The Center of Islamic
Civilization in The World
CONTENT
BAGHDAD
DELHI (INDIA)
CAIRO (EGYPT)
ANDALUSIA (SPAIN)
DAMASKUS (SYRIA)
ACEH (INDONESIA)
MAKAH AL-MUKARRAMAH
ISTAMBUL (TURKY)
MADINAH AL-MUNAWWARAH
TRANSOXANIA (UZBEKISTAN)
MAKAH AL-MUKARRAMAH
- Makah Al-Mukarramah is one of city that
emerge of Islam. Makah also become
birthplace of Muhammad Prophet and place
when Muhammad Prophet get revelation (AlQur’an).
- In the beginning, Makah is the center of
Jahiliyah civilization (paganism). But with the
development of Islam that bring by
Muhammad Prophet, Makah become holy city.
- There are Ka’bah in Haram mosque that
become muslim kiblat in praying. Makah also
become center of religious study especially
fiqh and hadits.
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MADINAH AL-MUNAWWARAH
- Previously this city name is Yatrib. Then after hijrah of
Muhammad Prophet and his friend from Makah to
Yastrib this city replace become Madinah. Then this
city develop to be one of center Islamic civilization
- In the middle of Madinah city, Muhammad Prophet
was built mosque called Nabawi mosque that become
center of worship, civilization, and headquarter Islamic
country (politic, economic, social). Beside of this
mosque was built closed room for muslim who fakir.
This mosque have two doors i.e. Aisyah and Atiqah.
After Khaibar war, Muhammad Prophet make enlarge
this mosque then continue by Chaliph after Prophet.
- In this city Muhammad Prophet was buried. This city
become holy city of Muslim after Makah alMukarramah. Madinah also become center of religious
study especially fiqh, hadits, and Al-Qur’an tafsir.
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BAGHDAD
• Baghdad was built in 762 M by Al-Manshur Chaliph from Abbasiyah
Dynasty (754-755 M). Baghdad mean “justice garden”. This city has
round shape and its around was built big and high wall. In the outside
of wall was built big moat that has function as water canal and fortress.
• In Harun Ar-Rasyid chaliph (786-809 M) and his son Al-Makmun (813833 M) is the golden age of Bagdhad. In that era Baghdad become
center of higest civilization and culture in the world. Science and
literature rapidly developed. In Abbasiyah era, there is famous college
in Baghdad called An-Nizhamiyah (Nizamul Mulk – 5 H) and AlMustanshiriyah (Al-Muntashir Billah – 7 H)
• In this city was born scientist, scholar, philosopher, and letters such as
Al-Khawarizmi (astronomer and mathematic figure, algebra
discoverer), al-Farabi (philosopher), Ar-Razi (philosopher, physicist,
and medical), Imam al-Ghazali (scientist and famous scholar) and other.
In 1258 M this city was broken up by Mongol in Hulagu Khan leader.
Then 1400 M this city was attacked by Lenk east troops and in 1508 M NEXT
this city was broken up by army of Safawi empire.
Baghdad City
Madrasah An-Nizhamiyah
Al-Khawarizmi sclupture
IRAQ
CAIRO (EGYPT)
• After commander of Jauhar As-Siqili was empowering Egypt
in 356 H, he decided to move government central from
Fustat to Cairo. In 17 Sya’ban 358 H (969 M), Jauhar As-Siqili
start to built new central government city of Fatimiyah
Dynasty.
• After finish build the Cairo city, Jauhar As-Siqili build AlAzhar mosque in 17 Ramadhan 359 H (970 M). In
development Al-Azhar mosque become biggest university.
• Cairo gain this glory in Fatimiyah Dynasty i.e. in government
of al-Muiz until al-Aziz. Then Fatimiyah Dynasty replaced by
Ayyubiyah Dynasy in government of Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi
and then replaced by government of Baybars, and AnNashir in Mamalik Dynasty.
• In 1517 M Mamalik Dynasy was defeated by Usmani
Dynasty in Turky and after this Cairo just as province city of NEXT
Usmani empire
Palestine
DAMASKUS (SYRIA)
• Damaskus in era before Islam is city of East Roman empire
in Syiria. Damaskus is the old city that was built again by
Umayyah dynasty and become capital city since Muawiyah
bin Abi Sufyan government (first chaliph in Ummayah
dynasty)
• In Damaskus there are many beautiful buildings that has
artistic. This city was built systematic and beautiful,
regularly street, canals as way and irrigation, and amazing
recreation garden.
• In Damaskus city there is Damaskus mosque that glory and
noble. This mosque was built by Al-Walid bin Abdul Malik
chaliph by Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah as arsitecture. Al-Walid
chaliph conducived 12.000 craftsmans from Roman. This
mosque has high artistic with pillar and wall carved with
beautiful carving and spreading precious stone.
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ISTAMBUL (TURKY)
• Istamnbul is capital city of Turky Usmani empire. In the beginning
Istanbul is capital of East Roman empire with name
Constantinople. Before that Constantinople is city with name
Byzantium, then replace Constantinople by Constantine Caesar,
East Roman Caesar
• Constantinople can fall under Islam in Turki Usmai dynasty under
the leader of Sultan Muhammad II (Muhammad Al-Fatih) in 1453.
Then Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih replace Constantinople as
Istambul that has meaning Islamic city.
