Geographic Information System
GIS
Prepared by:
Dr. Maher A. El-Hallaq
Associate Professor of Geomatics – IUG
Course Objectives
By completing this course, students will:
• Gain a basic theoretical understanding of GIS
concepts, applications and how it can be used to
create maps, charts, images and other types of
presentations.
• Understand basic GIS data and analysis concepts.
• Gain practical experience using basic GIS tools.
• Gain practical applications of GIS in many
engineering fields.
2
Course Grading
• Lab & Class Participation
10 %
• Midterm Exam
20 %
• Project and Presentation
10 %
• Final Exam
60 %
3
Introduction
Dr. Maher A. El-Hallaq
Associate Professor of Geomatics – IUG
Contents?
• What is GIS?
• Components of GIS
• Function of GIS
• Benefits of GIS
• GIS Applications
5
GIS History
• The era of innovation:
1960s – 70s
The concept of
GIS was first
introduced in the
early 1960s, and it
was subsequently
researched and
developed as a
new discipline. The
GIS history views
Roger Tomlinson
as a pioneer of the
concept, where the
first iteration was
designed to store,
collate, and
analyze data about
land usage in
Canada.
6
GIS History
• The era of commercialization: 1980s – 90s
• The era of exploitation: The 21st century
7
The era of innovation
Year
Type
1970‟s
Event
1957
Application
First known automated mapping produced (Swedish
meteorologists and British biologists)
1963
Technology
CGIS development initiated
1963
General
URISA established
1964
Academic
Harvard Lab established (SYMAP, 1966)
1967
Technology
DIME developed (for 1970 US Census)
1967
Academic
UK experimental cartography unit (ECU) formed
1969
Commercial
ESRI formed (Jack Dangermond)
1969
Commercial
Intergraph formed (Jim Meadlock)
1969
Academic
„Design with Nature‟ published (Ian McHarg)
1969
Academic
First technical GIS textbook (Nordbeck & Rystedt)
1972
Technology
Landsat 1 launched (ERTS-1)
1973
General
First digitizing production line (Ordnance Survey, UK)
1974
Academic
AutoCarto 1 conference
1976
Academic
GIMMS (Tom Waugh)
1977
Academic
Topological data structures (ODYSSEY GIS)
8
The era of commercialization
1980‟s
Year
Type
Event
1981
Commercial ArcInfo launched (first major commerical GIS
software)
1984
Academic
„Basic Readings in GIS‟ published (Marble, et al.)
1985
Technology
GPS operational
1986
Academic
„Principle of GIS and Land Resource Assessment‟
(Burrough)
1986
Commercial MapInfo formed (first desktop GIS product)
1987
Academic
IJGIS launched (first academic journal)
1987
General
Chorley Report („Handling Geographical Information‟,
UK)
1988
General
GISWorld begins (first world-wide GIS magazine)
1988
Technology
TIGER announced US census
1988
Academic
US and UK research centres announced (US NCGIA,
UK RRL)
9
The era of commercialization
1990‟s
Year
Type
Event
1991
Academic
„GIS: Principles and Applications‟ published (Maguire,
et al.)
1992
Technical
Digital Chart of the World released (US Defence
Mapping Agency)
1994
General
Executive Order signed by President Clinton (NSDI)
1994
General
OpenGIS Consortium born
1995
General
First complete national mapping coverage (Great
Britain‟s Ordnance Survey)
1996
Technology
Internet GIS products introduced
1996
Commercial MapQuest (Internet mapping service, later purchased
by AOL for $1.1 billion)
1999
General
GIS Day (first GIS Day attracted over 1.2 million
global participants)
10
The era of exploitation
2000‟s
Year
Type
Event
1999
Commercial
IKONOS
2000
Commercial
GIS passes $7 billion
2000
General
GIS has 1 million core users
2002
General
Launch of online National Atlas of the US
2003
General
Launch of online national statistics for the UK
2003
General
Launch of geospatial one-stop (US federal egovernment)
2004
General
National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA)
formed
2006
Technology
Launch of Google Earth
2007
Commercial
Pitney Bowes purchased MapInfo ($408 million)
2007
Commercial
Navtech was purchased by Nokia (street data
provider, $8.1 billion)
2008
……..
