Capitalist America Hoang Ho - 6th Period INVENTIONS IN AGRICULTURE INVENTIONS IN TRANSPORTATION National/Cumberland Road Built in 1811, the 1000-mile paved highway stretched from Maryland to Illinois Erie Canal - Built in New York in 1825, the Erie Canal linked western farms with eastern cities Steamboat - Invented by Robert Fulton in 1807, the steamboat could travel both upstream and downstream Railroads - First appearing in the US in 1828, they soon overtook canals as the dominant form of transportation INVENTIONS IN INDUSTRY Interchangeable Parts - Invented originally for rifles by Eli Whitney in 1797, interchangeable parts were created individually and then assembled into full products Textile Mill - Introduced by Samuel Slater to the US after stealing ideas from Richard Awkright from Britain, the first water-powered textile factories were built and eventually led to the factory system Sewing Machine - Invented by Elias Howe in 1846, the sewing machine sew yarn and wool into cloth more easily Cotton Gin - Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the cotton gin automatically separated cotton fibers from the seeds Mechanical ReaperInvented by Cyrus McCormick in 1834, the reaper helped harvest crops easier Steel Plow - Invented by John Deere in 1838, the steel plow helped dislodge tough soil INVENTIONS IN COMMUNICATION Telegraph - Invented by Samuel Morse in 1835, the telegraph allowed instant long-distance communication between 2 regions via electric wires Morse Code - Invented by Samuel Morse in 1838, Morse code encoded letters as dots and dashes. Lowell System - Created by Francis Cabot Lowell in Massachusetts in the 1800s, the labor/production system mainly employed women and children Expansion of low-skilled factory labor Explosion in urban city populations due to American and European rural-to-urban migration Creation of labor unions that advocated for higher wages, shorter working hours, and safer conditions Emergence of working and middle classes Transformed the southern economy from subsistence farming to commercial agriculture Industrial growth in the northern commercial and manufacturing economy Higher standard of living Uncontrolled urban sprawl created large workingclass slums and neighborhoods with poor sanitation, no ventilation, disease, and crime The cult of domesticity emphasized women as mothers, caregivers of children, and wives of men who worked outside the home Led to the Second Great Awakening MRET-GNOL EFFECTS MRET-TROHS STATISTCS Widening of the poor-rich gap Diversification of American culture due to foreign cultures introduced into the US by immigration Nativists began criticizing immigrants Increasing southern reliance on agricultural slave labor Led to a series of devastating economic depressions called “panics” Increased communication led to the rise of reform movements, including prohibition, feminism, suffrage, abolitionism, prison reforms, and antichild labor Increased sectionalism between the North and South IMMIGRATION TO THE U.S. 150,000 in the 1820s 600,000 in the 1830s 1.7 Million in the 1840s % OF WORKFORCE IN AGRICULTURE 1820 - 79% 1850 - 55% VALUE OF GOODS ON THE ERIE CANAL By 1830 - $15 Million By 1850 - $200 Million % OF NATIONAL INCOME GENERATED BY MANUFACTURING 1810 - 6% 1830 - 11% ENSLAVED AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION 1800 - 893,605 1830 - 2,009,043 1860 - 3,953,760 CANAL BUILDING 1820 - $1.1 Million 1830 - $7.5 Million 1840 - $14.3 Million Canal building was most prominent in the Northeast.
