Appendix
C
Answers
These pages include numerical and short answers to chapter section questions, selected
Tutorial Practice questions, and Chapter Self-Quiz, Chapter Review, Unit Self-Quiz,
and Unit Review questions.
Unit 1
Are You Ready?, pp. 4–5
4. HH, NH, BO, LiF
9. covalent, ionic, hydrogen,
dipole–dipole, London
dispersion
10. NH3, H2O, HF
25. (a) NaOH(aq) S
Na1(aq) 1 OH2(aq), base
(b) HCl(aq) S
2H1(aq) 1 Cl2(aq), acid
(c) H2SO4(aq) S
H1(aq) 1 SO422(aq), acid
(d) HNO3(aq) S
H1(aq) 1 NO32(aq), acid
(e) LiOH(aq) S
Li1(aq) 1 OH2(aq), base
1.1 Tutorial 1 Practice, p. 14
(a) octane
(b) 3-methylpentane
(c) 1,3-dichlorobutane
(d) 2,4-dimethylhexane
1.1 Questions, p. 17
2. (a) 2,2-dimethylbutane
(b) 5-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane
(c) 3,6-dimethyl-4-(propan2-yl)octane
(d) 2-bromo-4-chloropentane
(e) 1,1-dimethylcylohexane
(f) propan-2-ylcyclopentane
(g) 3-methylhexane
9. dodecane
1.2 Tutorial 1 Practice, p. 21
1. (a) but-1-ene
(b) 4-methylhex-2-ene
(c) 4-methylhex-2-yne
(d) 4-bromo-3-methylcyclohex1-ene
1.2 Tutorial 2 Practice, p. 23
2. (a) trans-pent-2-ene
(b) cis-pent-2-ene
1.2 Questions, p. 27
2. (a) alkene
(b) alkene
(c) alkyne
5. (a) 1-bromo-2-butyne
(b) 4-methyl-2-hexyne
7. (a) cis-2-hexene
(b) trans-1-bromo-1-butene
9. (a) CH3CH5CHCH3 1 Cl2 S
CH3CHClCHClCH3
(b) CH3CH5CHCH2CH2CH3 1
HBr S
CH3CH2CHBrCH2CH2CH3
1.3 Tutorial 1 Practice, p. 30
1. (a) 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene
(b) 3-methyl-2-phenylpentane
NEL
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 735
1.3 Questions, p. 31
1. (a) chlorobenzene
(b) methylbenzene (toluene)
(c) phenylethene
(d) 1,3-dimethylbenzene
(e) 1-bromo-2-pentylbenzene
5. (a) 1,4-dichlorobenzene
6. (a) (i) bromocyclohexane
(ii) ethylbenzene 1
hydrogen chloride
1.4 Tutorial 1 Practice, p. 34
1. (a) pentane-1,4-diol
(b) 4-ethyl-3-methyloctan-4-ol
(c) benzene-1,3-diol
1.4 Tutorial 2 Practice, p. 37
H2SO4
2. C5H11OH 1l2 h
C5H10 1l2 1 H2O 1l2
1.4 Tutorial 3 Practice, p. 38
1. (a) ethoxyethane
(b) ethoxypropane
1.4 Questions, p. 39
1. (a) heptane-2,3-diol
(b) 3-methylhexan-2-ol
(c) 4-ethyl-5-methylheptan3-ol
(d) cyclopentane-1,3-diol
(e) 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene
(f) 1-propoxybutane
(g) 1-ethoxypentane
(h) ethanethiol
4. (a) 2-heptanol
(b) 1-butene 1 water
(c) ethoxypropane 1 water
5. 2 CH3OH 1l2 1 3 O2 1g2 S
2 CO2 1g2 1 4 H2O 1g2
1.5 Tutorial 1 Practice, p. 41
1. (a) pentanal
(b) 4-ethylhexanal
(c) 4-chloropentanal
1.5 Tutorial 2 Practice, p. 42
1. (a) butanone
(b) 2-methyl-3-hexanone
(c) cyclohexanone
1.5 Tutorial 3 Practice, p. 45
1. (a) pentan-2-ol, oxygen
(b) pentan-1-ol, oxygen
2. (a) ethanol
(b) butan-2-ol
3. (a) hexanal
(b) hexanone
(c) 2-methylpentanone
1.5 Questions, p. 46
2. (a) pentan-2-one
(b) hexanal
3. (b) CH3COCH3 1l2 1 H2 1g2 S
CH3CHOHCH3 1l2
4. (c) CH3CH2OH 1l2 1 3 O 4 S
CH3CHO 1l2 1 H2O 1l2
1.6 Tutorial 1 Practice, p. 48
1. (a) decanoic acid
(b) butanoic acid
(c) 3-methylheptanoic acid
1.6 Tutorial 2 Practice, p. 50
1. (a) ethyl pentanoate
(b) methyl decanoate
(c) butyl methanoate
(d) propyl benzoate
1.6 Questions, p. 55
2. (a) methyl pentanoate
(b) methyl butanoate
1.7 Tutorial 1 Practice, p. 58
1. (a) butan-2-amine
(b) N,N-diethylbutan-1-amine
(c) N-methyl-N-propylpropan1-amine
(d) octan-3-amine
(e) N-ethylbutan-2-amine
1.7 Tutorial 2 Practice, p. 60
1. (a) butanamide
(b) N-propylethanamide
(c) N,N-dimethylbutanamide
1.7 Questions, p. 62
1. (a) propanamide
(b) N,N-dimethylpropan-1amine
(c) N,N-diethylpropanamide
(d) 2-chloroheptan-4-amine
(e) hept-6-ene-2,4-diamine
Chapter 1 Self-Quiz, p. 71
1. (a)
7. (a)
12. F
2. (b)
8. (d)
13. F
3. (d)
9. F
14. T
4. (d)
10. F
15. T
5. (b)
11. T
16. T
6. (d)
Chapter 1 Review, pp. 72–77
1. (b)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (d)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (c)
8. (d)
9. (c)
10. (d)
11. (a)
12. T
13. T
14. F
15. F
16. F
17. F
18. T
19. F
20. F
21. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
22. (a)
(b)
(c)
24. (a)
(b)
(c)
25. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(vii)
(e) (iii)
(ii)
(f) (vi)
(iv)
(g) (i)
(viii)
(h) (v)
CH3CHCHCH2CH3 1 Br2 S
CH3CHBrCHBrCH2CH3;
addition reaction
C5H8 1 Br2 S C5H6Br2;
addition reaction
C6H6 1 Br2 S C6H5Br 1
HBr; substitution reaction
5O, C5C, 2OH
benzene ring, 2COOH
benzene ring, 2NH2
2OH, alcohol,
propan-1-ol
2COOH, carboxylic acid,
propanoic acid
2CHO, aldehyde, hexanal
2O, ether,
1-ethoxypropane
2NH2, amine,
methanamine
2C5O, ketone, pentan2-one
2COOC, ester,
propylethanoate
2CON, amide,
N-methylpropanamide
2C5O, ketone,
pentan-3-one
2COOH, carboxylic acid,
methanoic acid
conc.H2SO4
35. (a) CH3CH2OH h
CH2CH2 1 H2O;
dehydration
(b)
(c)
(d)
conc.H2SO4
2 CH3CH2OH h
CH3CH2OCH2CH;
dehydration
CH3CH2CH2OH 1 3O 4 S
CH3CH2CHO 1 H2O;
oxidation
CH2CHCH2CH2CH3 1
H2O S
CH3CHOHCH2 CH2CH3;
addition
(e) CH3CH2OH 1 3 O 4 S
CH3CHO 1 H2O,
oxidation;
CH3CHO 1 3 O 4 S
CH3COOH, oxidation
(f) HCOOH 1
conc.H2SO4
CH3CH2OH h
HCOOCH2CH3;
condensation
Answers 735
5/3/12 9:48 AM
2.1 Questions, p. 83
1. (a) natural polymer
(b) synthetic polymer
(c) synthetic polymer
(d) natural polymer
(e) natural polymer
(f) natural polymer
(g) synthetic polymer
(h) natural polymer
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
29. (a)
2.2 Questions, p. 93
1. chlorotrifluoroethene,
CFCl5CF2
2. (a) fluoroethene, CFH5CH2
(b) 1-bromo-2-chloroethene,
HBrC5CHCl
(c) phenylethene, C6H5CH5CH2
34.
2.4 Questions, p. 99
6. hexanediamine,
H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2
hexanedioic acid,
HOOCCH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
2.6 Questions, p. 105
5. (a) six: gly-ser-phe; gly-phe-ser;
ser-gly-phe; ser-phe-gly;
phe-gly-ser; phe-ser-gly
6. (a) hydrophobic
(b) hydrophilic
(c) hydrophobic
(d) hydrophilic
Chapter 2 Self-Quiz, p. 109
1. (a)
7. (b)
13. T
2. (c)
8. (c)
14. F
3. (b)
9. (d)
15. F
4. (d)
10. (d)
16. F
5. (d)
11. F
17. F
6. (c)
12. T
18. T
Chapter 2 Review, pp. 110−115
1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (a)
6. (c)
7. (d)
8. (c)
9. (d)
10. (d)
11. (a)
12. (d)
13. (a)
14. (a)
15. (c)
16. (a)
17. (a)
18. F
19. T
20. T
21. F
22. F
23. T
24. F
25. F
26. (a) (iii)
(b) (vi)
(c) (xi)
736 Appendix C
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 736
35.
37.
38.
42.
60.
61.
69.
71.
(vii)
(i)
(ix)
(ii)
(x)
(v)
(viii)
(iv)
3-bromo-3-chloroprop1-ene
(b) condensation
polymerization
(a) condensation reaction
(b) yes; HCl
water
amine and carboxylic acid
(a) glycogen
(b) cellulose
(c) DNA
(a) aldehyde
(a) 6
(b) pentose
(b) ii
butan-1,4-diol
Unit 1 Self-Quiz, pp. 118−119
1. (c)
17. (a)
33. F
2. (d)
18. (b)
34. T
3. (c)
19. (c)
35. T
4. (b)
20. (d)
36. T
5. (c)
21. (b)
37. F
6. (d)
22. (b)
38. F
7. (b)
23. F
39. F
8. (c)
24. T
40. F
9. (c)
25. T
41. T
10. (c)
26. F
42. T
11. (b)
27. T
43. F
12. (d)
28. F
44. F
13. (b)
29. F
45. T
14. (c)
30. F
46. T
15. (a)
31. F
16. (d)
32. F
Unit 1 Review, pp. 120−127
1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (d)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (a)
8. (a)
9. (b)
10. (d)
11. (a)
12. (c)
13. (c)
14. (c)
15. (d)
16. T
17. F
18. F
19. F
20. T
21. F
22. F
23. F
24. F
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
T
T
F
F
T
T
T
T
F
T
T
F
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
38. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
39. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
42.
46.
47.
48.
50.
53.
54.
58.
61.
62.
63.
64.