2015
Commercial
………………
TeleAtlas purchased by TomTom (street data
provider, $2.9 billion)………………….
………………………………………
11
What is GIS ?
12
What is GIS ?



Geographic 
Information
System

Maps
 Data
Computerized
Survey Measurements

Tabular Data
(Attributes)
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What is GIS ?
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What is GIS ?
Problems Using Paper Maps
• Objects Can be Off the Map
• Information Can be Missing or Out of Date
• What You See is What You Get (Static)
15
What is GIS ?
GIS Makes Static Maps Dynamic
• Move Around Using pan/zoom/jump
• Change Symbology
• Show Multiple Information Sets
• Turn Information Sets on/off
16
What is GIS ?
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What is GIS ?
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What is GIS ?
Defining Geographic Information Systems GIS
‫عرف نظام المعلومات الجغرافية بأنه نظام حاسوبي لجمع وإدارة ومعالجة وتحليل البيانات ذات‬
ّ ُ‫ي‬
)features( ‫) أن تصف هذه البيانات معالم‬spatial( ‫ ويُمصد بكلمة مكانية‬.‫الطبيعة المكانية‬
‫ وهذه المعالم يمكن أن تكون طبيعية مثل السهول والجبال واألنهار‬.‫جغرافية على سطح األرض‬
. ‫وغيرها أو معالم حضارية مثل المباني والشوارع وشبكات الخدمات مثل الماء والكهرباء‬
“Computer tool for managing geographic feature location data
and data related to those features”
GIS is a tool for managing data about where features are
(geographic coordinate data) and what they are like (attribute
data), and for providing the ability to query, manipulate, and
analyze those data.
19
GIS (Describing Our World)
• We can describe any
thing of our world in
two ways:
Location Information:
Where is it?
51°N, 112°W
20
Attribute Information:
What is it?
Species:
Oak
Height:
15m
Age: 75
Yrs
What is GIS ?
The Purpose of a GIS
Allows the geographic features in real world
locations to be digitally represented so that they
can be abstractly presented in map form, and can
also be worked with and manipulated to address
some problem and also can be used for:

Operational Management

Decision Support System
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What is GIS ?
22
What is GIS ?
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What is GIS ?
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What is GIS ?
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What is GIS ?
What does GIS do?
Create Maps
Integrate Information
Visualize Scenarios
Resolve Complex Issues
Present Ideas
Develop Effective Solutions
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What is GIS ?
What does GIS do? (5 W)
• Condition (What is it...)
• Location (Where is it...)
• Trend (What has changed,What trends are occuring)
• Pattern (What is the pattern..., What is nearby?)
• Modeling (What if...)
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What is GIS ?
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What is GIS ?
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What is GIS ?
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What is GIS ?
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What is GIS ?
32
What is GIS ?
Where is a GIS from?(Origin of GIS)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Geography
Cartography
CAD and computer graphics
Surveying and photogrammetry
Remote sensing and space technology
….. other Systems
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‫? ‪What is GIS‬‬
‫‪ 1‬ـ أنظمة التصميم بمعونة الحاسب ‪:Computer–Aided Design‬‬
‫تتيح الوصول إلى لواعد البيانات ولكن بشكل محدود ‪ -‬إمكانياتها التحليلية‬
‫محدودة‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬ـ األنظمة الكرتوغرافية ‪:Computer Cartography‬‬
‫بنية المعلومات فيها بسيطة وتفتمر إلى العاللات المكانية ‪.topology‬‬
‫لدراتها التحليلية محدودة‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬ـ أنظمة إدارة لواعد البيانات ‪Database management systems‬‬
‫)‪:)DBMS‬‬
‫تخزن وتجمع وتعالج البيانات الوصفية‬
‫إمكانياتها الرسومية محدودة وتفتمر إلى إمكانية التحليل الجغرافي‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬ـ أنظمة االستشعار عن بعد ‪:Remote sensing systems‬‬
‫تجمع وتخزن وتعالج البيانات النمطية ‪raster data‬‬
‫تفتمر هذه األنظمة إلى المدرة على معالجة البيانات الشعاعية ( ‪vector‬‬
‫‪ - ) data‬إمكانية ربطها مع البيانات الوصفية محدودة‪.‬‬
‫‪34‬‬
What is GIS ?
