Recent Trends in Genomic Biomarkers
Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head,
Technical Operations, Pepgra
Sales.cro@pepgra.com
In-Brief
Cardiovascular disease is a significant
health concern worldwide despite having
many genomics developments providing
valuable new candidates for better
biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
This blog focuses on recent trends in this
field of genomic biomarkers. DNA
microarrays, linkage analysis, genomewide association studies, and other
strategies give significant knowledge about
the heart's metabolic diseases. Consisting
of many benefits from these approaches,
but one must remain conscious of the
importance
of
phenotyping.
The
integration of new technologies promises
the discovery and validation of better
biomarkers of the presence of cardio
disease, its progression, and the response to
treatment in this blog.
Keywords:
Clinical research organization, Clinical
trial
Monitoring
Services,
Clinical
Biostatistics
services,
pharmaceutical
regulatory consulting services, healthcare
data analytics services, pharmacovigilance
literature search services, clinical study
design, Biomedical research, clinical study
protocol,
clinical
trial
protocol,
therapeutics clinical research
yielding a significant impact on morbidity
and mortality in Clinical research
organization. The number of patients
suffering from CVD (Cardiovascular
diseases) mounts, with an ageing
demographic. The economic and burdens of
these diseases will continue to grow, with
tremendous consequences in healthcare
systems. The search for better biomarkers of
the disease's presence and progression
response to treatment has become a matter
of urgency. Luckily, technological advances
have facilitated high-throughput assessment
and mining of the human genome, proteome,
and metabolome. In this context, molecular
signatures will be increasingly useful in
predicting, diagnosing, and managing heart
disease. The discovery and development of
biomarkers have benefited from the
emergence of high-performance genomic
and genetic approaches such as DNA
microarrays
and
single
nucleotide
polymorphism chips, respectively, in
Clinical trial Monitoring Services. The
ability to screen large populations for gene
expression levels and genetic linkage has
shed light on the complex interplay of
genetic factors involved in CVD. Molecular
signatures identify both in the clinical
management of disease and in elucidating
the mechanisms involved and provide novel
therapeutics for Clinical Biostatistics
services.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recent advancements in the incidence of the
cardio disease continue upward globally,
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II. ANALYZING THE GENE
EXPRESSION
Rise of technologies such as DNA
microarrays and analyses of gene expression
in various cardiovascular diseases are
significant to the pharmaceutical regulatory
consulting services. The amount of
transcribed genes and the related mRNAs
are detectable by the microarrays to discover
correlations of diseases, clinical outcome,
disease progression, and therapeutic
responses. Microarray analysis comparing
the expression of genes in non-failing hearts
and failing hearts. In a study, 288 genes
identifying as differentially expressed
between groups with non-failing and failing
hearts. Although none of the genes is
currently useful for clinical purposes, these
biomarkers can still provide therapeutic
benefits into the metabolic dysregulation
underlying the disease conditions with the
healthcare data analytics services. As
described, many of the genes up-regulated in
failing hearts, relative to those in the nonfailing hearts, connected with fatty acid
metabolism, whereas those down-regulated
relates to glucose metabolism using clinical
study design. It has triggered an
investigation into the use of drugs to shift
the lipid and glucose metabolic defines in
myocardial cells, as a potential treatment for
heart failures. Gene expression studies have
also highlighted the importance of
regulation of lipid metabolism in
atherosclerosis. Using mouse models,
identified numerous genes involved in lipid
metabolism contain expression differentially
in cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic
and non-ischemic diseases. A single
biomarker can provide sensitively and
specifically as the therapeutic or diagnostic
biomarker for the disease. Biomarkers of the
future expect to be multi-marker panels
characteristic of the disease processes'
complexity underlying pathophysiology.
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Only a small quantity of sporadic
atherosclerosis results from single-gene
defects in lipid metabolic pathways.
III. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION
STUDIES
Beyond
microarray-based
expression
studies, genome-wide association studies
provide a practical approach to discovering
genetic biomarkers. Gene variants, on
chromosome 9 and chromosome 4 have
connects to increased risk for CVD. The
applied genome-wide association scanning
found a 58 kb interval on chromosome 9p21
that was consistently associated with
coronary heart disease in six independent
cohorts, from more than four white
populations. Another similar finding found
an association between a similar region on
chromosome 9p21 and coronary artery
disease. In the study, two sequence variants
on chromosome 4q25 present to be strongly
connected with a clinical trial fibrillation
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among the three populations of European
descent. In some instances, the risk locus
identified via genome-wide association
studies contains genes that have yet to be
annotated and characterized. It may also be
unclear what these genetic variants induce
cellular and molecular differences. Indeed,
the newly identified susceptibility loci or
SNPs require studies to analyze their
involvement in CVD pathogenesis and
potential therapeutic analysis for testing.
Each SNP may likely have a modest
influence on the concentrations or function
of translated protein products. In contrast, a
specific set of SNPs can significantly impact
the pathobiology of a particular CVD. Like
genes identified in microarray studies, SNPs
contain valuable information for CVD
mechanisms and potential new therapeutics.
IV. LINKAGE ANALYSIS
Linkage analysis is another approach to
finding genetic biomarkers of heart diseases.
It permits the identification of infection with
DNA markers by examining the patterns of
heredity and disease phenotypes among the
family members. The linkage analysis
looked at families with early-onset coronary
artery disease and demonstrated an
association
between
GATQA2,
a
transcription factor, and susceptibility for
coronary artery disease. Recent studies in
Coronary Artery Diseases investigations
also revealed novel gene candidates, such as
LSAMP, a tumour suppressor gene, and
KALRN, a gene involved in the Rho
GTPase signalling pathway, to be associated
with coronary artery disease for therapeutics
clinical research.
It depends on the heterogeneity of the
population's size; the genetic biomarkers
detected may be significantly different.
Ultimately, the genetic biomarkers obtained
using various technologies will be
complementation. Future systems in biology
studies shed light in this regard and provide
a complete picture of each CVD's genetic
mechanisms. Genetic biomarkers may also
help uncover, the human genome contains
more than 22 000 genes. These current
trends of genetic biomarkers are listed in
this blog.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
McManus,
Bruce.
"Trends
in
genomic
biomarkers." Heart Metab 43 (2009): 19-21.
Radpour, R., Barekati, Z., Kohler, C., Holzgreve, W.,
& Zhong, X. Y. (2009). New trends in molecular
biomarker discovery for breast cancer. Genetic Testing
and Molecular Biomarkers, 13(5), 565-571.
Srinivas, P. R., Kramer, B. S., & Srivastava, S. (2001).
Trends in biomarker research for cancer detection. The
lancet oncology, 2(11), 698-704.
V. WRAPPING UP:
The critical factor to consider when
comparing different genetic biomarkers
studies is the selection of the patient cohort.
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