(iv)
(vii)
(x)
(v)
(iii)
(xi)
(viii)
(ii)
(ix)
(i)
(vi)
(ii)
(iv)
(iii)
(i)
2,2,4-trimethylhexane
5-methylnonane
2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane
3-ethyl-3-methyloctane
1,3-dichlorobutane
1,1,1-trichlorobutane
2,3-dichloro-2,4dimethylhexane
(h) 1,2-difluoroethane
decane
(a) 10
(b) 14
(c) 11
(a) CnH2n + 2
(b) CnH2n
(a) 5 (b) 4
(a) but-1-ene
(b) 4-methylhex-2-ene
(c) 2,5-dimethylhept-3-ene
Markovnikov’s rule
(a) 5-methylhex-2-ene
(b) hexane-1,4-diene
(c) 3,4-dimethylcyclohexene
(a) pentan-1-ol, primary
(b) 3-chlorobutan-1-ol, primary
(c) 3-methylhexan-3-ol, tertiary
(d) 2-methylcyclopentanol,
secondary
ketone
butan-1-ol, primary
butan-2-ol, secondary
2-methylpropan-1-ol, primary
2-methylpropan-2-ol, tertiary
(a) ketone
(b) primary alcohol
(a) pentanal
(b) 3-ethylhexan-2-ol
(c) 3-methylpentan-2-one
(d) 2-methylcyclohexanol
(e) hydroxybenzene
65. (a) cyclohexanone
66. (a) ketone: pentan-2-one
(b) aldehyde: butanal
(c) ketone: 4,5-dichlorohexan3-one
(d) aldehyde:
2,3-dimethylpentanal
70. (a) methanoic acid
(b) 2-methylpropanoic acid
(c) 3-ethyl-2-methylhexanoic
acid
(d) 4-chlorobenzoic acid
72. ethanol and butanoic acid
73. fatty acid
74. ethanol and benzoic acid
75. (a) aldehyde
(b) ketone
(c) amine
(d) carboxylic acid
(e) ketone
(f) aldehyde
(g) carboxylic acid
(h) amine
83. (a) cross-links
85. no
89. (a) polyester
(b) polyester
(c) polyamide
(d) polyamide
91. (a) rubber
(b) nylon, a polyamide
(c) carboxylic acid, amine
93. (a) carboxyl, amino
(b) peptide, water
(c) polyamide
95. no
99. no
102. ethanol
108. propane, propanamine,
and propan-1-ol
Unit 2
Are You Ready?, pp. 130–131
1. (a) ionic
(b) covalent
(c) ionic
(d) covalent
(e) ionic
5. (a) 5 protons, 5 electrons,
6 neutrons
(b) 25 protons, 25 electrons,
29 neutrons
(c) 25 protons, 25 electrons,
30 neutrons
(d) 17 protons, 18 electrons,
18 neutrons
8. (a) molecular
(b) molecular
(c) ionic
(d) ionic
(e) ionic
(f) ionic
21. (a) carbon tetrabromide
(b) chlorine dioxide
(c) dinitrogen monoxide
(d) sulfur hexafluoride
(e) dinitrogen tetroxide
NEL
5/25/12 1:32 PM
24. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
calcium chloride
iron(II) nitrate
carbon monoxide
calcium sulfite
ammonium nitrate
ammonium sulfide
copper(II) chlorite
sodium hypochlorite
mercury(II) sulfide
calcium acetate
3.1 Questions, p. 142
1. (a) (i) 35 protons, 44 neutrons
(ii) 35 protons, 46 neutrons
(iii) 94 protons, 145 neutrons
(iv) 55 protons, 78 neutrons
(v) 1 proton, 2 neutrons
(vi) 26 protons, 30 neutrons
(b) (i) 35
(ii) 35
(iii) 94
(iv) 55
(v) 1
(vi) 26
2. (a) 17
8 O
(b) 37
17Cl
(c) 60
27Co (d) 57
26Fe
(e) 131
53 I
(f) 73Li
3. (a) 56 protons, 54 electrons
(b) 30 protons, 28 electrons
(c) 7 protons, 10 electrons
(d) 37 protons, 36 electrons
(e) 27 protons, 24 electrons
(f) 52 protons, 54 electrons
22
4. (a) 34
16S
32 22
(b) 16S
3.4 Questions, p. 159
5. first shell: n 5 1, l 5 0, ml 5 0
second shell: n 5 2, l 5 0 or 1,
ml 5 0, 11, or 21
third shell: n 5 3, l 5 0, 1, or
2, ml 5 22, 21, 0, 1, or 2
6. (a) n 5 2, l 5 0, ml 5 0,
1
1
ms 5 or 2
2
2
(b) n 5 6, l 5 0, ml 5 0,
1
1
ms 5 or 2
2
2
(c) n 5 5, l 5 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
ml 5 24, 23, 22, 21, 0, 1,
1
1
2, 3, or 4, ms 5 or 2
2
2
7. a, b, c, e
8. a, b, c, e
9. a, b, c, e
12. 2, 8
3.5 Questions, p. 172
3. (a) Cr: [Ar]4s13d5, 6 unpaired
electrons; Cu: [Ar]4s13d10,
1 unpaired electron
6. (a) 3d
(b) 5p
(c) 6s
NEL
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 737
As: [Ar]4s23d104p3
Uuh: [Rn]7s25f 146d107p4
Ta: [Xe]6s24f 145d3
At: [Xe]6s24f145d106p5
F: 1s22s22p5
K: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
In: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10
4p65s24d105p1
2 2 2
(d) C: 1s 2s 2p ;
Si: 1s22s22p63s23p2;
Ge: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p2
7. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
8. (a)
(b)
(c)
Chapter 3 Self-Quiz, p. 185
1. (b)
7. (c)
13. T
2. (d)
8. (d)
14. T
3. (c)
9. (a)
15. F
4. (d)
10. T
16. F
5. (c)
11. T
17. F
6. (b)
12. F
18. T
Chapter 3 Review, pp. 186–191
1. (d)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (d)
5. (a)
6. (d)
7. (d)
8. F
9. T
10. F
11. T
12. F
13. T
14. T
15. T
27. (a) the first energy level
(n 5 1)
(b) Groups 1A and 2A
(c) metals
29. (a) 2
(b) 8
(c) 18
(d) 36
33. helium: 2, 2, 1s2
boron: 5, 5, 1s22s22p1
chlorine: 17, 17, 1s22s22p63s23p5
neon: 10, 10, 1s22s22p6
phosphorus: 15, 15,
1s22s22p63s23p3
34. (a) 1s22s22p63s2
(b) 1s22s22p63s23p6
(c) 1s22s22p4
(d) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1
(e) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10
4p65s24d105p66s14f 145d10
2 2 6 2 6
35. (a) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
(b) 1s22s22p63s23p6
36. (a) [Ne]3s23p2
(b) [Ar]4s23d5
(c) [Xe]6s24f 145d3
(d) [Ar]4s23d104p5
(e) [Rn]7s25f 10
37. (a) 23, [Ne]3s23p6
(b) 12, [He]
(c) 13, [Ar]4s23d5
38. (a) [Kr]5s24d1
(b) [Kr]5s24d105p3
(c) [Xe]
41. (a) boron
(b) beryllium
(c) chlorine
(d) sulfur
(e) vanadium
42. 5p
45. (a) As
(b) Ho
(c) Rb1
(d) I2
48. (a) 2, 4s2
(b) 6, 2s22p4
(c) 7, 7s27p5
(d) 3, 5s25p1
(e) 8, 3s23p6
(f) 5, 6s26p3
51. Li: 1 unpaired electron
N: 3 unpaired electrons
Ni: 2 unpaired electrons
Te: 2 unpaired electrons
31
55. (a) 151
63 Eu
21
(b) 118
Sn
50
56. (a) Br2, Rb1, Sr21
(b) Br gains a 4p electron,
Rb loses one 5s electron,
Sr loses two 5s electrons
57. Ca
63. (a) Al: 1s22s22p63s23p1
65. (a) paramagnetic
(b) not paramagnetic
(c) paramagnetic
(d) not paramagnetic
66. Fe21: [Ar]3d6; Fe31: [Ar]3d5
67. (a) Ca: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
(b) Ca: 1s22s22p63s23p64s14p1
(c) Ca21: 1s22s22p63s23p6
69. (a) Z 5 42
(b) Mo: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
3d104p65s24d4
(c) Mo: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
3d104p65s14d5
71. K2O, Rb2O, Cs2O
72. p1 5 26, n0 5 27, e2 5 24
4.1 Questions, p. 205
2. (a) (NH4)2SO4, Ca3(PO4)2,
K2O, KCl
(b) (NH4)2SO4, Ca3(PO4)2, P2O5
(c) (NH4)2SO4, Ca3(PO4)2
6. (b) I in I32; S in SF4; P in PF5;
Xe in XeF4
4.2 Questions, p. 216
2. (a) tetrahedral; 109.5°
(b) trigonal pyramidal; 107°
(c) bent or V-shaped; 104.5°
(d) linear; 180°
(e) trigonal pyramidal; 107°
(f) bent or V-shaped; 104.5°
(g) tetrahedral; 109.5°
3. (a) V-shaped; 120°
(b) trigonal planar; 120°
(c) linear; 180°
(d) linear; 180°
4. linear
5. all four have a trigonal planar
structure
6. all three have a tetrahedral
arrangement
7. (a) linear
(b) tetrahedral
(c) trigonal planar
(d) trigonal planar
(e) trigonal planar around
both C
8. (a) trigonal pyramidal
(b) trigonal planar
(c) linear
9. tetrahedral around first,
fourth, and fifth carbons;
trigonal planar around second
and third carbons
4.3 Tutorial 1 Practice, p. 220
1. (a) polar covalent
(b) polar covalent
(c) ionic
2. (a) H–H < C2H < B2H,
Mg2H < Na2H < O2H
< H–F
(b) Cl2Cl < I2Cl < P2Cl <
Al2Cl < Li2Cl < Rb2Cl
(c) C–C 5 C2S < C2H <
C2Cl < C2O < C2F
4.3 Questions, p. 221
1. (a) C < N < O
(b) Se < S < Cl
(c) Si 5 Ge 5 Sn
(d) Tl 5 Ge < S
3. (a) polar covalent
(b) polar covalent
(c) ionic
(d) non-polar covalent
(e) polar covalent
4. (a) Ge2F
(b) P2Cl
(c) S2F
(d) Ca2Cl
6. (a) O: δ1; F: δ2
(b) non-polar
(c) C: δ1; Br: δ2
(d) C: δ1; O: δ2
7. (a) correct
(b) incorrect; δ1I2Clδ2
(c) correct
(d) incorrect; non-polar
(e) incorrect; δ1P2Oδ2
8. (a) 1.5
(b) polar covalent
9. (a) O, F
(b) F
(c) N, Cl, Br
10. (a) ionic
(b) non-polar covalent
(c) polar covalent
(d) polar covalent
(e) non-polar covalent
(f) ionic
4.5 Questions, p. 229
4. (a) B: δ1; F: δ2
(b) N: δ1; Cl: δ2
(c) H: δ1; C: δ2
(d) no partial charge
Answers 737
5/3/12 10:28 AM
5. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
6. (a)
(b)
(c)
polar
non-polar
non-polar
polar
non-polar
polar
polar
polar
polar
polar
4.6 Questions, p. 238
4. (a) linear, trigonal planar,
tetrahedral
(b) sp and sp2
8. (a) sp3
(d) sp
(b) sp3
(e) sp
(c) sp3
(f) sp2
9. (b) 120°
4.7 Questions, p. 247
1. (a) HBr
(d) N2
(b) NaCl
(e) CH4
(c) I2
(f) HF
2. (a) CBr4
(b) F2
(c) CH3CH2OH
(d) H2O2
(e) H2CO
4. (a) OCS
(b) SeO2
(c) H2NCH2CH2NH2
(d) H2CO
(e) CH3OH
5. F2
6. (a) 78.5 °C
(b) 223 °C
(c) 242.1 °C
7. (a) London, dipole–dipole,
hydrogen bonding
(b) London, dipole–dipole,
hydrogen bonding
(c) London
(d) London, dipole–dipole,
hydrogen bonding
(e) London, dipole–dipole
8. H2NCH2CH2NH2
4.8 Questions, p. 254
2. (a) metallic
(b) molecular
(c) ionic
(d) molecular
6. (a) metallic
(b) ionic
(c) covalent network
(d) molecular
Chapter 4 Self-Quiz, p. 261
1. (c)
8. (c)
15. T
2. (a)
9. (c)
16. T
3. (c)
10. T
17. T
4. (d)
11. T
18. F
5. (c)
12. F
19. T
6. (a)
13. T
7. (d)
14. F
Chapter 4 Review, pp. 262–267
1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (d)
738 Appendix C
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 738
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
32.
33.
35.
36.
37.
39.
46.
48.
50.
51.
53.
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
T
T
F
T
T
F
F
F
T
T
F
S2O > N2S 5 S2Cl > P2S >
C2S
(a) carbon tetrachloride and
boron trifluoride
CF2H2 > CCl2H2 > CF2Cl2 > CCl4
(b) sigma bond
(b) sp
(c) C2Br bond is a sigma bond;
C2C bond is a triple bond:
one sigma and two pi bonds
(a) SiCl4
(b) NaCl
(a) one
(b) one
(c) none
(d) two
(a) 8 e2 surround central atom;
3 bonding pairs, 6 lone pairs
(b) 8 e2 surround central atom;
3 bonding pairs, 10 lone pairs
(c) 6 e2 surround central atom;
3 bonding pairs, 9 lone pairs
(d) 8 e2 surround central atom;
4 bonding pairs, 4 lone pairs
(e) 12 e2 surround central
atom; 6 bonding pairs,
18 lone pairs
(f) 8 e2 surround central atom;
4 bonding pairs, 12 lone
pairs
(g) 2 e2 surround central atom;
1 bonding pair, 0 lone pairs
(h) 6 e2 surround central atom;
3 bonding pairs, 18 lone pairs
(a) trigonal planar; 120°
(b) V-shaped; 104°
(a) linear
(b) tetrahedral around C;
bent around S
(c) tetrahedral around C
bonded to H; linear C
bonded to N
(d) trigonal planar
(a) B–H < N–H 5
Mg–H < Li–H < O–H
(b) Ga–Br 5 Ge–Cl < Sn–F <
Al–F
(c) P–H < P–S < P–Cl < P–O <
P–F
54. (a) polar covalent
(b) polar covalent
(c) ionic
(d) covalent
(e) covalent
(f) polar covalent
55. (a) Si: δ1; Cl: δ2
(b) Li: δ1; H: δ2
(c) Al: δ1; I: δ2
(d) Ge: δ1; H: δ2
56. O, F
57. (a) no
(b) yes
(c) no
(d) yes
(e) yes
58. (a) no partial charge
(b) no partial charge
(c) H: δ1; C: δ2
(d) C: δ1; N: δ2
60. (a) polar
(b) polar
(c) non-polar
(d) non-polar
(e) polar
62. (a) sp3
(b) no hybridization
(c) sp2
(d) sp2
63. (a) sp3
(b) sp
(c) sp2
(d) sp2
(e) sp
64. (a) sigma
(b) sigma
(c) sigma
(d) 1 sigma, 1 pi between C
atoms;
sigma between C and Cl
(e) 1 sigma, 2 pi
65. (b) 1 sigma, 1 pi
66. (b) p
71. (a) n-pentane
(b) HF
(c) LiCl
(d) hexane
72. (a) ethanol
(b) SiH4
(c) H2O
(d) C2H5OH
(e) C4H9OH
74. (a) ionic
(b) ionic
(c) metallic
(d) molecular
75. (a) ionic
(b) molecular
(c) metallic
(d) covalent network
76. (a) molecular
(b) metallic
(c) covalent network
(d) ionic
78. (a) SiC
(b) Na3PO4
(c) H2O
80. (b) trigonal planar; 120°
(a) 90°, octahedral
CH3OH
water
(a) V-shaped; 104.5°; polar; sp3
(b) tetrahedral; 109.5°;
non-polar; sp3
(c) linear; 180°; non-polar; sp
(d) linear; 180°; non-polar; sp
86. (b) trigonal planar around C
atoms; 120°; sp2
(c) non-polar
89. (a) no
(b) 12 valence electrons
82.
83.
84.
85.