GIS is not ..... simply a computer system for
making maps, although it can create maps at
different scales, in different projections, and
with different colors.
GIS is much more than mapping software. Maps
are only one of three views of a GIS. When
deployed with a clear strategy, GIS is a
technology that can change an organization
fundamentally and positively.
35
What is GIS ?
GIS Views
A geographic information system supports
several views for working with geographic
information:
1. Geodatabase view
2. Geovisualization view
3. Geoprocessing view
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What is GIS ?
GIS Views
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What is GIS ?
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What is GIS ?
39
What is GIS ?
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Contents?
• What is GIS?
• Components of GIS
• Function of GIS
• Benefits of GIS
• GIS Applications
41
GIS Components
• A working GIS integrates these key components:
– hardware
– software
– data
– people
– methods
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GIS Components
Hardware is the computer on which a GIS operates, including
the resources available to the computer:
– printers
Printer
– plotters
Scanner
– digitizers
– scanners
– monitors
Plotter
– network
– wide area communications
Computer
Digitizer
Today, GIS software runs on a wide range of hardware types, from
centralized computer servers to desktop computers used in
stand-alone or networked configurations.
43
GIS Components
• GIS software provides the functions and tools needed
to
– store
– query
– display
– analyze
– create
– modify
data.
44
GIS Components
Key software components are
– tools for the input, manipulation, and output of
geographic data
– a database management system (DBMS)
– tools for geographic query, analysis, and visualization
– a graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools
– tools to document data sources and quality (metadata)
45
GIS Components
GIS
software
programs are usually either vector or
raster based with capabilities in using both layer types.
Vector Based Software
• ArcView
• ArcMap
• MapInfo
Raster Based Software
• ERDAS Imagine
• IDRISI
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GIS Components
Data
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GIS Components
Data
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GIS Components
Data
• Possibly the most important component of a GIS is
the data. Geographic data and related tabular data can
be collected in-house or purchased from a commercial
data provider. A GIS will integrate spatial data with other
data resources and can even use a DBMS, used by
most organizations to organize and maintain their data,
to manage spatial data.
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GIS Components
Data
GIS Data
Models
Attribute
Data
Spatial Data
Vector Data
Point, Polyline,
Polygon
Type of Storing:
Shape file:.shp
Personal & File geodatabase:
mdb, gdb
Coverage: dwg, dxf, dgn
Raster Data
Pixel:
Picture Element
Type of Storing:
.jpeg, img, tiff,
gif, ecw, bmp,..
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Data
51
Data
Attribute Data arranged in Tables
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Data
Spatial Data
Represents features that have a known location
on earth.
Attribute Data The information linked to the geographic
features (spatial data) that describe those
features.
Data Layers
Are the result of combining spatial and
attribute data. Essentially adding the attribute
database to the spatial location.
Layer Types
A layer type refers to the way spatial and
attribute information are connected. There are
two major layer types, vector and raster.
Topology
How geographic features are related to one
another and where they are in relation to one
another.
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Spatial Data
Spatial or coordinate data represents features that have a
known location on the earth.
Points:
Line:
X & Y Locations
Connected X & Y
Locations
Polygon:
Connected X & Y
Locations that contain
attribute information.
Raster:
Row and column
matrix represent geographic
space.
