope, funded the Ghiberti
baptistery doors, gave Cosimo and Lorenzo a good humanist education, believed in civic humanism, loyalty
(picked customers), be rich but not too rich, take no more than is legal, be humble, never show pride, avoid the
public eye, give back to the city
Cosimo de Medici- son of Giovanni, had a large library, Brunelleschi’s patron, commissioned the Dome,
humanist, banker, grandfather of Lorenzo, wore cardinal colors, loyalty, exiled by the Albizzi family, build up
power with rich foreign families, bribes the government to return, kills and exiles the Albizzi family, civil
humanist, supported the minuto populo, tried to unite the Catholic and Orthodox Churches
Albizzi family- another banking family, got Cosimo put in prison and exiled, Cosimo came back and killed and
exiled the Albizzi family
Exile- not able to return to the city/place, in Cosimo’s exile he built his power with his recourses and came back
to Florence to regain his power and take out the Albizzi family
Lorenzo (“the magnificent”) de Medici- Pericles of Florence, immature at first, then realized responsibilities
and became more mature, target of Pazzi Conspiracy, stole money from the public, betrayed the public trust,
patron of arts, hosted festivals, supported public buildings, opened doors for people, people paid with whatever
they had to get his help, when he got sick he tried to turn to the church, Savonarola backlash
Pazzi family/Pazzi Conspiracy- rivals of the Medici family, they gave the loan to the Pope that the Medici’s
turned down, went against the Medici’s with plans of murder, pope said it was okay, they went against them
during High Mass, planned to stab Lorenzo to death and kill Giuliano his brother, Giuliano died while Lorenzo
escapes, all of the conspirators were killed in a gruesome fashion
Charles VIII, France- takes over Florence, deals with Savonarola, Piero doesn’t stand up against him
Piero de Medici- doesn’t stand up against Charles VIII, fled to Medici palace
Lucrezia Borgia- duchess of Ferra, daughter of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia later Pope Alexander VI, sister of
Cesare Borgia, not many talents, engaged many times by her father in order to gain more political power,
married Alphonso the duke of Ferra
Structure of Florence
Republican government- government is public, power isn’t passed down
Grandi- rich and noble families, weren’t allowed to have representation in the government
Signoria- 9 people, governing body of Florence, in office for two months, six people from the guilds, two from
the minor and the last was the Gonfalioniere
Gonfalioniere- chairman/spokesperson of the government
Quartieri- four quarters of Florence
Priori- elected officials that made up the Signoria
Minuto Populo- people who weren’t allowed in guilds; weavers, spinners, dyers, boatmen, laborers, peddlers,
people who didn’t have a permanent workshop
Consiglio del Commune/Consiglio del Populo- 500 members, six month term, from all over Florence, voted on
laws but couldn’t enact legislation
“The Seventy”- Lorenzo de Medici put these people in the government to be in favor of his ideas
Theocracy- government based on religion
Ciompi revolt- a revolt to try and increase the power of minor guilds
Artists/Thinkers
Giotto- created first idea of perspective painting, painter of fresco
Fresco- painting on wet plaster
Perspective/Vanishing Pt- makes things seem three-dimensional
Brunelleschi- architect, Cathedral of Florence, lost contest of baptistery doors, also worked on perspective,
made ties with Medici family, genus
Donatello- sculptor, worked in Ghiberti’s workshop, made David the 1st free standing nude since Greek and
Roman times
Masaccio- painter, finished Giotto’s work and created perspective, made “The Healing of the Cripple and the
Resurrection of the Tabitha”
Leonardo da Vinci- painter, inventor, architect, weapons designer, military engineer
Michelangelo- painter, sculptor, Sistine chapel, David
Raphael- painter, School of Athens, La Disputa, Madonna and the Gold Finch
Botticelli- painter, Birth of Venus, Prima Verra
Ghiberti- goldsmith, bronze doors for the baptistery
Machiavelli- wrote The Prince, taught about a powerful way to rule, not necessarily the moral way, wrote a lot
about politics
My Vocab
Vernacular- writing in your own land’s language
Romanesque- huge doors, colored walls, round arches, heavy roofs pressing on thick walls, thick pillars
Gothic- designed to be towards God and light and Heaven
Flying buttress- helped support church, brought weight outwards
Canon law- law of the Church
Tithe- tax by the Church, ¼ to sick and poor
Heresy- groups that had differing opinions on religion, sometimes whole villages were killed
Simony- buying and selling church offices?
Lay investiture- appointment of church officials by rulers not the church
Fallow- a field that was not farmed that year
Three field system- one field was fallow, one was winter and one was summer
Burgher- people who lived in walled towns
Bourgeoisie- burgh dwellers in France
Church Christianity- higher power on earth (rituals, traditions, priests and sacraments), extensive influence over
all types of Christianity
Biblical Christianity- higher power in the Bible, came from Church Christianity
Christendom- a Christian society that was ruled by the pope and the Church and protected by leaders who
respected the Roman Empire
Top down Evangelization- the spread of Christianity from the top down, for example a ruler would convert,
then his household would convert and so on until churches would appear in the land
Gospels- “good news”, written information about Jesus, propaganda aiming to hold up a certain glorified
view of who/what is described
Canonical- “New Testament”, gospels of Mathew, Mark, Luke and John, earlier writing, authoritative
Apocryphal- Gospel of Thomas, not as important as canonical gospels, any Christian group could write these,
later writings, being of questionable authenticity
Renaissance Values
Individualism:
Economic vs. feudal inheritance
Self-expression
Self-promotion
Free will, free thought
Materialism- care about items/objects, show wealth through attainable things
Humanism:
Human beings are worth study
Roman, Greek thought
Civic Humanism
Secularism- people moving away from the church
Analytical Paragraphs:
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Rise and Fall- the end of the plague, people wanted a change to their lives, “to live a little”, the fall
was that Lorenzo dies, Piero gets money but leaves when Charles VIII comes, Savonarola has the
Bonfire of the Vanities, symbolizes the end of luxuries and Renaissance ideas
Geography
Economic Development- guilds, banking
Technological Change- innovations by artists
Gender- still bound by marriage, prosperity changed the lives of women, servants could do house hold
jobs, women are now depicted realistically in paintings, though supposed to be look down upon, they
were more equals than before
Politics church vs. people, foreign powers
Ideas- individualism, celebration of worldly pleasures, humanism, secularism
Creative Arts- many innovations by Renaissance artists