Unit 2 Self-Quiz, pp. 270–271
1. (d)
16. (a)
31. F
2. (b)
17. (b)
32. T
3. (a)
18. (d)
33. F
4. (c)
19. (a)
34. T
5. (d)
20. (c)
35. F
6. (b)
21. (d)
36. T
7. (b)
22. (a)
37. T
8. (b)
23. (a)
38. F
9. (a)
24. (d)
39. F
10. (b)
25. F
40. T
11. (c)
26. F
41. T
12. (b)
27. T
42. T
13. (a)
28. T
43. F
14. (d)
29. F
15. (a)
30. T
Unit 2 Review, pp. 272–279
1. (b)
2. (d)
3. (c)
4. (d)
5. (c)
6. (a)
7. (d)
8. (d)
9. (c)
10. (d)
11. (d)
12. (d)
13. (c)
14. (d)
15. (c)
16. (d)
17. (a)
18. (a)
19. (b)
20. (d)
21. (c)
22. (d)
23. (c)
24. (b)
25. (b)
26. (d)
27. (b)
28. (c)
29. (d)
30. F
31. T
32. T
33. F
34. T
35. T
36. T
NEL
5/3/12 10:28 AM
37. T
38. F
39. T
40. T
41. T
42. F
43. T
44. F
45. F
46. F
47. T
48. F
49. T
50. F
51. T
52. F
53. F
54. F
55. F
56. F
57. (a) (i)
(b) (v)
(c) (x)
(d) (iv)
(e) (vii)
(f) (ix)
(g) (viii)
(h) (ii)
(i) (vi)
(j) (iii)
58. (a) (ii)
(b) (iv)
(c) (iii)
(d) (i)
67. no
68. 10, 11, 12
79. (a) n
(b) n2
(c) 2n2
81. (a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 4n 2 2, where n is the
principal quantum number
82. (a) Kr
(b) Mg
(c) Ru
(d) Ar
84. (a) P
(b) He
(c) H
(d) Ga
85. (a) 3
(b) 6
(c) 2
(d) 7
88. (a) F: 1s22s22p5
(b) C: 1s22s22p2
(c) Sc: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1
(d) He: 1s2
89. 2
91. (a) cation
(b) anion
(c) cation
(d) anion
92. (a) lose 1 e2
(b) gain 3 e2
(c) gain 1 e2
(d) lose 2 e2
NEL
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 739
101. K < Na < S < Br < O
102. (a) Ca
(b) F
(c) S
(d) Ge
103. F–H > O–H > N–H > C–H >
P–H
104. (a) ionic
(b) non-polar covalent
(c) polar covalent
(d) ionic
(e) polar covalent
(f) non-polar covalent
106. (a) (i) P: 1s22s22p63s23p3
(ii) S: 1s22s22p63s23p4
(iii) Br: 1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p5
(iv) Si: 1s22s22p63s23p2
107. (a) 3p
(b) 3p
(c) 4p
(d) 3p
108. (a) (i) B: 1s22s22p1
(ii) N: 1s22s22p3
(iii) C: 1s22s22p2
(iv) F: 1s22s22p5
(f) (i) B: sp2
(ii) N: sp3
(iii) C: sp3
(iv) F: sp3
109. (a) Be: sp; BeCl2: linear
(b) S: sp3; H2S: bent
(c) C: sp2; H2CO: trigonal
planar
(d) Si: sp3; SiF4: tetrahedral
110. CH3CH2CH2OH
114. (a) (i) intermolecular
(ii) intermolecular
(iii) intermolecular
(iv) intramolecular
(v) intermolecular
(vi) intramolecular
(b) covalent bonds, ionic
bonds, van der Waals
(hydrogen bonds, dipoledipole, London dispersion)
117. (a) metal
(b) ionic
(c) molecular
(d) molecular
(e) covalent network
(f) covalent network
(g) metal
119. (a) molecular
(b) covalent network
(c) covalent network
(d) molecular
(e) metal
(f) molecular
(g) ionic
(h) molecular
(i) ionic
(j) metal
(k) ionic
(l) molecular
120. B2H6: molecular;
SiO2: network;
CsI: ionic;
W: metallic
123. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
127. (b)
ionic
covalent
ionic
ionic
covalent
ionic
biacetyl: all 120o;
acetoin: C–C–O around
double-bonded carbon:
120o;
C–C–O around singlebonded carbon: 109.5o
(c) biacetyl: 11 sigma bonds
and 2 pi bonds
acetoin: 13 sigma bonds
and 1 pi bond
Unit 3
Are You Ready?, pp. 282–283
1. (a) chemical energy to kinetic
energy
(b) solar energy to electrical
energy
(c) electrical energy to thermal
energy
2. absorb
5. (a) absorb
(b) release
(c) absorb
(d) release
6. releases
8. (a) temperature
(b) concentration
(c) concentration
10. (a) 2 C8H18 1l2 1 25 O2 1g2 S
16 CO2 1g2 1 18 H2O 1g2
(b) 1.74 L
(c) 2.71 L
11. (a) 2 KClO3(s) S
2 KCl(s) 1 3 O2(g):
decomposition
(b) Fe2O3(s) 1 2 Al(s) S
2 Fe(s) 1 Al2O3(s):
reduction
(c) 2 C4H10(g) 1 13 O2(g) S
8 CO2(g) 1 10 H2O(g):
combustion
(d) 4 K(s) 1 O2(g) S
2 K2O(s): synthesis
12. (a) 2 C 1s2 1 O2 1g2 S 2 CO 1g2
2 CO 1g2 1 O2 1g2 S
2 CO2 1g2
(b) 50 L of CO and 50 L of
CO2
(c) C 1s2 1 O2 1g2 S CO2 1g2
(d) 49 L of CO2
13. (a) 24.4 kJ
(b) 4.8 3 102 g
(c) 1.52 3 1022 mg
14. (a) C3H8(g) 1 5 O2(g) S
3 CO2(g) 1 4 H2O(l)
(b) 18.3 g
15. (a) 18 mol
(b) 69 J
(c) 23.1 J/mol
5.1 Questions, p. 291
1. (a) potential energy
(b) potential energy
(c)
(d)
2. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
kinetic energy
potential energy
endothermic
exothermic
exothermic
endothermic
endothermic
endothermic
5.2 Questions, p. 306
2. qsystem: negative;
DH: negative;
qsurroundings: positive
3. (a) 2446 kJ
(b) 2891 kJ
(c) 2446 kJ
4. 9.4 8C
6. (a) C3H8(g) 1 5 O2(g) S
3 CO2(g) 1 4 H2O(g)
DH 8c 5 22220 kJ
(b) Cl2(g) S 2 Cl(g)
DH 8r 5 243 kJ
(c) 2 Fe(s) 1 3 O2(g) S
Fe2O3(s) DH 8f 5 2824 kJ
(d) HCl(g) S
1
1
H (g) 1 Cl2(g)
2 2
2
DH 8r 5 93 kJ
7. (a) Cu(s) 1 Cl2(g) S
CuCl2(s) 1 220.1 kJ
(b) C(graphite) 1 2.0 kJ S
C(diamond)
(c) AgCl(s) 1 127.1 kJ S
1
Ag(s) 1 Cl2(g)
2
5.3 Questions, p. 313
1. (a) 2183 kJ
(b) 2109 kJ
2. (a) 2158 kJ
(b) 21.17 3 103 kJ
4. 327 kJ
8. 220 kJ
9. 485 kJ/mol
10. 5695 kJ
11. exothermic
12. (a) CO2 1g2 1 H2O 1l2 S
H2CO3 1aq2
(c) 137 kJ/mol
13. (a) propane: 22057 kJ/mol;
methane: 2824 kJ/mol
(b) 2.5 mol
5.4 Questions, p. 318
4. (a) 22984 kJ
(b) 2746 kJ/mol
5. 29 kJ
6. 2623 kJ
7. 2713 kJ
8. 2461.3 kJ
5.5 Questions, p. 324
1. (b), (d)
2. (a) 2571.6 kJ
(b) 2393.5 kJ
(c) 571.6 kJ
(d) 21409.2 kJ
3. 5.45 3 103 kJ
Answers 739
5/3/12 9:48 AM
4. 22672.7 kJ
5. 2176 kJ/mol
6. 4360 kJ
7. 52.5 kJ
8. 230.58 kJ/g
9. (a) 222.7 kJ/g
(c) ethanol
10. (a) Ga(s) 1 5.59 kJ S Ga(l)
(b) DH°fGa1s2 5 0,
DH°fGa1l2 5 5.59 kJ
5.6 Questions, p. 330
3. T
Chapter 5 Self-Quiz, p. 337
1. (c)
8. (a)
15. T
2. (b)
9. T
16. F
3. (a)
10. F
17. F
4. (b)
11. F
18. T
5. (d)
12. F
19. F
6. (d)
13. T
20. T
7. (d)
14. T
21. F
Chapter 5 Review, pp. 338–343
1. (d)
2. (d)
3. (a)
4. (d)
5. (b)
6. (c)
7. (a)
8. (a)
9. F
10. T
11. T
12. F
13. T
14. F
15. F
16. F
17. F
18. T
19. F
20. T
21. (a) exothermic
(b) exothermic
(c) exothermic
(d) endothermic
22. (a) 54 kJ
(b) exothermic
26. 362 kJ
1
27. (a) Na(s) 1 Cl2(g) S
2
NaCl(s)
1
(b) H2(g) 1 O2(g) S H2O(s)
2
(c) Pb(s) 1 S(s) 1 2 O2(g) S
PbSO4(s)
(d) 6 C(s) 1 6 H2(g) 1 3 O2(g)
S C6H12O6(s)
3
28. 2 Al(s) 1 O2(g) S Al2O3(s)
2
DHf° 5 21676 kJ/mol;
3
2 Al(s) 1 O2(g) S
2
Al2O3(s) 1 1676 kJ
34. (a) 363 kJ
(b) 726 kJ
(c) 484 kJ
(d) 2726 kJ
740 Appendix C
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 740
35. (a)
(b)
36. (a)
(b)
68. (a) 2890.7 kJ/mol,
2283.0 kJ/mol
(b) 255.50 kJ/g, 210.10 kJ/g
8.77 J/g
43.9 J/g
5.9 kJ
59 kJ/mol
37. (a) HgO(s) S Hg(l) 1
1
O (g),
2 2
DH 5 90.7 kJ/mol
(b) HgO(s) 1 90.7 kJ S
1
Hg(l) 1 O2(g)
2
38. 126.0 kJ/mol
39. 120 kJ
40. (b) 77.2 kJ
(c) 13.1 kJ
41. (a) 234 kJ/mol, 254 kJ/mol
(b) 120 kJ/mol
42. (a) cyclohexane:
6 C 1s2 1 6 H2 1g2 S
C6H12 1l2 1 156 kJ
1-hexene: 6 C 1s2 1 6 H2 1g2 S
C6H12 1l2 1 74.2 kJ
(b) 23920 kJ, 24001.6 kJ
43. (a) 1504 kJ/mol
(b) 1515 kJ/mol
(c) 1665 kJ/mol
(d) 2266 kJ/mol
44. (a) 21228 kJ/mol
45. (a) 2183 kJ, exothermic
(b) 21282 kJ, endothermic
(c) 2109 kJ, exothermic
(d) 21930 kJ, exothermic
46. 218 kJ
47. (a) 227.7 kJ/g
48. 2100.9 kJ
49. 2852 kJ
50. 44 kJ
51. (a) 275 kJ/mol
(b) warm
52. 129 kJ
53. 615 kJ
54. 2117 kJ
56. (a) 21014.4 kJ
(b) 2282.9 kJ
(c) 2176.2 kJ
(d) 21409.2 kJ
(e) 221.3 kJ
(f) 237.1 kJ
57. (a) 2128 kJ
(b) exothermic
1
58. (a) 3 C(s) 1 3 H2(g) 1 O2(g)
2
S C3H6O(l)
(b) 2256 kJ
59. 2256 kJ
60. (a) 2803 kJ
(b) 2755 kJ
(d) endothermic
catalyst
61. (a) C12H22O11(s) S
12 C(s) 1 11 H2O(g)
(b) 2434.3 kJ
62. (a) C8H18(l) 1 3 H2(g) S
CH4(g) 1 2 C2H6(g) 1
C3H8(g)
(b) 296.6 kJ
64. 2900 g
66. (a) 2.1 3 1011 kJ
67. (a) propane: 250.4 kJ/g;
gasoline: 247.7 kJ/g
(b) propane
6.1 Questions, p. 361
1. 5 3 1023 mol/L?s
2. Fe21(aq): 0.20 mol/(L?min);
H1(aq): 0.32 mol/(L?min);
Mn21(aq): 0.040 mol/(L?min);
Fe31(aq): 0.20 mol/(L?min);
H2O(l): 0.16 mol/(L?min)
3. (a) (i) 2.5 3 1022 mol/L?s
(ii) 3.0 3 1022 mol/L?s
D 3 NO2 4
4. (a) rate 5 a
b;
Dt
4.0 3 1023 mol/L # s
5. (a) H2SO4 1aq2 1
2 NaHCO3(aq) S
Na2SO4 1aq2 1
2 CO2 1g2 1 2 H2O(l)
(b) (i) 0.16 g/s
(ii) 9.5 3 1024 mol/s
(iii) 1.9 3 1023 mol/s
6.2 Questions, p. 365
1. (a) nature of reactant
(b) temperature
(c) surface area
(d) nature of reactant
(e) catalyst
(f) concentration
(g) temperature
(h) temperature
(i) surface area
(j) catalyst
6.3 Questions, p. 372
1. (a) rate decreases
(b) rate increases
(c) rate increases
(d) rate increases
(e) no change
5. (c) heterogeneous
6. (a) C2H4(g) 1 HCl(g) S
CH3CH2Cl(g)
6.5 Questions, p. 382
1. rate 5 k[N2O5(g)];
k 5 1.19 3 1022 s21
2. (a) rate 5 k[NOCl(g)]2
(b) 6.6 3 1025 L/(mol?s)
3. (a) rate 5 k[I2(aq)][OCl2(aq)]
(b) 3.7 L/(mol?s)
(c) 8.2 3 1022 mol/(L?s)
4. (a) Cl2(g): 1; NO(g): 2
(b) triple
(c) increase four-fold
(d) 3.0 L2/(mol2?s)
(e) 8.2 3 1024 mol/(L?s)
6.6 Questions, p. 387
4. (a) rate 5 k[O3(g)]2