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Attribute Data
Attribute data are the information linked to the geographic
features (spatial data) that describe features. That is,
attribute data are the “non-geographic information
associated with a point, line, or area elements in a GIS.”
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People
GIS technology is of limited value without the
people who manage the system and develop
plans for applying it to real world problems. GIS
users range from technical specialists who
design and maintain the system to those who
use it to help them perform their everyday work.
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Methods
A successful GIS operates according to a
well-designed plan and business rules,
which are the models and operating
practices unique to each organization.
Payoff
Switch
Yes
Yes
0
No
Choice_is_Correct
1
Switch
Yes
No
1
No
0
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Contents?
• What is GIS?
• Components of GIS
• Function of GIS
• Benefits of GIS
• GIS Applications
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GIS Functions
• Input: Data Input - aerial photography, scanning,
digitizing, GPS data.
• Storage: hardcopy can be stored flat in map
drawers. Digital data can be stored on CD, diskette
or on your hard drive).
• Manipulation
(digital geographic data can be
edited).
• Query & Analyze: see later
• Visualization: The ability to display your data,
your maps, and information about them.
59
Contents?
• What is GIS?
• Components of GIS
• Function of GIS
• Benefits of GIS
• GIS Applications
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GIS Benefits ?
Benefits of GIS
Less Data Redundancy
More Timely Information
Easy Analysis of Information
Improved Management of Resources
Adaptable to Change
Expanded Opportunities for Analysis
Simulation and Modeling
Valuable Tool for Decision Management
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GIS Benefits ?
Benefits of GIS
Revision and updating easier
Search, analysis and representation easier
More value added products
Data can be shared and exchanged
Productivity more improved
Time and cost saved
Better decision making
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GIS Benefits ?
Motivation to GIS
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GIS Benefits ?
Motivation to GIS
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GIS Benefits ?
Motivation to GIS
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GIS Benefits ?
Motivation to GIS
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GIS Benefits ?
Motivation to GIS
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Contents?
• What is GIS?
• Components of GIS
• Function of GIS
• Benefits of GIS
• GIS Applications
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Defining Geographic Information Systems GIS
GIS Applications
GIS Applications
Real World Applications










Public Utilities
Emergency 911
Engineering
Health Care
Environmental
Environmental Map
Agriculture
Marketing
Real Estate
Others
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Some Applications
Is it safe to dig here?
‫هل يمكن الحفر هنا‬
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Some Applications
What is the fastest route
to the Hospital?
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Some Applications
What is the fastest way to get to a fire?
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Some Applications
What
Communitie
s are at risk
from
Disease?
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Some Applications
Evaluating traffic flow
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Some Applications
Where is my Dream Home?
‫للعمارات‬
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Some Applications
‫اختيار أفضل مكان‬
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Some Applications
‫الصرف الصحي‬
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‫‪Some Applications‬‬
‫مجاالت الهيدروليكا‬
‫‪79‬‬
Some Applications
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Some Applications
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Some Applications
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Conclusions
• GIS is rapidly becoming a key technology to support
decision making at all scales.
• The near future will continue to see accelerating growth
in data availability and computing power to support
GIS.
• The strategic decision to make now is not whether, but
when and how to use GIS to support environmental
studies and decisions.
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Thank you
Any Question?
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GIS DATA
Dr. Maher A. El-Hallaq
Associate Professor of Geomatics – IUG
GIS Data
GIS Data
Models
Attribute
Data
Spatial Data
Vector Data
Point, Polyline,
Polygon
Type of Storing:
Shape file:.shp
Personal & File geodatabase:
mdb, gdb
Coverage: dwg, dxf, dgn
Raster Data
Pixel:
Picture Element
Type of Storing:
.jpeg, img, tiff,
gif, ecw, bmp,..