(b) 2 O3(g) S 3 O2(g)
(c) O(g)
5. (a) rate 5 k[C4H9Br(aq)]
(b) C4H9Br(aq) 1 2 H2O(l) S
Br2(aq) 1 C4H9OH 1
H3O1(aq)
(c) C4H91(aq); C4H9OH21(aq)
8. (a)
(b)
(c)
9. (a)
2 NO(g) 1 O2(g) S 2 NO2(g)
N2O2(g)
second step
HNO2(aq) 1 NH41(aq) S
N2(g) 1 2 H2O(l) 1 H1(aq)
(b) NH3(aq), NO1(aq),
NH3NO1(aq)
(c) no
Chapter 6 Self-Quiz, p. 395
1. (b)
8. (d)
15. F
2. (d)
9. (b)
16. T
3. (a)
10. (d)
17. T
4. (b)
11. T
18. T
5. (c)
12. F
19. F
6. (c)
13. T
20. F
7. (a)
14. F
Chapter 6 Review, pp. 396–402
1. (a)
2. (d)
3. (d)
4. (b)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (c)
8. (c)
9. (c)
10. F
11. T
12. T
13. F
14. T
15. T
16. F
17. F
18. F
19. F
20. T
38. 2
45. 1 or 2
49. P4(g): 0.00060 mol/L?s;
H2(g): 0.0036 mol/L?s
50. (a) 1.83 3 1025 mol/L?s
(b) 2.74 3 1025 mol/L?s
51. 1.94 3 1025 mol/L?s
52. (a) 2
(b) 1
(c) reactants: 0.100 00 mol/L,
0.05 000 mol/L;
product: 0.00 mol/L
(d) 2A 1 B S 3C
53. (b) 4.0 3 1023 mol/L?s
(c) 7.0 3 1023 mol/L?s
(d) 1.6 3 1023 mol/L?s
54. (a) increase
(b) decrease
(c) increase
(d) increase
63. (a) r 5 k 3ClO 2 1aq24 2 3OH2 1aq24
(b) third order
(c) quadruple
(d) double
65. first order; rate 5 k 3 RX 43OH24
66. (a) zero order
(b) first order
(c) order greater than 1
(d) second order
NEL
5/3/12 9:48 AM
67. (a) Cl2: 1; NO: 2
(b) third order
(c) L2/(mol2?s)
68. rate law: rate 5 k[Mg][O2]2;
rate constant: 2.0 L2/(mol2?s);
overall reaction order: 3
70. (a) rate 5 k 3CH3CSNH2 43OH2 4
(b) 2
(c) CH3CONH2 1 OH2 S
CH3CO2
2 1 NH3
71. (a) A: 2; B: 0; C: 1
(b) rate 5
(440 L2/(mol2?s))[A]2[C]
(c) step 3
(d) F, G
(f) yes
(g) no
72. A 1 B S P
73. (b) 3.0 3 1023 mol/(L?s)
(c) oxalic acid:
7.4 3 1023 mol/(L?s),
carbon dioxide:
0.014 mol/(L?s)
Unit 3 Self-Quiz, pp. 404–405
1. (d)
12. (d)
23. F
2. (c)
13. (c)
24. T
3. (b)
14. (a)
25. F
4. (b)
15. (a)
26. F
5. (a)
16. (c)
27. T
6. (b)
17. T
28. F
7. (a)
18. F
29. T
8. (a)
19. T
30. F
9. (c)
20. T
31. T
10. (c)
21. F
32. F
11. (c)
22. F
Unit 3 Review, pp. 406–413
1. (a)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (d)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (d)
8. (b)
9. (d)
10. (d)
11. (d)
12. (d)
13. F
14. F
15. T
16. F
17. T
18. T
19. F
20. T
21. F
23. (a) open
(b) closed
(c) closed
(d) closed
24. (a) endothermic
(b) endothermic
(c) exothermic
(d) exothermic
30. forming a P–Cl bond
NEL
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 741
36. (a) chemical nature of
reactants
(b) temperature
(c) presence of catalyst
(d) surface area
(e) concentration
43. 3.4 3 105 J; 340 kJ
44. 657 kJ
45. 35 J/(g?°C)
46. 1100 J/g
47. (a) 246.0 kJ/mol
48. 614 kJ
49. 1.96 3 103 kJ/mol
50. 2183 kJ
51. (a) 2101.5 kJ/mol H2O2
(b) 2274.5 kJ/mol CH3OH
(c) 21140 kJ/mol C2H2F4
52. 2643.1 kJ
53. (a) C 6H 12O 6 1s2 1 6 O 2 1g2 S
6 CO 2 1g2 1 6 H 2O 1g2
(b) 22802.7 kJ/mol
(c) 22425 kJ/mol
(d) 22790 kJ/mol
55. (a) S(s) 1 O2(g) S SO2(g)
DH 5 2296.8 kJ/mol
(c) 44.6 kJ
56. (a) C5H12(g) 1 8 O2(g) S
5 CO2(g) 1 6 H2O(l)
(b) 23536.3 kJ/mol
(c) 1000 kJ
59. (b) 0.170 mol/L
60. (c) (i) 0.092 mol/(L # h)
(ii) 0.046 mol/(L # h)
(iii) 0.18 mol/(L # h)
(d) 0.14 mol/(L # h);
0.058 mol/(L # h)
61. 0.2 mol/(L # min)
62. (a) 2.5 3 1022 mol/(L # s)
(b) 3.0 3 1022 mol/(L # s)
63. (a) 25.0 mL/s
(b) 5.8 mL/s
(c) reactant: methane
product: oxygen
64. the first reaction
66. (a) 1.47 mL/s
(b) (i) faster
(ii) slower
(iii) slower
73. (a) (i) double
(ii) halved
(iii) quadruple
74. (a) 1
(b) either
75. 0.006 3 mol/(L∙s)
76. 1.0 3 109 mol/(L∙s)
77. (b) [O2(g)]:
2 3 1021 mol/(L # s);
[CO2(g)]:
1 3 1021 mol/(L # s)
78. (a) 2 NO(g) 1 2 H2(g) S
N2(g) 1 2 H2O(g)
(b) N2O2(g); N2O(g)
(c) r 5 k[NO]2
79. (a) r 5 k[NO2Cl]
(b) (ii), (iii)
(c) no
80. (a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) yes
87. mechanism 1 or mechanism 3
88. step 2
7.2 Questions, p. 436
3 SiCl4 1g2 4 3 H2 1g2 4
1. (a) K 5
3 SiH2 1g2 4 3 Cl2 1g2 4 2
Unit 4
(c) K 5 3 H2O 1g2 4
(d) K 5 3 CO2 1g2 4
2. 1.6 3 1025
3. 8.0 3 109
5. (a) CO(g) 1 2 H2(g) S
CH4O(l)
(d) 160
6. (a) C(s) 1 CO2(g) S 2 CO(g)
3 CO 1g2 4 2
(b) K 5
3 CO 2 1g2 4
(c) 1000 °C
Are You Ready?, pp. 416–417
1. (a) standard ambient
temperature and pressure
(b) liquid, solid
(c) day 5
(d) evaporate
(e) yes
2. (a) Zn(s) 1 2 HCl(aq) S
ZnCl2(aq) 1 H2(g)
(b) 14 g
(c) 0.40 mol/L
3. (b) H1(aq), NO32(aq)
7. 200 g
8. (a) 4 NH3(g) 1 5 O2(g) S
4 NO(g) 1 6 H2O(g)
2 NO(g) 1 O2(g) S
2 NO2(g)
3 NO2(g) 1 H2O(l) S
2 HNO3(aq) 1 NO(aq)
(b) 16 mol/L
10. (a) 2.7 3 1022 mol/L
(b) no
11. (a) balanced chemical:
2 NaOH(aq) 1 H2SO4(aq) S
Na2SO4(aq) 1 2 H2O(l);
total ionic: 2 Na1(aq) 1
2 OH2(aq) 1 2 H1(aq) 1
SO422(aq) S 2 Na1(aq) 1
SO422(aq) 1 H2O(l);
net ionic: OH2(aq) 1
H1 (aq) S H2O(l)
(b) double displacement or
neutralization
(c) burette
(d) titration
(e) 60.0 mL
12. (a) x 5 2.6 3 104
(b) x 5 0.15
(c) x 5 −2.6 and x 5 0.88
7.1
2.
3.
4.
Questions, p. 428
(c) dynamic
(a) H2(g) 1 I2(g) m 2 HI(g)
[SO2] 5 0.75 mol/L;
[O2] 5 1.1 mol/L;
[SO3] 5 1.8 mol/L
5. [PCl5(g)] 5 1.80 mol/L;
[Cl2(g)] 5 0.200 mol/L
6. (a) no
7.2 Tutorial 1 Practice, p. 431
3 CO 1g2 4 2 3 O2 1g2 4
(a) K 5
3 CO2 1g2 4 2
(b) K 5
(c) K 5
(d) K 5
3 HCl 1g2 4 4 3 O2 1g2 4
3 Cl2 1g2 4 2 3 H2O 1g2 4 2
3 O2 1g2 4 3
3 O3 1g2 4 2
(b) K 5
3 PCl3 1g2 4 2 3 Br2 1g2 4 3
3 PBr3 1g2 4 2 3 Cl2 1g2 4 3
7.4 Questions, p. 446
3. increase
4. (a) left, K decreases
(b) right, K increases
(c) exothermic
7.5 Tutorial 1 Practice, p. 452
2. Time 1: no, shift left
Time 2: yes, no shift
3. (a) K 5 3 O 2 1g2 4
(b) no, shift left
7.5 Questions, p. 459
1. (a) N2 1g2 1 3 H 2 1g2 m
2 NH 3 1g2
(b) 0.500
(c) no; right
2. (a) no; left
(b) yes; no shift
(c) no; left
3. 3 NO2 1g2 4 5 4.28 31021 mol/L;
3 N2O 4 1g2 4 5 2.11 3 10 21 mol/L
4. 3.4
5. 5.6 3 1022
6. [SO2(g)] 5 5.45 3 1021 mol/L;
[NO2(g)] 5 5.45 3 1021 mol/L;
[SO3(g)] 5 1.06 mol/L;
[NO(g)] 5 1.06 mol/L
7. 0.20 mol/L
8. 3.0 3 1026 mol/L
7.6 Tutorial 1 Practice, p. 462
1. Ksp 5 3 Mg 21 1aq2 4 3 CO 22
3 1aq2 4
2. Ksp 5 3 Fe 31 1aq2 4 3 OH2 1aq2 4 3
7.6 Tutorial 2 Practice, p. 464
4. copper(I) chloride
7.6
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tutorial 3 Practice p. 468
yes
yes
no
yes
7.6 Questions, p. 471
3. (a) BaSO4 1s2 m Ba211aq2 1
SO22
4 1aq2
(b) Ksp 5 3 Ba211aq24 3SO22
4 1aq24
4. AgBr(s)
3 N2 1g2 4 2 3 H2O 1g2 4 6
3 NH3 1g2 4 4 3 O2 1g2 4 3
Answers 741
5/3/12 9:48 AM
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
11.
8.31 3 10217
2.2 3 1026
yes, Ca3(PO4)2(s)
yes
1.7 3 1026 mol/L
(a) CaCl2(aq) or Sr(NO3)2(aq)
Chapter 7 Self-Quiz, p. 479
1. (d)
7. (a)
13. F
2. (a)
8. (d)
14. T
3. (c)
9. F
15. F
4. (c)
10. F
16. F
5. (c)
11. F
6. (a)
12. T
Chapter 7 Review, pp. 480–485
1. (b)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (c)
6. (b)
7. (c)
8. T
9. F
10. F
11. T
12. F
13. T
14. T
15. F
16. T
17. (a) (iii)
(b) (iv)
(c) (ii)
(d) (i)
18. Reaction A: products;
Reaction B: reactants
20. [N2O(g)] 5 1.00 mol/L;
[O2(g)] 5 5.00 3 1021 mol/L;
[NO(g)] 5 1.00 mol/L
21. 9.7 3 1021 mol/L
3 O2 1g2 4 3
23. (a) K 5
3 O3 1g2 4 2
3 H2 1g2 4 4
(b) K 5
3 H2O 1g2 4 4
(c) K 5 3 N2 1g2 4 3 H2O 1g2 4 2
3 NO 1g2 4 2 3 Cl2 1g2 4
(d) K 5
3 NOCl 1g2 4 2
1
2
24. (a) N2 g 1O2 1g2 m 2 NO 1g2
(b) 2 NOBr 1g2 m
2 NO 1g2 1 Br2 1g2
(c) 3 H2 1g2 1 CO 1g2 m
CH4 1g2 1 H2O 1g2
(d) CS2 1g2 1 4 H2 1g2 m
CH4 1g2 1 2 H2S 1g2
25. 1.02 3 101
26. 1.66 3 1021 mol/L
27. 2.9 3 102
28. 4.30 3 1021 mol/L
29. 7.57 3 1021 mol/L
30. 2.7 3 1023 mol/L
31. (a) H2 1g2 1 I2 1g2 m
2 HI 1g2 1 energy
(b) right
(c) left
32. left
742 Appendix C
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 742
33. left
34. (a) 3 Z m 2 X 1 Y
37. (a) reactants
(b) products
(c) products
(d) reactants
39. no; right
40. 2.5 3 1021
41. 7.0 3 1021
42. [CO2(g)] 5 4.42 3 1022 mol/L;
[H2(g)] 5 4.42 3 1022 mol/L;
[CO(g)] 5 5.58 3 1022 mol/L;
[H2O(g)] 5 5.58 3 1022 mol/L
43. [I2(g)] 5 4.5 3 1022 mol/L;
[Cl2(g)] 5 4.5 3 1022 mol/L;
[ICl(g)] 5 4.1 3 1021 mol/L
44. 3.48 3 1023 mol/L
45. [H2(g)] 5 3.6 3 10217 mol/L;
[Cl2(g)] 5 3.6 3 10217 mol/L;
[HCl(g)] 5 2.0 mol/L
46. (a) Ksp 5 [Zn21(aq)][OH2(aq)]2
(b) 2.7 3 1026 mol/L
47. yes
49. no
50. lower
2
51. x
3
52. (b) 5.5
56. invalid
57. K is small
58. 6.4 3 1024 g
8.1 Questions, p. 494
2. (a) equal
(b) greater
(c) less
4. (a) HF 1aq2 1 H 2O 1l2 m
H 3O 1 1aq2 1 F 2 1aq2
(b) HNO 2 1aq2 1 H 2O 1l2 m
H 3O 1 1aq2 1 NO 2
2 1aq2
(c) HCO 2
3 1aq2 1 H 2O 1l2 m
H 3O 1 1aq2 1 CO 22
3 1aq2
(d) HCN 1aq2 1 H 2O 1l2 m
H 3O 1 1aq2 1 CN2 1aq2
6. (a) acid: HNO2(aq); conjugate
base: NO22(aq); base:
H2O(l); conjugate acid:
H3O1(aq)
(b) acid: H2O, conjugate base:
OH2;
base: NH3, conjugate acid:
NH41
7. (a) H3PO4 1aq2 1 NH3 1aq2 m
1
H2PO2
4 1aq2 1 NH4 1aq2 ;
acid: H3PO4 1aq2 ;
base: NH3 1aq2 ;
conjugate acid: NH41 1aq2 ;
conjugate base: H2PO2
4 1aq2 ;
amphiprotic entity:
H2PO42(aq)
(b) HCHO2(aq) 1CN2(aq) m
HCN 1aq2 1 CHO2
2 1aq2 ;
acid: HCHO2 1aq2 ;
base: CN2 1aq2 ;
conjugate acid: HCN 1aq2 ;
conjugate base: CHO2
2 1aq2
8. (a) Ka 5
(b) Ka 5
(c) Ka 5
3 H1 1aq2 4 3 F2 1aq2 4
3 HF 1aq2 4
3 H1 1aq2 4 3 CO22
3 1aq2 4
3 HCO2
3 1aq2 4
3H11aq243C4H7O2
2 1aq24
3 HC4H7O2 1aq2 4
9. (a) HCHO2 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2 m
1
CHO2
2 1aq2 1 H3O 1aq2 ;
acid: HCHO2 1aq2 ;
base: H2O(l);
conjugate acid: H3O1;
conjugate base: CHO2
2 1aq2
(b) C17H23NO3 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2
m HC17H23NO31 1aq2 1
OH2 1aq2 ;
acid: H2O(l);
base: C17H23NO3(aq);
conjugate acid:
HC17H23NO31(aq);
conjugate base: OH2(aq)
(c) HCO2
3 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2 m
H2CO3 1aq2 1 OH2 1aq2 ;
acid: H2O(l);
base: HCO32(aq);
conjugate acid: H2CO3(aq);
conjugate base: OH2(aq)
10. disagree
8.2 Questions, p. 509
1. H2O < H2S < HC2H3O2 <
H3O1 < HCl
2. Cl2 < NO22 < F2 < CN2
3. (a) 5.6 3 10211
(b) 2.3 3 1028
(c) 3.0 3 1027
(d) 1.7 3 1025
4. (a) 5.9 3 1026
(b) 5.9 3 1029
(c) 1.3 3 1028
(d) 1.0 3 10211
5. (a)[H1(aq)] 5
1.0 3 1029 mol/L; basic
(b)[OH2(aq)] 5
1.00 3 10215 mol/L; acidic
(c)[OH2(aq)] 5
2.0 3 1028 mol/L; acidic
(d)[H1(aq)] 5
1.3 3 1024 mol/L; acidic
(e)[OH2(aq)] 5
1.4 3 1021 mol/L; basic
(f)[H1(aq)] 5
8.3 3 1029 mol/L; basic
6. (a)[H1(aq)] 5 5.9 3 1024;
[OH2(aq)] 5 1.7 3 10211
(b)[H1(aq)] 5 3.8 3 10214;
[OH2(aq)] 5 2.6 3 1021
(c)[H1(aq)] 5 6.0 3 1023;
[OH2(aq)] 5 1.7 3 10212
(d)[H1(aq)] 5 1.1 3 1029;
[OH2(aq)] 5 8.9 3 1026
7. (a) 10.21
(b) 0.85
(c) 9.02
8. (a) 3.51
(b) 7.00
(c) 10.16
9. (a) [H1(aq)] 5
1.0 3 10212 mol/L;
[OH2(aq)] 5
1.0 3 1022 mol/L
(b) [H1(aq)] 5
2.9 3 1022 mol/L;
[OH2(aq)] 5
3.5 3 10213 mol/L
(c) [H1(aq)] 5
1.0 3 1023 mol/L;
[OH2(aq)] 5
1.0 3 10211 mol/L
(d) [H1(aq)] 5
4.9 3 10210 mol/L;
[OH2(aq)] 5
2.0 3 1025 mol/L
8.4 Questions, p. 525
1. (a) 2.5 3 1026 mol/L, 5.60
(b) 1.3 3 1022 mol/L, 1.89
(c) 3.7 3 1024 mol/L, 3.43
(d) 5.3 3 1023 mol/L, 2.28
2. (a) 0.50 %
(b) 0.021 %
(c) 4.0 %
3. (a) 7.9 3 1025
(b) 6.3 3 1024
4. 0.42%
5. 480 mL
6. 1.42 3 1024
7. 2.61
8. sodium bicarbonate
9. (a) 6.3 3 1025
(b) less
10. (a) 5.1 %
8.5 Questions, p. 530
1. (a) 11.47
(b) 11.60
(c) 11.49
(d) 10.31
2. (a) 9.1 3 1028
(b) 1.4 3 10211
(c) 1.6 3 1025
(d) 1.5 3 10211
3. (a) 9.94
(b) 9.50
4. (a) [H1(aq)] 5
1.1 3 10212 mol/L;
[OH2(aq)] 5 1.1 3 1022 mol/L;
pH 5 11.95
(b) [H1(aq)] 5
2.1 3 10210 mol/L;
[OH2(aq)] 5 4.7 3 1025 mol/L;
pH 5 9.67
5. [OH -(aq)] = 0.00080 mol/L;
pOH = 3.10; pH = 10.90
6. (a)[OH2(aq)] 5 0.45 mol/L;
pOH 5 0.35; pH 5 13.65
(b)[OH2(aq)] 5 3.75 mol/L;
pOH 5 20.57; pH 5 14.57
7. 2.2 mol/L
9. (a) HCO22 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2 m
HCO2H 1aq2 1 OH 2 1aq2 ;
3 HCO2H 1aq2 4 3 OH 2 1aq2 4
Kb 5
3 HCO22 1aq2 4
NEL
5/3/12 9:48 AM
(b) HCO2H 1aq2 1 H2O m
HCO22 1aq2 1 H3O 1 1aq2 ;
Ka 5
3 HCO2 2 1aq2 4 3 H 1 1aq2 4
3 HCO2H 1aq2 4
10. (a) no
(b) too dilute
8.6 Tutorial 3 Practice, p. 538
1. basic
2. acidic
8.6 Questions, p. 539
1. (a) neutral
(b) basic
(c) acidic
2. (a) greater
(b) less
(c) 7
4. (a) 4.88
(b) 7.00
(c) 7.00
(d) 0.767
(e) 9.60
(f) 10.71
5. (a) 2.81
(b) calcium oxide
8.7 Questions, p. 557
1. 1.447 mol/L
2. (a) 0.00375 mol; pH 5 0.602
(b) 0.00125 mol; pH 5 2.903
(c) 7.000
3. (a) 0.31 mol/L
(b) 4.88
4. (a) 0.59 mol/L
(b) 1.5 3 1022 mol
(c) 8.63
5. (a) 50.0 mL
(b) 2.01
(c) 8.49
6. 4.90
7. yes
8. (a) 5.00 3 1023 mol;
pH 5 2.872
(b) 7.2 3 1023 mol; pH 5 2.833
(c) 1.73
(d) amount: 5.00 mmol;
volume: 50.00 mL
8.8 Questions, p. 567
2. weak acid or base and its salt
3. (a) H3PO4 1 H2O(l) S
H3O1(aq) 1 H2PO42(aq);
conjugate base: H2PO42(aq)
(b) H2CO3(aq) 1 H2O(l) S
H3O1(aq) 1 HCO32;
conjugate base: HCO32(aq)
(c) HSO32(aq) 1 H2O(l) S
H3O1(aq) 1 SO322(aq);
conjugate base: SO322(aq)
(d) ClO2(aq) 1 H2O(l) S
HClO(aq) 1 OH2(aq);
conjugate acid: HClO(aq)
7. 4.02
8. 8.73
Chapter 8 Self-Quiz, p. 575
1. (a)
5. (b)
9. (d)
2. (c)
6. (d)
10. F
3. (c)
7. (c)
11. T
NEL
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 743
4.
13.
14.
15.
(b)
F
F
F
8.
16.
17.
18.
(d)
F
T
F
12.
19.
20.
21.
F
F
F
T
Chapter 8 Review, pp. 576–581
1. (b)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (b)
5. (d)
6. (c)
7. (c)
8. (d)
9. (c)
10. (b)
11. (d)
12. (b)
13. (b)
14. F
15. T
16. F
17. F
18. T
19. F
20. T
21. F
22. T
23. F
24. T
25. (a) (vi)
(b) (vii)
(c) (iii)
(d) (xi)
(e) (iv)
(f) (ix)
(g) (x)
(h) (viii)
(i) (i)
(j) (ii)
(k) (v)
27. (a) base
(b) acid
(c) base
(d) acid
28. (a) acid: H3PO4 1aq2 ;
base: H2O 1l2 ;
conjugate acid: H3O1 1aq2 ;
conjugate base: H2PO42 1aq2
(b) acid: H2O 1l2 ; base: NH3 1aq2 ;
conjugate acid: NH41 1aq2 ;
conjugate base: OH 2 1aq2
(c) acid: HBr 1aq2 ; base: H2O 1l2 ;
conjugate acid: H3O1 1aq2 ;
conjugate base: Br 2 1aq2
(d) acid: H2O 1l2 ; base: CN_ 1aq2 ;
conjugate acid: HCN 1aq2 ;
conjugate base: OH 1aq2
29. (a) fluoride ion; F2
(b) hydronium ion; H3O1
(c) hydroxide ion; OH2
(d) ammonium ion; NH41
30. HSO42(aq) 1 H2O(l) m
H3O1(aq) 1 SO422(aq);
2
HSO4 (aq) 1 HNO31(aq) m
H2SO4(aq) 1 NO32(aq)
31. (a) 2.4
(b) 7
(c) 5.14
(d) 0.60
(e) 13.65
(f) 10.08
(g) 11.8
32. pOH 5 14.00 2 pH
33. H2O(l) m H1(aq) 1 OH2(aq)
34. 1.0 3 1026 mol/L
36. large
37. 1.80 3 1025
39. 6.4
40. (a) [OH2(aq)] 5
1.0 3 1027 mol/L; neutral
(b) [OH-(aq)] 5 1.2 3 1029
mol/L; acidic
(c) [OH2(aq)] 5
1.0 3 1022 mol/L; basic
(d) [OH2(aq)] 5
1.9 3 10210 mol/L; acidic
41. 1 3 10210 mol/L
42. (a) products
(b) reactants
(c) reactants
43. (a) endothermic
(b) [H1(aq)] 5
2.3 3 1027 mol/L;
[OH2(aq)] 5
2.3 3 1027 mol/L
45. 11 %
46. [HCO32(aq)] 5
1.5 3 1024 mol/L;
[CO322(aq)] 5
4.7 3 10211 mol/L;
[OH2(aq)] 5
4.7 3 10211 mol/L
47. 1.80 3 1025
48. 2.9
49. (a) neutral
(b) acidic
(c) basic
52. (a) colourless
(b) green
(c) yellow
53. 3.38
54. 8.4 mL
55. (a) NH3 1 H2O S
NH41 1 OH2
(b) right
56. citrate ion
61. acid with Ka of 1 3 1026
66. hydrofluoric acid
67. Ka1 . Ka2 . Ka3
68. no
69. (a) stronger
72. (a) 2.72
(b) 2.87
(c) 3.02
(d) 3.22
(e) 8.78
(f) 12.15
74. methyl yellow
76. no
77. (a) 7.93
78. (a) lungs: Hb(O2)4;
cells: HbH441(aq)
79. (a) [H1(aq)] 5
9.0 3 1027 mol/L;
pH 5 3.02
(b) 0.079 %
80. (a) 3 NO2(g) 1 H2O(l) S
NO(g) 1 2 HNO3(aq);
SO2(g) 1 H2O(l) S
H2SO3(aq);
acidic solutions
81. (a) 200 mL
(b) (i) H2A(aq), H2O(l)
(ii) H2A(aq), HA2(aq),
H2O(l), Na1(aq)
(iii) HA2(aq), H2O(l),
Na1(aq)
(iv) HA2(aq), A22(aq),
H2O(l), Na1(aq)
(v) A22(aq), H2O(l),
Na1(aq)
(vi) A22(aq), H2O(l),
Na1(aq), OH2(aq)
(c) Ka1 5 1.0 3 1024;
Ka2 5 1.0 3 1028
89. no
90. no
Unit 4 Self-Quiz, pp. 584–585
1. (a)
15. (c)
29. F
2. (b)
16. (c)
30. T
3. (c)
17. (b)
31. F
4. (c)
18. (c)
32. F
5. (a)
19. T
33. T
6. (b)
20. T
34. T
7. (d)
21. F
35. F
8. (b)
22. T
36. T
9. (a)
23. F
37. F
10. (b)
24. F
38. T
11. (b)
25. F
39. F
12. (d)
26. T
40. T
13. (c)
27. T
14. (a)
28. F
Unit 4 Review, pp. 586–593
1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (b)
5. (b)
6. (d)
7. (b)
8. (b)
9. (c)
10. (d)
11. (a)
12. (c)
13. (c)
14. (c)
15. (c)
16. (b)
17. (a)
18. (a)
19. (d)
20. (b)
21. (a)
22. (d)
23. F
24. T
25. F
26. T
27. F
28. F
29. T
30. T
Answers 743
5/3/12 9:48 AM
31. F
32. T
33. F
34. F
35. T
36. T
37. F
38. F
39. T
40. F
41. F
42. F
43. T
44. T
45. T
46. F
47. F
48. F
49. T
50. T
51. F
52. F
53. T
54. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
58. no
72. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
73. (a)
(i)
(iv)
(iii)
(ii)
59. K 5
3 C 4c 3 D 4d
3 A 4a 3 B 4b
3 NO 4 2
60. (a) K 5
3 N2 4 3 O2 4
3 NO2 4 2
(b) K 5
3 N2O4 4
3 SiCl4 4 3 H2 4 2
(c) K 5
3 SiH4 4 3 Cl2 4 2
3 PCl3 4 2 3 Br2 4 3
(d) K 5
3 PBr3 4 2 3 Cl2 4 3
61. 4 molecules H2O;
2 molecules CO;
4 molecules H2;
4 molecules CO2
62. (a) left
(b) left
(c) right
(d) no shift
64. no; right
65. (a) H2SO4(aq)
(b) H2O(l)
(c) H3O1(aq)
(d) HSO42(aq)
66. (a) HBr 1aq2 m
H1 1aq2 1 Br2 1aq2
(b) HC2H3O2 1aq2 m
H1 1aq2 1 C2H3O2
2 1aq2
(c) HCHO2 m
H1 1aq2 1 CHO22 1aq2
67. (a) CH3NH31(aq),
CH3NH2(aq);
ClO2(aq), HClO(aq)
(b) HSO42(aq), SO422(aq);
HC2O42(aq), C2O422(aq)
68. C6H5NH31(aq)
69. NH3(aq) 1 H2O(l) m
NH41(aq) 1 OH2(aq)
70. pH 1 pOH 5 14.00
71. 100 times
744 Appendix C
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 744
5.62
6.00
6.636
8.04