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
• Spatial data can be in either vector or raster format:
– Vector format is used when a feature has shape and size
and is stored in a shapefile (*.shp)
– Raster format is used when data has no distinct shape
(e.g. rainfall, wind, temperature, “greenness”, etc.) and is
often stored as an image file (*.img)
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
Raster
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GIS Data
Raster
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GIS Data
Vector data formats for storing point, line, and
polygon features. These formats include:
 Shapefiles
 Geodatabases
 Coverages(cad files ,dgn)
 Event tables
 Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINs)
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
Some advantages of a geodatabase are that features
in geodatabases can have built-in behavior;
geodatabase features are completely stored in a
single database; and large geodatabase feature
classes can be stored seamlessly, not tiled.
Storage of geodatabase features
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GIS Data
Manages features and tables inside a database management system
Personal geodatabase
 stores datasets in a Microsoft Access .mdb file
 storage sizes between 250 and 500 MB
 limited to 2GB
 only supported on Windows
 some higher level GIS functions can only be
performed if a geodatabase is created
101
GIS Data
File geodatabase
 stores datasets in a folder of files
 each dataset a file up to 1 TB in size
 can be used across platforms
 can be compressed and encrypted for read-only,
secure use
 ESRI’s recommended choice
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
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GIS Data
Coverages Vector Data
You can see that a workspace contains two coverages; a_coverage
and b_coverage. The a_coverage contains an arc feature class and
a tic feature class. This coverage has polygon topology, so it
contains a polygon feature class and a label feature class as well.
The dataset b_coverage is a line coverage, so it just contains arc
and tic feature classes.
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GIS Data
Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN):
TIN: is a series of triangles capturing the topography x, y, z at nodes
. Each triangle has a defined slope and direction (aspect).
DEM: Digital Elevation Model data are stored and processed as
raster GRIDS
114
GIS Data
Personal Geodatabase
Feature data set
Feature class (feature type = polygon)
Feature class (feature type = arc)
Coverage (= feature class)
Feature type (arc)
Feature type (point)
Feature type (polygon)
Feature type (point)
Coverage (= feature class)
Feature type (arc)
Feature type (point)
Locator (table)
Raster
Shapefile
Shapefile
ArcCatalog view
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GIS Data
Raster Data Format
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GIS Data
Raster Data Format
In a Raster model, the world is represented as a surface
that is divided into a regular grid of cells.
The x,y coordinates of at least one corner of the raster are
known, so it can be located in geographic space.
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GIS Data
Raster Data Format
 Raster models are useful for storing and analyzing data that is
continuous across an area. Each cell contains a value that can
represent membership in a class or category, a measurement, or
an interpreted value.
 Raster data includes images and grids. Images, such as an
aerial photograph, a satellite image, or a scanned map, are
often used for generating GIS data.
 The smaller the cell size for the raster layer, the higher the
resolution and the more detailed the map but increases the
total volume of data that must be stored.
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GIS Data
Raster Data Format
Supported image formats:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Windows bitmap images (BMP) [.bmp]
ESRI Grid datasets
IMAGINE [.img]
JPEG [.jpg]
MrSID [.sid]
National Image Transfer Format (NITF)
Sun rasterfiles [.rs, .ras and .sun]
Tag Image File Format (TIFF) [.tiff, .tif and .tff]
TIFF/LZW
GIF Graphic Interchange Format
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GIS Data
Summary of Data Models Used in GIS
Vector Data
Raster Data
• Discrete features
• Continuous features
• Points: wells, Tel. poles
• Uses grids and cells with
unique values
• Lines: roads, rivers
• Rainfall, surface elevation,
depths, soil erosion
• Areas: landuse, veg.
types, soil types
• Uses points with x, y
coordinates
• Simple data structure (rows
& columns)
• File size depends on cell
(pixel) resolution
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GIS Data
Advantages (Vector)
• Good Representation of data.
• Use small File Size.
• Accurate map output.
Disadvantages (Vector)
 Complex Data Structure.
 Expensive Technology.
 Analysis is Complex.
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GIS Data
Advantages (Raster)
•
•
•
•
Simple Data Structure.
Cheap Technology.
Analysis is Simple.
Same grid cell for several attributes.
Disadvantages (Raster)





Large Data Volume.
Inefficient use of computer storage.
Difficult network analysis.
Less accurate or attractive maps.
Loss of information when using large cells.
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GIS Data Collection
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GIS Data Collection
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GIS Data Collection
DATA SOURCES
• Existing data
– digital
– map and plan
– paper files
• low cost
• acquisition
– remote sensing
– photogrammetry
– field survey
• high cost
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GIS Data Collection
DATA Quality
In the absence of a Data Quality Report, ask questions about
undocumented data before you use it.
 What is the age of the data?
 Where did it come from?
 In what medium was it originally produced?
 To what map scale was the data digitized?
 What projection, coordinate system, and datum were used in
maps?
 What was the density of observations used for its compilation?
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GIS Data Collection
DATA Quality
 How accurate are positional and attribute features?
 Does the data seem logical and consistent?
 Is the data relevant to the project at hand?
 In what format is the data kept?
 How was the data checked?
 Why was the data compiled?
 What is the reliability of the provider?
 Others
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GIS Data Collection
Attribute Management_ types of fields
Text
The text data type is a fixed length sequence of
characters/text. This is the data type you will likely
use to record most of your attribute data. Make
sure that you set aside enough length to allow for
your attribute descriptions.
Short The most basic numeric data type is the short
Integer integer. The actual numeric value for a short
integer is approximately between -32,000 and
+32,000. Both short and long integers can store
only real numbers. That is to say that you
cannot have fractions, or numbers to the right of
the decimal place. To store data with decimal
values, you will need to use either a float or a
double data type.
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GIS Data Collection
Types of fields
Long The actual range for a long integer is
Integer approximately between -2 billion and +2 billion.
Both short and long integers can store only real
numbers. That is to say that you cannot have
fractions, or numbers to the right of the decimal
place. To store data with decimal values, you will
need to use either a float or a double data type.
Date
The date data type can store dates, times, or date
and times. The default format in which the
information is presented is mm/dd/yyyy
hh:mm:ss and a specification of AM or PM.
When you enter date fields in the table, they will
be converted to this format.
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GIS Data Collection
Types of fields
Float
A float is a four-byte number and can store up to
seven significant digits, both positive and negative.
The double data type can also store decimals
places. Leave the default precision and scale when
you are adding floats.
Double A double is an eight-byte number and can store up
to 15 significant digits, both positive and negative.
The double data type can also store decimals
places. You will be using the double data type for your
Latitude and Longitude fields. Leave the default
precision and scale when you are adding doubles.
Blob
A BLOB, stands for binary large object. This data type
is for items such as images, multimedia, or bits of
code that are too large to be stored as a other data
types.
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GIS Data Collection
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GIS Data Collection
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GIS Data Collection
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GIS Data Collection
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GIS Data
 Table Digitizing traces
objects on a paper map
Uses a digitizing tablet
 Heads-up Digitizing
traces objects on the screen
Scanned map, air photo or
satellite image
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GIS Data Collection
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GIS Software
Dr. Maher A. El-Hallaq
Associate Professor of Geomatics – IUG
GIS Software
Major Software Subsystems
1. A data input subsystem which collects and/or processes
spatial data derived from existing maps, remote sensors, etc.
2. A data storage and retrieval subsystem which organizes the
spatial data in a form which permits it to be quickly retrieved by
the user for subsequent analysis, as well as permitting rapid
and accurate updates and corrections to be made to the
database.
3. A data manipulation and analysis subsystem which
performs a variety of tasks such as changing the form of the
data through user-defined aggregation rules. This subsystem
is the main component that gives GIS its power and
distinguishes it from other computer systems such as CAD and
other graphics systems.
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GIS Software
Major Software Subsystems
4. A data reporting subsystem which is capable of displaying all
or part of the original database as well as manipulated data
and output from spatial models in tabular or map form. The
creation of these map displays involves what is called digital or
computer cartography.