[H1(aq)] 5
7.9 3 1027 mol/L;
[OH2(aq)] 5
1.3 3 1028 mol/L
(b) [H1(aq)] 5
9.8 3 10211 mol/L;
[OH2(aq)] 5
1.0 3 1024 mol/L
74. (a) [H1(aq)] 5
1.0 3 1027 mol/L; neutral
(b) [H1(aq)] 5
1.5 3 1026 mol/L; acidic
(c) [OH2(aq)] 5
1.6 3 1023 mol/L; basic
75. (a) 12.25
(b) 0.59
(c) 4.00
76. 5.0 3 10212 mol/L
77. 11.33
78. (a) 2.5 3 1023 mol/L
(b) acid
79. 1.0 3 1027 mol/L
80. H2SO4(aq) S H1(aq) 1
HSO42(aq); HSO42(aq) m
H1(aq) 1 SO422(aq)
81. basic; K2O 1s2 1 H2O 1l2 m
2 K1 1aq2 1 2 OH2 1aq2
82. (a) basic
(b) acidic
(c) neutral
(d) acidic
87. (a) K 5 3 CO2 1g2 4
88. (a) N2(g) 1 3 H2(g) m
2 NH3(g)
89. (a) yes
(b) right
(c) yes
(d) no
94. (a) (i) sulfurous acid;
H2SO3(aq)
(ii) perchloric acid;
HClO4(aq)
(iii) phosphoric acid;
H3PO4(aq)
95. products
101. (b) high temperatures
103. [H2(g)] 5 0.141 mol/L;
[Br2(g)] 5 0.021 mol/L;
[HBr(g)]5 0.398 mol/L
105. acid rain
106. 13.504
107. 1.89
108. 2.24
110. (a) 2.09
(b) yes
111. (a) 2.4
(b) 6.54
(c) 10.09
(d) 5.14
(e) 0.60
(f) 13.65
112. 10.7
115. 8.42
116. (b) yes
117. (a) 5.0
(b) 1 3 10210
118. 4.74
119. (a) 8.1
(b) pH 7.00: 0.083; pH 9.00: 8.30
(c) buffer pH: 8.08; pH after: 7.95
120. (a) 9.26
(b) 9.17
(c) drop from 7 to 2
121. highest: b; lowest: a
Unit 5
Are You Ready?, pp. 596–597
1. (a) atom
(b) ion
(c) ion
(d) atom
(e) atom
2. (a) loses 1 electron
(b) gains 1 electron
(c) gains 2 electrons
(d) loses 2 electrons
4. (a) gains electrons; negative
(b) lose electrons; positive
6. (a) acidic
(b) neutralization
7. (a) acid–base neutralization or
double displacement
(b) single displacement
(c) complete combustion
(d) double displacement
9. (a) 4 K(s) 1 O2(g) S
2 K2O(s)
(b) 2 Al(s) 1 6 HCl(aq) S
3 H2(g) 12 AlCl3(aq)
(c) C2H4(g) 1 3 O2(g) S
2 CO2(g) 1 2 H2O(g)
(d) 2 Fe(NO3)3(aq) 1
3 K2CO3(aq) S
6 KNO3(aq) 1 Fe2(CO3)3(s)
10. (a) reactants: hydrogen ions,
hydroxide ions;
products: water, ionic
compound (a salt)
(b) H2SO4(aq) 1 2 KOH(aq) S
K2SO4 1aq2 1 2 H2O 1l2
(c) 4 mol
11. (a) Zn 1s2 1 2 HCl 1aq2 S
ZnCl2 1aq2 1 H2 1g2
(c) Zn 1s2 1 2 H1 1aq2 S
Zn21 1aq2 1 H2 1g2
12. (a) precipitate forms
(b) Pb211aq2 12 I21aq2 S PbI21s2
13. (a) 1.0 mol/L AgNO3(aq)
(b) 2 AgNO3(aq) 1
K2CO3(aq) S
Ag2CO3(s) 1 2 KNO3(aq)
(c) 2 Ag1 1aq2 1 CO3221aq2 S
Ag2CO3 1s2
MnO2
16. (a) 2 H2O2(aq) h
2 H2O(l) 1 2 O2(g)
9.1 Tutorial 1 Practice,
pp. 601–602
1. (a) oxidation: Co(s) S
Co21(aq) 1 2e2 ; reduction:
Sn21(aq) 1 2e2 S Sn(s)
(b) oxidation: Pb(s) S
Pb21(aq) 1 2e2 ; reduction:
Ag1(aq) 1 e2 S Ag(s)
(c) oxidation: Fe21(aq) S
Fe31(aq) 1 e2 ; reduction:
I2(s) 1 2e2 S 2I2 (aq)
2. (a) oxidized: Co(s);
reduced: Sn21(aq)
(b) oxidized: Pb(s);
reduced: Ag1(aq)
(c) oxidized: Fe21(aq)
reduced: I2(s)
3. (a) oxidation: Ni(s) S
Ni21(aq) 1 2e2; reduction:
Cu21(aq) 1 2e2 S Cu(s);
spectator ion: Cl2(aq)
(b) oxidation: Cr21(aq) S
Cr31(aq) 1 e2; reduction:
Sn21(aq) 1 2e2 S Sn(s);
spectator ion: NO32(aq)
4. (a) Cl2(g) 1 2KI(aq) S
I2(s) 1 2KCl(aq)
(b) Cl2(g) 1 2I2(aq) S
I2(s) 1 2Cl2(aq)
(c) oxidation: 2I2(aq) S
I2(s) 1 2e2; reduction:
Cl2(g) 1 2e2 S 2Cl2(aq)
(d) oxidized: chlorine;
reduced: iodide
9.1 Tutorial 2 Practice, p. 604
1. (a) 0
(b) 14
(c) 11
(d) 15
(e) −3
2. (a) 12
(b) −4
(c) 14
(d) 0
3. (a) 14
(b) 14
(c) 16
(d) 17
4. (a) Na: 11; C: 14; O: 22
(b) K: 11; Cr: 16; O: 22
(c) H: 11; Cl: 17; O: 22
(d) Cu: 12; P: 15; O: 22
9.1 Tutorial 3 Practice, p. 606
1. (a) oxidized: Cu(s);
reduced: Ag1(aq)
(b) oxidized: Fe(s);
reduced: O2(g)
2. (a) oxidizing agent: HCl(aq);
reducing agent: Zn(s)
(b) oxidizing agent: SnO2(s);
reducing agent: C(s)
3. (a) H: 11; S: 22; O: 0; S: 14;
O: 22; H: 11;
oxidizing agent: O2(g);
reducing agent: H2S(g)
(b) C: 24; H: 11; O: 0; C: 14;
O: 22; H: 11;
oxidizing agent: O2(g);
reducing agent: CH4(g)
9.1 Questions, p. 607
2. (a) oxidation: Mg 1s2 S
Mg211aq2 1 2 e2;
NEL
5/3/12 9:49 AM
reduction: 2 H1 1aq2 1
2 e2 S H2 1g2
(b) oxidation: 2 Al 1s2 S
2 Al31 1aq2 1 6 e2;
reduction: 2 Fe31 1aq2 1
6 e2 S 2 Fe 1l2
3. (a) 0
(b) 16
(c) 22
(d) 21
(e) 12
(f) 23
(g) 13
(h) 17
(i) 22
(j) 14
4. (a) oxidized: carbon;
reduced: hydrogen
(b) oxidized: iron;
reduced: manganese
(c) oxidized: copper;
reduced: silver
5. (a) increases
(b) decreases
6. (b) oxidizing agent: SiCl4;
reducing agent: Mg;
reduced: Si; oxidized: Mg
(c) oxidizing agent: H2O;
reducing agent: CO;
reduced: H; oxidized: C
7. (a) reactants: P 5 23; H 5 11;
O 5 0;
products: P 5 15, O 5 22;
H 5 11
(b) reactants: K 5 11; Cl 5 15;
O 5 22;
products: K 5 11; Cl 5 21,
O50
(c) reactants: Pb 5 0, Pb in
PbO25 14; O 5 22; H 5
11; S 5 16;
products: Pb 5 12;
S 5 16; O 5 22; H 5 11
9. (a) CO2 5 14; C6H12O6 5 0
10. CO2 5 14; CH2O2 5 12;
CH2O: 0; CH4O: 22; CH4: 24
9.2 Tutorial 1 Practice,
pp. 613–614
1. 3 PbO2 1s2 1 4 NH3 1g2 S
2 N2 1g2 1 6 H2O 1l2 1 3 Pb 1s2
2. 2 H2S 1g2 1 O2 1g2 S
2 S 1s2 1 2 H2O 1l2
3. (a) 2 MnO42 1aq2 1 Br21aq2 1
2 H1 1aq2 S 2 MnO2 1s2 1
BrO32 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2
(b) I2 1s2 1 5 OCl2 1aq2 1
H2O 1l2 S 2 IO32 1aq2 1
5 Cl2 1aq2 1 2 H1 1aq2
4. (a) 2 MnO42 1aq2 1
3 SO322 1aq2 1
H2O 1l2 S 3 SO422 1aq2 1
2 MnO2 1s2 1 2 OH2 1aq2
(b) S22 1aq2 1 4 I2 1s2 1
8 OH2 1aq2 S SO4221aq2 1
8 I2 1aq2 1 4 H2O 1l2
NEL
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 745
5. (a) iodine gains 5 electrons,
sulfur loses 2 electrons.
(b) 2 IO32 1aq2 15 SO3221aq2 1
2 H1 1aq2 S 5 SO4221aq2 1
I2 1s2 1 H2O 1l2
6. (a) chromium loses 3 electrons,
chlorine gains 6 electrons.
(b) 2 Cr 1OH2 31s2 1ClO32 1aq2 1
4 OH21aq2 S 2 CrO4221aq21
Cl2 1aq2 1 5H2O 1l2
9.2 Tutorial 2 Practice, p. 616
1. (a) Zn 1s2 1 2 H1 1aq2 S
Zn21 1aq2 1 H2 1g2
(b) 2 HNO3 1aq2 1 Cu 1s2 1
2 H1 1aq2 S 2 NO2 1g2 1
Cu21 1aq2 1 2 H2O 1l2
2. (a) oxidation: CH3OH 1aq2 1
8 OH2 1aq2 S CO322 1aq2 1
4 e2 1 6 H2O 1l2 ;
reduction:
MnO42 1aq2 1 e2 S
MnO422 1aq2
(b) CH3OH 1aq2 1
4 MnO42 1aq2 1
8 OH2 1aq2 S CO322 1aq2 1
4 MnO4221aq2 1 6 H2O 1l2
9.2 Questions, p. 617
1. (a) oxidation:
Mg 1s2 S Mg21 1aq2 1 2 e2;
reduction:
2 H 1 1aq2 1 2 e2 S H2 1g2
(b) Mg 1s2 1 2 HCl 1aq2 S
MgCl2 1aq2 1 H2 1g2
(c) 2
2. (a) oxidation: Cu 1s2 S
Cu 11aq2 1 2 e2 ;
reduction:
Ag 1 1aq2 1 e2 S Ag 1s2
(b) oxidation: 2 Cr31 1aq2 1
7 H2O 1l2 S Cr2O722 1aq2 1
14 H1 1aq2 1 6 e2;
reduction: Cl2 1g2 1 2 e2 S
2 Cl2 1aq2
(c) oxidation: Ca(s) S
Ca21(aq) 1 2 e2 ;
reduction: 2 H1(aq) 1
2 e2 S H2(g)
3. (a) 3 H2O 1l2 1 5 ClO32 1aq2 1
3 I2 1aq2 S 5 Cl2 1aq2 1
6 IO32 1aq2 1 6 H1 1aq2
(b) Cr2O7221aq2 1 6 Cl2 1aq2 1
14 H1 1aq2 S 2 Cr31 1aq2 1
3 Cl2 1aq2 1 7 H2O 1l2
4. (a) Pb 1OH2 4221aq2 1ClO21aq2 S
PbO2 1s2 1 Cl2 1aq2 1
2 OH2 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2
(b) 5 H2O 1l2 1 NO22 1aq2 1
2 Al 1s2 1 OH2 1aq2 S
NH3 1aq2 1 2 Al 1OH2 42 1aq2
5. (a) 5 electrons
(b) 2 electrons
(c) 16 H11aq2 12 MnO42 1aq2 1
5 C2O4221aq2S 2 Mn211aq2 1
10 CO2 1aq2 1 8 H2O 1l2
2
6. (a) 4 Ag 1s2 1 8 CN 1aq2 1
O2 1g2 1 2 H2O 1l2 S
4 Ag 1CN2 22 1aq2 14 OH2 1aq2
7. (a) 16 H1 1aq2 12Cr2O7221aq2 1
C2H5OH 1l2 S
4 Cr31 1aq2 1 2 CO2 1g2 1
11 H2O 1l2
8. (a) oxidation: H2O2 1aq2 S
O2 1g2 1 2 H 11aq2 1 2 e2;
reduction:
5 e2 18 H11aq2 1
21
MnO2
4 1aq2 S Mn 1aq2 1
4 H2O 1l2
(b) 6 H1 1aq2 1 2 MnO42 1aq2 1
5 H2O2 1aq2 S
2 Mn211aq2 1 5 O2 1g2 1
8 H2O 1l2
9. 2 H1(aq) 1 2 NO32(aq) 1
SO322(aq) S SO422(aq) 1
2 NO2(g) 1 H2O(l)
10. (a)3 Cl2(g) 1 6 OH2(aq) S
5 Cl2(aq) 1 ClO32(aq) 1
H2O(l)
(b)Cl2: Cl 5 0;
OH2: O 5 22, H 5 11;
Cl2 5 21; ClO32:
Cl 5 15, O 5 22; H2O:
H 5 11, O 5 22
(b) H2O(l), Fe21(aq);
strongest: Fe21(aq)
6. (a) oxidation: Au 1s2 S
Au31 1aq2 1 3 e2;
reduction: NO32 1aq2 1
2 H1 1aq2 1 e2 S
NO2 1g2 1 H2O 1l2
(b) no
7. (a) Cu: Cu1, Au31; Au: none;
Zn: Cu1, Au31, Co21;
Co: Cu1, Au31
(b) oxidizing agent: Au31;
reducing agent: Zn(s)
8. (a) Cu21(aq), Pb21(aq),
Fe21(aq), Ba21(aq)
(b) Cu21 1aq2 1 Pb 1s2 S
2 Cu 1s2 1 Pb21 1aq2
9.3 Tutorial 1 Practice, p. 622
1. (a) oxidation: Co 1s2 S
Co211aq2 12 e2,
reduction:
Cu21 1aq2 1 2 e2 S Cu 1s2 ;
spontaneous
(b) oxidation: 2 I2 1aq2 S
I2 1s2 1 2 e2,
reduction: Br2 1l2 1 2 e2 S
2 Br2 1aq2 ;
spontaneous
(c) oxidation: Ni 1s2 S
Ni21 1aq2 1 2 e2,
reduction:
Zn21 1aq2 1 2 e2 S Zn 1s2 ;
not spontaneous
2. not spontaneous
3. yes, oxidation: Ca 1s2 S
Ca21 1aq2 1 2 e2,
reduction: 2 H2O 1l2 1 2 e2 S
H2 1g2 1 2 OH2 1aq2 ;
spontaneous;
Ca 1s2 1 2 H2O 1l2 S
Ca 1OH2 2 1s2 1 H2 1g2
4. MnO42 1aq2 1 8 H1 1aq2 1
5 Cr211aq2 S 5 Cr311aq2 1
Mn21 1aq2 1 4 H2O 1l2
Chapter 9 Review, pp. 628–633
1. (a)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (b)
6. (d)
7. (a)
8. (b)
9. (a)
10. F
11. T
12. F
13. T
14. T
15. F
16. F
17. F