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GIS Software
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Popular GIS Software
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GIS Software
ArcMap
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ArcMap
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ArcMap Levels
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GIS Software
ArcCatalog
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ArcCatalog
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ArcCatalog
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GIS Software
ArcCatalog
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GIS Software
ArcIMS
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ArcIMS
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GIS Software
ArcGIS Explorer
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GIS Software
What is ArcGIS?
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GIS Software
ArcCatalog
for organizing and managing spatial and tabular data
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ArcCatalog
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ArcCatalog Data Types
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GIS Data Types
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GIS Data Types
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GIS Data Types
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GIS Data Types
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GIS Data Types
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GIS Data Types
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GIS Data Types
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GIS Data Types
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GIS Data Types
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ArcMap
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ArcMap
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ArcMap Levels
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GIS Software
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GIS Software
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GIS Software
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GIS Software
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GIS Software
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GIS Software
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GIS Georeference
Dr. Maher A. El-Hallaq
Associate Professor of Geomatics – IUG
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GIS Topology
Dr. Maher A. El-Hallaq
Associate Professor of Geomatics – IUG
TOPOLOGY
Topology is a branch of mathematics that deals with the
geometric properties of figures, that do not change when the
forms of these figures are bent, stretched or undergo similar
transformations.
It is easy for the human eye to look into a map and discover
and realize the different topological relationships between
objects. However, the computer does not have such eyes.
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TOPOLOGY
Examples of two different figures having identical topology
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TOPOLOGY
Geometry & Topology of Vector Data
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TOPOLOGY
Topological Relationships
1. Connectivity: identifying which chains are connected at
which nodes.
2. Direction: defining a “from node” and a “to node” of a
chain. This is important in GIS for establishing such
things as which way a river flows, or the direction traffic
moves on one-way streets.
3. Adjacency: identifying which polygons are on the left
and which are on the right side of a chain.
4. Nestedness: specifying what simple spatial objects are
within a polygon. They could be nodes, chains or other
smaller polygons.
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TOPOLOGY
Example
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TOPOLOGY
Example
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Example
Topological data structure [Node]
Example of Topological Relationships
Based upon these nodes, "arcs" are defined. These arcs have
endpoints, but they are also assigned a direction indicated by
the arrowheads. The starting point of the vector is referred to
as the "from node" and the destination the "to node." The
orientation of given vector can be assigned in either direction,
as long as
this direction is
recorded
and stored in
the database.
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Example
Topological data structure [Chain]
Example of Topological Relationships
“Polygons" are defined by arcs. To define a given
polygon, trace around its area in a clockwise direction
recording the component arcs and their orientations. If
an arc has to be followed in its reverse orientation to
make the tracing, it is assigned a negative sign in the
database.
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Example of Topological Relationships
Finally, for each arc, one records which polygon lies to the
left and right side of its direction of orientation. If an arc is on
the edge of the study area, it is bounded by the "universe."
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Example
Topological data structure [Polygon]
GIS Project
Dr. Maher A. El-Hallaq
Associate Professor of Geomatics – IUG
Planning a GIS project
The scenario for the project involves finding the best site
for a new wastewater treatment plant for a fictitious
City.
• To find a suitable site you will need to know the site
selection criteria.
• You‟ll then need to identify the data needed to address
these criteria and
• use the data to find suitable sites for the plant. These
are fundamental elements of a GIS analysis project.
The steps in a GIS project
Step 1: Identify your objectives
Step 2: Create a project database
Step 3: Analyze the data
Step 4: Present the results
Step 1: Identify your objectives
You should consider the following questions when you are
identifying your objectives:
1. What is the problem to solve? How is it solved now?
2. Are there alternate ways to solve it using a GIS?
3. What are the final products of the project, reports, working
maps, presentation-quality maps?
4. Who is the intended audience of these products. The
public, technicians, planners, officials?
5. Will the data be used for other purposes? What are the
requirements for these?
This step is important because the answers to these
questions determine the scope of the project as well as
how you implement the analysis.
Step 2: Create a project database
The second step is to create a project database.
Creating the project database is a three-step process.
The steps are designing the database, automating and
gathering data for the database, and managing the
database.
1. Designing the database includes identifying the spatial
data you will need based on the requirements of the
analysis, determining the required feature attributes,
setting the study area boundary, and choosing the
coordinate system to use.
Step 2: Create a project database
2. Automating the data involves digitizing or converting
data from other systems and formats into a usable format
as well as verifying the data and correcting errors.
3. Managing the database involves verifying coordinate
systems and joining adjacent layers.
Creating the project database is a critical and time
consuming part of the project. The completeness and
accuracy of the data you use in your analysis
determines the accuracy of the results.
Step 3: Analyze the data
The third step is to analyze the data. As you’ve seen,
analyzing data in a GIS ranges from simple mapping
to creating complex spatial models.
A model is a representation of reality used to simulate a
process, predict an outcome, or analyze a problem.
A spatial model involves applying one or more of three
categories of GIS function to some spatial data. These
functions are:
Step 3: Analyze the data
• Geometric modeling functions. calculating distances,
generating buffers, and calculating areas and perimeters.
• Coincidence modeling functions. overlaying datasets
to find places where values coincide.
• Adjacency modeling functions. allocating, path finding,
and redistricting.
With a GIS you can quickly perform analyses that would be
impossible or extremely time consuming if done by hand.
You create alternative scenarios by changing your
methods or parameters and running the analysis again.
Step 4: Present the results
The fourth step is to present the results of your analysis:
• Your final product should effectively communicate your
findings to your audience. In most cases, the results of a
GIS analysis can best be shown on a map.
• Charts and reports of selected data are two other ways
of presenting your results. You can print charts and
reports
• Separately, embed them in documents created by other
applications, or place them on your map.
‫إيجاد (الطريك األمثل) بين نمطتين‬
‫الطريك الحالي يسبب االنزالق بسبب مروره بمناطك صخور بركانية‬
‫الشروط‬
‫‪ .1‬االبتعاد قدر اإلمكان عن مناطق الجبال و الوديان‬
‫ألنها تزيد كلفة الحفر و الردم‬
‫‪ .2‬محاولة محاذاة الطريق الموجود حاليا ً قدر اإلمكان‬
‫لتقليل الكلفة و االستفادة من الجهود السابقة‬
‫‪ .3‬االبتعاد قدر اإلمكان عن مناطق الغابات و البحيرات‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬االبتعاد قدر اإلمكان عن مناطق الصخور البركانية‪.‬‬
‫في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية و ضمن خريطة المنطمة نموم بما يلي‬
‫‪ .1‬إدخال طبقة توزع االرتفاعات و االنخفاضات‬
‫‪ .2‬إدخال طبقة الطريق الحالي‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬إدخال طبقة توزع الغطاء النباتي‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬إدخال طبقة توزع التربة‪.‬‬
‫بعد إدخال بمية الشروط‬
‫تموم نظم المعلومات الجغرافية بإيجاد الحل‪:‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫الشروط السابقة محققة‬
‫قدر اإلمكان‬
GIS Project
Metro Route Site Selection in Gaza City Using GIS
and Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation
Data assembled in this study should include the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gaza population,
vital places,
road network,
traffic data,
land use,
ground water levels in the City,
soil type as well as
planning standards related to this kind of research.
GIS Project
GIS Project
GIS Project
GIS Project
GIS Project
IDENTIFYING ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
C1 =Population density, C2 = Number of vital places
C3 = Available parking, C4 = Traffic importance of
each intersection
C5 = Area of each intersection, and C6 = Land use.
GIS Project
WEIGHTING EVALUATION CRITERIA
GIS Project
GIS Project
GIS Project
GIS Project