18. T
19. (a) (iii)
(b) (ii)
(c) (v)
(d) (vii)
(e) (i)
(f) (vi)
(g) (iv)
20. (a) oxidation: Cr21(aq) S
Cr31(aq) 1 e2;
reduction: Cu1(aq) 1 e2 S
Cu(s)
(b) oxidation: Fe(s) S
Fe31(aq) 1 3e2 ;
reduction: Au31(aq) 1
3e2 S Au(s)
(c) oxidation: 2 I2(aq) S
I2(s) 1 2e2;
reduction: Br2(l) 1 2e2 S
2 Br2(aq)
21. (a) 21
(b) 22
(c) 23
(d) 13
(e) 14
9.3 Questions, p. 623
1. Au31(aq) > Hg21(aq) >
Cu21(aq) > Sn21(aq)
3. (a), (b)
4. (a) Cu21 1aq2 1 Fe 1s2 S
Fe21 1aq2 1 Cu 1s2
(b) yes
5. (a) H1(aq), K1(aq), H2O(l),
Fe21(aq), SO422(aq),
MnO42(aq);
strongest: MnO42(aq)
Chapter 9 Self-Quiz, p. 627
1. (b)
7. (b)
13. F
2. (c)
8. (c)
14. T
3. (d)
9. F
15. F
4. (b)
10. T
16. F
5. (c)
11. F
17. F
6. (a)
12. T
Answers 745
5/3/12 9:49 AM
22. (a) N: 1 3; Cl: 21
(b) Se: 1 4; O: 22
(c) Si: 1 4; S: 22
(d) S: 1 6; F: 21
(e) S: 1 2; Cl: 21
23. (a) O: 22; H: 11
(b) Cl: 1 5; O: 22
(c) Cl: 1 3; O: 22
(d) S: 1 6; O: 22
(e) S: 17; O: 22
(f) C: 0; H: 11: O: 22
24. a, d, e
25. (a) oxidation: 2 H2O(l) S
O2(g) 1 4 H1(aq) 1 4e2;
reduction: Au31(aq) 1
3e2 S Au(s)
(b) 6 H2O(l) 1 4Au31(aq) S
3 O2(g) 1 4Au(s) 1
12 H1(aq)
26. (a) oxidation: Pb(s) S
Pb21(aq) 1 2 e2;
reduction: Cu 21(aq) 1
2 e2 S Cu(s)
(b) oxidation: Fe(s) S
Fe21(aq) 1 2 e2;
reduction: 2 HNO2 (aq)
1 4 H1(aq) 1 4 e2 S
N2O(g) 1 3 H2O(l)
(c) oxidation: : Co(s) S
Co21(aq) 1 2 e2;
reduction: O2(g) 1 2 H2O(l)
1 4 e2 S 4OH2(aq)
(d) oxidation: Ag(s) S
Ag1(aq) 1 e2;
reduction: Br2(l) 1 2e2 S
2 Br2(aq)
(e) oxidation: Al(s) S
Al31(aq) 1 3 e2;
reduction: Fe21(aq) 1
2e2 S Fe(s)
(f) oxidation: H2S(aq) S
S(s) 1 2H1(aq) 1 2e2;
reduction: Na1(aq) 1
e2 S Na(s)
(g) oxidation: Zn(s) S
Zn21(aq) 1 2 e;
reduction: MnO42(aq) 1
2 H2O(l) 13 e2 S
MnO2(s) 1 4OH2(aq)
27. (a) 2 electrons
(b) 1 electron
(c) Ni(s) 1 Cl2(g) S NiCl2(g)
28. oxidation: Ca(s) S
Ca21(aq) 12 e2;
reduction: 2 H2O(l) 1 2 e2 S
2 OH2 (aq) 1 H2(g);
net ionic: Ca(s) 1 2 H2O(l) S
Ca21(aq) 1 2 OH2(aq) 1 H2(g)
29. K1(aq) < H2O(l) < Cd21(aq) <
I2(s) < IO32(aq) < AuCl42(aq)
30. F2(aq) < I2(aq) < H2O(l) <
Cu1(aq) < K(s)
31. (a) ii, iii
(b) (ii) Cr21(aq) 1 2 K(s) S
Cr(s) 1 2 K1(aq)
(iii) Pb21(aq) 1 Fe(s) S
Pb(s) 1 Fe21(aq)
746 Appendix C
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 746
32. Li(s), K(s), Cs(s), Ba(s), Ca(s),
Na(s), La(s), Mg(s)
34. yes
35. HNO3 > NO2 > NaNO2 >
N2O > NH4Cl
38. no
39. no; 2 AgNO3(aq) 1 Cu(s) S
2 Ag(s) 1 Cu(NO3)2(aq)
40. (a) NH3(g) 1 O2(g) S
NO2(g) 1 H2O(g)
(b) in reactants, N: 23; H: 1 1;
O: 0;
in products: N: 1 4;
H: 11; O: 22
(c) oxidation: NH3 1 2 H2O S
NO2 1 7 H1 1 7 e2;
reduction: O2 1 4 H1 1
4e2 S 2 H2O
(d) 4 NH3(g) 1 7 O2(g) S
4 NO2(g) 1 6H2O(g)
42. (a) oxidation: Pb(s) S
Pb21(aq) 1 2 e;
reduction: Cu21(aq) 1
2 e2 S Cu(s);
balanced net ionic:
Cu21(aq) 1 Pb(s) S
Pb21(aq) 1 Cu(s)
(b) oxidation: Fe(s) S
Fe21(aq) 1 2e2;
reduction: 2 HNO2 (aq) 1
4 H1(aq) 1 4e2 S
N2O(g) 1 3 H2O(l);
balanced net ionic:
2 HNO2 (aq) 1 4 H1(aq) 1
2 Fe(s) S 2 Fe21(aq) 1
N2O(g) 1 3 H2O(l)
(c) oxidation: Co(s) S
Co21(aq) 1 2 e2;
reduction: O2(g) 1
2 H2O(l) 1 4e2 S
4 OH2(aq);
balanced net ionic:
O2(g) 1 2 H2O(l) 1
2 Co(s) S 2 Co21(aq) 1
4 OH2(aq)
43. (b) 2 NO32(aq) 13 AsO332(aq) 1
H2O(l) S 2 NO(g) 1
3 AsO432(aq) 1 2 OH2(aq)
44. (a) 3 Ni21(aq) 1 2 Al(s) S
2 Al31(aq) 1 3 Ni(s)
(b) 2 MnO42(aq) 1 3 Ni(s) 1
8 H1 S 2 MnO2(s) 1
3 Ni21(aq) 1 4 H2O(l)
(c) SO422(aq) 1 Sn21(aq) 1
2H1(aq) S SO322(aq) 1
Sn41(aq) 1 H2O(l)
(d) Br2(l) 1 2 Ag(s) S
2 Br 2(aq) 1 2 Ag1(aq)
(e) 3 Fe21(aq) 1 2 Al(s) S
2 Al31(aq) 1 3 Fe(s)
(f) H2S(aq) 1 2 Na1(aq) S
S(s) 1 2 Na(s) 1 2 H1(aq)
(g) 2 MnO42(aq) 1 3 Zn(s) 1
4 H2O(l) S 2 MnO2(s) 1
3 Zn21(aq) 1 8 OH2(aq)
45. (a) 2 MnO42(aq) 1
5 C2O422(aq) 1 16 H1(aq) S
2 Mn21(aq) 1 10 CO2(g) 1
8 H2O(l)
(b) 2 MnO42(aq) 1 3CN2(aq) 1
H2O(l) S 2 MnO2(s) 1
3 OCN2(aq) 1 2 OH2(aq)
(c) Pb(s) 1 PbO2(s) 1
4 H1(aq) S 2 Pb21(aq) 1
2 H2O(l)
46. yes
47. Ca(s) > Al(s) > Cr(s) > Cd(s) >
Pb(s) > Cu(s)
50. (a) reactants: Fe 5 0, O 5 0;
products: Fe 5 13, O 5 22;
electron transfer: 12;
oxidizing agent: O2;
reducing agent: Fe
(b) reactants: Ni 5 12, O 5 22,
H 5 0;
products: Ni 5 0, H 5 11,
O 5 22;
electron transfer: 2;
oxidizing agent: NiO;
reducing agent: H2
(c) reactants: Fe 5 13, O 5 22,
C 5 12, O 5 22;
products: Fe 5 0, C 5 14,
C 5 22;
electron transfer: 6;
oxidizing agent: Fe2O3;
reducing agent: CO
(d) reactants: Cu 5 0, H 5 11,
N 5 15, O 5 22;
products: Cu 5 12,
N 5 15, O 5 22,
H 5 11, N 5 14;
electron transfer: 2;
oxidizing agent: HNO3;
reducing agent: Cu
52. yes
53. (a) oxidized: Cr21(aq) by
1 electron;
reduced: Ag by 1 electron
(b) oxidized: Al(s) by 3 electrons;
reduced: Ni21(aq) by
2 electrons
(c) oxidized: Ni(s) by 2 electrons;
reduced: Mn by 3 electrons
(d) oxidized: Sn21(aq) by
2 electrons;
reduced: S by 2 electrons
54. (a) oxidation: Ca(s) S
Ca21(aq) 1 2e2;
reduction: 2 H2O(l) 1
2e2 S H2(g) 1 2 OH2(aq)
(b) yes; Ca(s) 1 2H2O(l) S
H2(g) 1 2 OH2(aq)
(c) bubbles
(d) pH test
55. (b) (i) 2 AgNO3(aq) 1
Cu(s) S
Cu(NO3)2(aq) 1
2 Ag(s)
(ii) 2 HCl(aq) 1 Zn(s) S
ZnCl2(aq) 1 H2(g)
(iii) Fe3O4(s) 1 4 CO(g) S
4 CO2(g) 1 3 Fe(s)
(iv) 8 HNO3(aq) 1
3 Cu(s) S 2 NO(g) 1
3 Cu(NO3)2(aq) 1
4 H2O(l)
56. (a) first equation: reactants,
H: 11, O: 22, Cl: 11, N: 23,
H: 11; products: H: 11, O: 22,
Cl: 11, N: 23;
4HOCl 1aq2 1 2NH3 1aq2 S
2 NHCl2 1g2 1 4 H2O 1l2 ;
second equation: reactants,
H: 11, O: 22, Cl: 11, N: 23,
products:, O: 22, Cl: 21,
N: 1 3, H: 11;
3 HOCl 1aq2 1 NH3 1aq2 S
NCl3 1aq2 1 3 H2O 1l2
57. (a) (i) yes
(ii) yes
(iii) no
(iv) yes
(c) (i) Fe2(SO4)3(aq) 1
Cu(s) S 2FeSO4(aq)
1 CuSO4(aq)
(ii) CuCl2(aq) 1 Fe(s) S
FeCl2(aq) 1 Cu(s)
(iv) 2 AgNO3(aq) 1
Cu(s) S Cu(NO3)2(aq)
1 2 Ag(s)
58. (a) Metal X
(b) Ag1
59. (a) NO32: 15; NO22: 13;
N2: 0; NO: 12; NO2: 14;
HNO3: 15; HNO2: 13
(b) oxidized
(c) reaction with oxygen: O2(g)
oxidizing agent;
reaction with water: NO2(g)
reducing agent and
oxidizing agent
62. no
63. (a) Ca(s)
64. no
74. (a) (i) no
(ii) yes
H2O
(b) (i) Fe2O3(s) 1 3 H2S(g) h
Fe2S3 1s2 1 3 H2O 1l2
H2O
(ii) 2 Fe2S3(s) 1 3 O2(g) h
2 Fe2O3(s) 1 6 S(s)
10.1 Questions, p. 641
4. (d) oxidizing agent: nickel(II)
ions;
reducing agent:
magnesium metal
(e) reduction: Ni21(aq) 1
2 e2 S Ni(s);
oxidation: Mg(s) S
Mg21(aq) 1 2 e2
(f) Ni21(aq) 1 Mg(s) S
Ni(s) 1 Mg21(aq)
5. (a) (i) oxidizing agent:
copper(I) ions;
reducing agent: zinc
metal
(ii) cathode: Cu1 1aq2 1
e 2 S Cu 1s2 ;
anode: Mg 1s2 S
Mg21 1aq2 1 2e2
NEL
5/3/12 9:49 AM
(iii)Mg 1s2 1 2 Cu11aq2 S
Mg211aq2 1 2 Cu 1s2
(b) (i)reducing agent: iron
metal;
oxidizing agent: silver
ions
(ii)anode: Fe 1s2 S Fe21 1
2 e2 ;
cathode: Ag11aq2 1
e2 S Ag 1s2
(iii)Fe 1s2 1 2 Ag11aq2 S
Fe21 1aq2 1 2 Ag 1s2
6. (b) Fe211aq2 1 2 e2 S Fe 1s2 ;
Mg 1s2 S
Mg211aq2 1 2 e 2
(c) Fe211aq2 1 Mg 1s2 S
Fe 1s2 1 Mg211aq2
7. (b) Mg 1s2 S Mg211aq2 1 2 e2;
2 H2O 1l2 1 2 e2 S
H2 1g2 1 2 OH2 1aq2 ;
Mg(s) 1 2 H2O(l) S
Mg21(aq) 1 2 OH2(aq)
10.2 Questions, p. 648
4. Cl2 1g2 1 2Br2 1aq2 S
2 Cl2 1aq2 1 Br2 1g2 ;
DE° 5 0.27 V
5. (a) anode: Mg 1s2 S
Mg21 1aq2 1 2e2;
cathode: Fe311aq2 1 e2 S
Fe21 1aq2 ;
net ionic equation:
Mg 1s2 1 2 Fe 1 1aq2 S
Mg21 1aq2 1 2 Fe21 1aq2
(b) DE° 5 3.14 V
6. 20.23 V; Ni
7. (a) Cr2O722: 1.33 V; Pd21: 1.05 V;
Tl1: 20.24 V; Ti1: 21.53 V
8. (a) 3 Mg 1s2 1 2 Au311aq2 S
3 Mg21 1aq2 1 2 Au 1s2 ;
DE° 5 3.87 V
(b) 2 Cu 1 1aq2 1 Mg 1s2 S
2 Cu 1s2 1 Mg21 1aq2 ;
DE° 5 2.89 V
(c) Zn 1s2 1 Sn21 1aq2 S
Zn21 1aq2 1 Sn 1s2 ;
DE° 5 0.62 V
10.3 Questions, p. 654
3. 1.2 V
10.6 Questions, p. 662
1. (a) zinc
3. (b) magnesium > zinc > iron >
gold
10.7 Questions, p. 670
3. (a) cathode: Ni211 2e2 S Ni 1s2 ;
anode: 2 Br2 S Br2 1 2 e2
(b) cathode: Al3113 e2 S Al 1s2;
anode: 6F2 S 3 F2 1 6 e 2;
(c) cathode: Mn2112e2 S
Mn(s);
anode: 2 I 2 S I2 1 2e 2
7. cathode: Sn21(aq) 1 2e2 S
Sn(s);
anode: 2 Cl2 (aq) S
Cl2(g) 1 2e2;
21
net ionic: Sn (aq) 1
2 Cl2 (aq) S Cl2(g) 1 Sn(s)
NEL
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 747
9. (a) 6 Al2OF622(l) 1 12 F2(l) 1
3 C(s) S 4 Al(s) 1
8 AlF632(l) 1 3 CO2(g)
Chapter 10 Self-Quiz,
1. (a)
7. (b)
2. (d)
8. (b)
3. (b)
9. (d)
4. (a)
10. T
5. (a)
11. F
6. (c)
12. F
p. 677
13. F
14. T
15. F
16. T
17. F
Chapter 10 Review,
pp. 678–683
1. (b)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4. (c)
5. (a)
6. (d)
7. F
8. T
9. T
10. F
11. F
12. F
13. F
14. F
15. T
16. (a) (v)
(b) (iii)
(c) (vi)
(d) (viii)
(e) (iv)
(f) (i)
(g) (vii)
(h) (ii)
17. (b) Ag1 1aq2 1 e2 S Ag 1s2 ;
Cu 1s2 S Cu21 1aq2 1 2e2
(c) Cu 1s2 1 2 Ag1 1aq2 S
Cu21 1aq2 1 2 Ag 1s2
(d) Cu(s)|Cu21(aq) || Ag1(aq) |
Ag(s)
18. (a) anode
(b) negative
19. oxidizing agent: Cu1(aq);
reducing agent: Zn(s)
21. (a) Al(s) | Al31(aq) || Fe21(aq) |
Fe(s)
(b) Pt(s) | Cr21(aq) || Cu21(aq) |
Pt(s)
22. (a) no
(b) yes
(c) no
23. (a) hydrogen fuel cell
30. (a) no
(b) yes
(c) yes
33. anode: Zn(s) S Zn21(aq) 1 2e2;
cathode: 2 H1(aq) 1 2e2 S
H2(g)
34. (a) Cd21(aq) 1 Zn(s) S
Cd(s) 1 Zn21(aq)
DE°r (cell) 5 0.36 V
(b) 3 Ag1(aq) 1 Al(s) S
3 Ag(s) 1 Al31(aq)
DE°r (cell) 5 2.46 V
(c) 3 Fe21 1aq2 1 2 Al 1s2 S
3 Fe 1s2 1 2 Al31 1aq2
DE °r 1cell2 5 1.22 V
35. (a) 2 Al(s) 1 6 H1 (aq) S
2 Al31 (aq) 1 3 H2 (g);
DE°r (cell) 5 1.66 V
(b) 2 Cr31 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2 1
3 H2O2(aq) S
Cr2O722(aq) 1 8 H1(aq)
DE°r (cell) 5 0.45 V
36. (a) DE°r (cell) 5 20.47V;
not spontaneous
(b) DE°r (cell) 5 10.70 V;
spontaneous
(c) DE°r (cell) 5 10.37 V;
spontaneous
37. (a) 16 H1(aq) 1 2 MnO42(aq) 1
10 I2(aq) S 5 I2(s) 1
2 Mn21(aq) 1 8 H2O(l);
DE°r (cell) 5 0.97 V;
spontaneous
(b) 16 H1(aq) 1 2 MnO42(aq)
1 10 F2(aq) S 5 F2(g) 1
2 Mn21(aq) 1 8 H2O(l);
DE°r (cell) 5 21.36 V;
not spontaneous
38. (a) potassium hydroxide
39. (a) oxygen and water
42. (a) anode: 2 F2(l) S F2(g) 1
2 e2;
cathode: 2 K1(l) 1 2 e2 S
2 K(l)
(b) anode: 2 Cl2(l) S Cl2(g) 1
2 e2;
cathode: Cu21 (l) 1 2 e2 S
Cu(l)
(c) anode: 2 I2(l) S l2 (l) 1
2 e2;
cathode: Mg21(l) 1 2e2 S
Mg(l)
43. (b) Cu211aq2 12e 2 S Cu 1s2
E°r (cell) 5 0.34 V
Cr 1s2 S Cr211aq2 1 2e2
E°r (cell) 5 0.91 V
net: Cu21 1aq2 1 Cr 1s2 S
Cu 1s2 1 Cr21 1aq2
DE°r (cell) 5 1.25 V
45. (a) Ag 1 1aq2 1 Fe211aq2 S
Ag 1s2 1 Fe31 1aq2
DE°r1cell2 5 0.03 V
(b) Au31(aq) 1 3 Cu1(aq) S
3 Cu21(aq) 1 Au(s)
DE°r (cell) 5 1.34 V
(c) 2 VO21(aq) 1 4 H1(aq) 1
Cd(s) S Cd21(aq) 1
2 VO21(aq) 1 2 H2O(l)
DE°r (cell) 5 1.40 V
46. (a) 2 IO321aq2 110 Fe211aq2 1
12 H1 1aq2 S 10 Fe311aq2 1
I2 1aq2 1 6 H2O 1l2 ;
DE°r (cell) 5 0.43 V
(b) Zn 1s2 1 2 Ag11aq2 S
Zn21 1aq2 1 2 Ag 1s2 ;
DE°r (cell) 5 1.56 V
47. (a) aluminum
(b) 3Cu21 1aq2 1 2Al 1s2 S
3 Cu 1s2 1 2 Al31 1aq2
48. (a) Ag1(aq)
(b)
(c)
(d)
49. (a)
(b)
(c)
Zn(s)
Pb(s), Zn(s)
Ag1(aq), Zn21(aq)
Br2(l)
Ca(s)
Br2(aq), H2(g), Ca(s),
Cd(s)
(d) Br2(l), H1(aq)
50. (c) Ag(s), Cl2 (aq)
51. (a) DE°r (cell) 5 0.10 V; anode
(b) DE°r (cell) 5 0.53 V; anode
(c) DE°r (cell) 5 0.02 V; cathode
(d) DE°r (cell) 5 1.42 V; cathode
(e) DE°r (cell) 5 0.01 V; cathode
52. (a) 0.41 V
(b) no
59. Au 1s2 1 HNO3 1aq2 1
4 HCl 1aq2 S AuCl42 1aq2 1
NO 1g2 1 2 H2O 1l2 1 H 1 1aq2
60. (a) anode: 2 Br2(aq) S
Br2(g) 1 2e2;
cathode: Ni21(aq) 1 2e2 S
Ni(s); yes
(b) anode: 2 H2O(l) S O2(g) 1
4 H1(aq) 1 4 e2;
cathode: 2 H2O(l) 1 2 e2 S
H2 1 2 OH2(aq); no
(c) anode: 2 I2(aq) S
I2(s) 1 2 e2;
cathode: 2 H2O(l) 1 2e2 S
H2(g) 1 2 OH2(aq); no
61. no
Unit 5 Self-Quiz, pp. 686–687
1. (a)
14. (c)
27. T
2. (c)
15. (b)
28. T
3. (d)
16. (a)
29. F
4. (c)
17. (a)
30. T
5. (a)
18. (a)
31. F
6. (a)
19. (c)
32. F
7. (c)
20. F
33. T
8. (d)
21. F
34. T
9. (c)
22. T
35. F
10. (b)
23. T
36. F
11. (d)
24. T
37. F
12. (c)
25. T
38. F
13. (b)
26. F
Unit 5 Review, pp. 688–695
1. (a)
2. (a)
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (a)
6. (d)
7. (d)
8. (b)
9. (c)
10. (d)
11. (a)
12. (c)
13. (b)
14. (d)
15. (a)
16. (c)
17. (b)
18. (c)
19. (d)
20. (b)
Answers 747
5/3/12 9:49 AM
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
(c)
T
F
F
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
F
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
42. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
43. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
46. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
47. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
48. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(iii)
(vii)
(vi)
(iv)
(viii)
(i)
(v)
(ii)
P: 15; O: 22 N: 14; O: 22
Na: 11; S: 16; O: 22
Cu: 12; N: 15; O: 22
K: 11; Mn: 17; O: 22
Na: 11; Fe: 13; O: 22;
H: 11
Xe: 16; O: 22; F: 21
16 17
12
14
Cl2(g)
O2(g)
Cl2(g)
F2(g)
oxidized: I;
reduced: Pb;
oxidizing agent: PbO2(aq);
reducing agent: HI(aq)
oxidized: Mg;
reduced: Cu;
oxidizing agent:
Cu(NO3)2(aq);
reducing agent: Mg(s)
oxidized: As;
reduced: Cl; oxidizing
agent: Cl2(g);
reducing agent: As2O3(s)
oxidized: C;
reduced: I;
oxidizing agent: I2O5(s) ;
reducing agent: CO(g)
Cl2 1g2 1 2 e2 S 2Cl2 1aq2
S8 1s2 1 16 e2 S 8 S22 1aq2
Zn 1s2 S Zn21 1aq2 1 2 e2
Na 1s2 S Na 1 1aq2 1 e2
748 Appendix C
436900_Chem_APP_C.indd 748
49. oxidation: Mg(s) → Mg21(aq) 1
2 e2; reduction : Cu21(aq) 1
2 e2 S Cu(s)
50. (a) one
(b) two
(c) 2 Na(s) 1 F2(g) S 2 NaF(s)
51. (a) yes
(b) no
(c) yes
(d) yes
(e) yes
(f) yes
(g) yes
52. (a) cathode: iron;
anode: magnesium
55. (a) Fe21 1aq2 1 2e2 S Fe 1s2
Mg 1s2 S Mg21 1aq2 1 2e2
Net: Fe211aq2 1 Mg 1s2 S
Mg21 1aq2 1 Fe 1s2
(b) 1.93 V
56. (a) Ni21 1aq2 1 Zn 1s2 S
Ni 1s2 1 Zn21 1aq2
(b) 0.53 V
(c) Zn(s) | Zn21(aq) || Ni21(aq) | Ni(s)
57. Zn(s) | Zn21(aq) || Cu21(aq) |
Cu(s)
58. 20.83 V; 20.23 V; 11.50 V;
11.20 V; 23.05 V
ranking: Au(s), I2(s) 1 H2O, (l)
Ni(s), H2(g) 1 OH2(aq), Li(s)
62. 4 Fe(s) 1 3 O2(g) S 2
Fe2O3(s)
63. ions
64. (a) cathode: Ni21 1l2 1 2 e2 S
Ni 1s2 ;
anode: 2 Br 1l2 S
Br2 1g2 1 2 e2
(b) cathode: Al31 1l2 1 3 e2 S
Al 1s2 ;
anode: 2 F 1l2 S
F2 1g2 1 2 e2
(c) cathode: Mg21 1l2 1 2 e2 S
Mg 1s2 ;
anode: 2 I 1l2 S
I2 1g2 1 2 e2
69. reduced
72. (a) 2 C2H6 1g2 1 7 O2 1g2 S
4 CO2 1g2 1 6 H2O 1g2
(b) Mg 1s2 1 2 HCl 1aq2 S
Mg21 1aq2 1 2 Cl2 1aq2 1
H2 1g2
(c) KIO4 1aq2 1 7 KI 1aq2 1
8 HCl 1aq2 S 8 KCl 1aq2 1
4 I2 1s2 1 4 H2O 1l2
(d) 3 Cl2 1g2 1 6 KOH 1aq2 S
KClO3 1aq2 1 5 KCl 1aq2 1
3 H2O 1l2
(e) 2 K2CrO7 1s2 128 HCl 1g2 S
4 KCl 1aq2 1 2 CrCl3 1aq2 1
9 Cl2 1g2 1 14 H2O 1l2
(f) MnO2 1s2 1 H2C2O4 1aq2 1
H2SO4 1aq2 S MnSO4 1aq2 1
2 CO2 1g2 1 2 H2O 1l2
74. (a) 2 MnO 1s2 1 5 PbO2 1s2 1
8 H 1 1aq2 S 2 MnO2
4 1aq2 1
5 Pb21 1aq2 1 4 H2O 1l2
75.
76.
77.
78.
80.
86.
87.
93.
98.
(b) 3 I2 1aq2 1 ClO2 1aq2 1
2 H 1 1aq2 S I2
3 1aq2 1
Cl2 1aq2 1 H2O 1l2
(c) 3 As2O3 1s2 1 4 NO32 1aq2 1
4 H 1 1 7 H 2O S
6 H3AsO4 1aq2 1 4 NO 1g2
(d) 16 H 1 1aq2 1 10 Br2 1aq2 1
2 MnO2
4 1aq2 S 5 Br2 1l2 1
2 Mn21 1aq2 1 8 H2O 1l2
(e) 8 H 11aq2 13 CH3OH 1aq2 1
Cr2O22
7 1aq2 S 3 CH2O 1aq2 1
2 Cr31(aq) 1 7 H2O(l)
(a) Au31(aq) 1 Mn(s) S
Au(s) 1 Mn21(aq)
31
(b) Au (aq)
(c) Mn(s)
(d) Au31(aq) 13 e2 S Au(s),
Mn(s) S Mn21(aq) 1 2 e2
(e) 2 Au31 1aq2 1 3 Mn 1s2S
2 Au 1s2 1 3 Mn21 1aq2
2
2 MnO2
4 1aq2 13 CN 1aq2 1
H2O 1l2 S 2 MnO2 1aq2 1
3 CNO2 1aq2 1 2 OH2 1aq2
(a) no reaction
(b) Cl2(g) 1 2 I2(aq) S I2(s) 1
2 Cl2(aq)
(c) no reaction
(d) 4 Fe21(aq) 1 4 H1(aq) 1
O2(g) S 4 Fe31(aq) 1
2 H2O(l)
(a) MnO42(aq) 1 8 H1(aq) 1
5 e2 S Mn21(aq) 1
4 H2O(l);
Fe21(aq) S e2 1 Fe31(aq);
5 Fe21(aq) 1 MnO42(aq) 1
8 H1(aq) S 4 H2O(l) 1
Mn21(aq) 1 5 Fe31(aq)
(b) no reaction
(c) O2(g) 1 2 H2O(l) 1 4 e2 S
4 OH2(aq);
Fe(s) S 2 e2 1 Fe21(aq);
O2(g) 1 2 H2O(l) 1
2 Fe(s) S 4 OH2(aq) 1
2 Fe21(aq)
(a) oxidizing agent:
hydrochloric acid;
reducing agent:
magnesium
(b) Mg 1s2 1 2 HCl 1aq2 S
MgCl2 1aq2 1 H2 1g2
(c) 2
(d) no
(b) Zn(s) S Zn21(aq) 1 2e2;
Ni21(aq) 1 2e2 S Ni(s)
(c) Zn(s) 1 Ni21(aq) S
Zn21(aq) 1 Ni(s)
(d) Zn(s) | Zn21(aq) || Ni21(aq) |
Ni(s)
3 Ag 1 1aq2 1 Al 1s2 S
3 Ag 1s2 1 Al31 1aq2 ;
D E°r(cell) 5 2.46 V
(a) no
(a) Cl2(g)
(b) Sn(s)
(d) Sn21(aq) 12 Cl2(aq) S
Sn(s) 1 Cl2(g)
(e) 1.50 V
102. (a) 2 H2O2 1aq2 S
2 H2O 1l2 1 O2 1g2
(b) oxygen
(c) 2
(d) 2
104. (a) reactant oxidation numbers:
H: 11; O: 22; C: 22; Cr: 16
product oxidation numbers:
H: 11; O: 22;
single-bonded C: 22;
double-bonded
C: 12; Cr: 13
(b) 3 CH3CH2OH 1g2 1
2 Cr2O7221aq2 1
16 H11aq2 S
3 CH3CO2H 1aq2 1
4 Cr311aq2 111 H2O 1l2
(c) orange–green
105. no
108. (b) 0.21 V
109. (b) Zn(s)|Zn21(aq)||Ag1(aq)|
Ag(s)
(c) anode: Zn(s) S
Zn21(aq) 1 2 e2
(d) cathode: Ag1(aq) 1 e2 S
Ag(s)
(e) 1.56 V
(f) less
110. Zn 1s2 1 Ag2O 1s2 S
ZnO 1s2 1 2 Ag 1s2
112. (a) 20.40 V
114. (a) reactant oxidation numbers:
Zn: 12; S in ZnS: 22;
S in H2SO4: 16; O in
H2SO4: 22;
O in O2: 0; H: 11
product oxidation
numbers: Zn: 12; S in
ZnSO4: 16;
elemental S: 0; H: 11;
O: 22
(b) 2 ZnS 1s2 1 2 H2SO4 1aq2 1
O2 1g2 S 2 ZnSO4 1aq2 1
2 S 1s2 1 2 H2O 1l2
(c) zinc metal and sulfuric
acid
(d) 0.47V
115. (a) produce electricity
(b) drive chemical process
(c) drive chemical process
(d) drive chemical process
116. (a) anode: 2I2 (aq) S
I2(s) 1 2 e2
cathode: Cu21(aq) 1 2 e2 S
Cu(s)
117. no
120. spoon: cathode;
Ag1(aq) 1 e2 S Ag(s);
silver: anode; Ag(s) S
Ag1(aq) 1 e2
121. (a) 2 H2O(l) 1 2 Br2(aq) S
H2(g) 1 2 OH2(aq) 1 Br2(g)
(b) potassium bromide,
KBr(aq); water, H2O(l)
129. (a) chlorine
NEL
5/25/12 1:32 PM