• In Turki Usmani dynasty Istambul as capital city become super
power country. They have authority include some region in East
Europe, Asia minor, North Africa.
• Istambul is the important center of Islamic civilization when the
authority Turki Usmani era. Not only the beautifulness of this city
but also this city as ex-capital of East Roman authority. So, there
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are studies center of science in Islamic history and Christian
history.
DELHI (INDIA)
• Delhi is the capital city of Islamic empire in India since 608
H/1211 M. As capital city of Islamic empire, Delhi become center
of Islamic culture and civilization in India subcontinent
• In the beginning Delhi authorized by Islam under Quthb Ad-Din
Aybak. Then 602 H/1204 M by Quthb Ad-Din Aybak created as
capital city of Mongol Islamic empire. Zhahiruddin Babur is the
first king of Mongol dynasty succesed arrogating Delhi from Lodi
dynasty
• Every Islamic dynasty that empowering Delhi enlarge the city by
built new cities in old Delhi i.e. city in Lalkot fortress. All of new
city include in Delhi and known as Seven Delhi city.
• There is historical monument called Taj Mahal. Taj Mahal is the
monument which built by Syah Jehan (Mongol’s king, 1628-1658)
for remember his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. Taj Mahal
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become one of seven world miracle
ANDALUSIA (SPAIN)
• Andalusia is a Islamic region in Spanish. Andalusia known as beautiful
cities, beautiful mosque, amazing palace and bewitching garden.
• Center of Islamic civilization in Spanish are Cordova, Sevilla, Granada.
• Cordova is the old city that built again with Islamic style. First time
Islam entered Cordova in 711 M by Muslim troops under the leader is
Thariq bin Ziyad.
• According to George Zaidan, in Cordova there are buildings such as:
113.000 houses, 430 palaces, 6.300 house of government employees,
3.873 mosques, 900 bathing places, and 8.455 shops. In Cordova thee
are 27 education institutions, and 70 libraries. From this city was born
a famous philosopher name Ibnu Rusdy (Averros)
• In that era there is Cordova University that become one with Cordova
mosque. Cordova also become culture city in Europe. Cordova,
Constantinople, and Baghdad are three centers of World culture
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Cordova mosque
Interior of Cordova
mosque
Ibnu Rusdy
(Averroz)
sculpture
• Sevilla (Asyibiliyah) was built in Al-Muwahhidin dynasty. In the beginning this
city is swamps. In Roman empire this city named Romula Agusta, then replaced
become Hispah before Asyibiliyah
• Sevilla under Islamic authority more or less 500 years (712-1248). So, not
surprised if there are many relic oddment (art and culture) of Islam. One of
building that become pride of Muslim that know change from big mosque
become church i.e. Santa Maria de la Sede. That mosque was built in 1171 M in
government of Sultan Yusuf Abu Yakub (1163-1184 M). Then Sevilla fall down to
Ferdinand King in 1492 M.
• Granada is big city in Andalusia that have been pride of Andalusia’s muslim.
Highness of Granada seen in the relic of Alhambra palace that was built in
1238M/635 H by Muhammad bin Al-Ahmar from Ahmar dynasty. Granada
under Islamic authority close resemblance with other cities that subjected by
Abbasiyah dynasty under Thariq bin Ziyad and Musa bin Mushair in 711 M.
• In Umayyah dynasty in Andalusia, Granada has quick development. After
Umayyah dynasty have decline in 1031 M, Granada authorized by local
government i.e. Zirids dynasty. After that Granada fall down into Al-Murabitun
government (a Barbar dynasty from North Africa in 1090 M)
• Granada gain their glory in Muhammad V government (1354-1391 M), well in
architecture or politic. But in the last of 15 century, the government become
weak because family separation. Then 1492 M Andalusia fall down into Christian
authority, i.e. Ferdinand from Argon and Isabella from Castilia. Then 1610
Muslim was chase away from Andalusia
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TRANSOXANIA (UZBEKISTAN)
• Transoxania is the region in middle Asia and the location in west
of China, south of Russia, and east of Afghanistan. There are two
important cities in Transoxania that be a center of Islamic
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civilization i.e. Bukhara and Samarkand.
• Samarkand located in south of As-Saghad river. In some note
mention that sometimes Samarkand was authorized by Iskandar
when he and his troops against Spitamenes. But in old story in
Arabic languages, Iskandar is the founding of Samarkand.
• After 323 M, This city become part of Bactria empower. Then
after that standing empire of Graeco-Bactrion (Bactria-Greek) in
Anthiocus II Theos era.
• In Samarkan there are grave of Islamic scholars who has seen as
the carrier of Islam in Samarkand in Usman bin Affan chaliph era.
He is Qasim bin Abbas. Then the other is grave of theology
scholar. He is Abu Manhur Al-Maturidi, he is the founder of
Maturidiyah current. Perhaps one of walisongo i.e. Maulana
Malik Ibrahim (died 1419 M) came from Samarkand, because he
coming from descent of Ibrahim As-Samarkandi, then in Java
known as Ibrahim Asmarakandi
Maulana Malik Ibrahim
• Approximately, Bukhara has been there before Islam, because this city
was exist when Iskandar Zulkarnain arrive there. In 204 H/819 M AlMakmun chaliph from Abbasiyah dynasty give government authority of
Transoxania especialy Samarkand and Bukhara to Asad ibn Saman
family. So, since that time both of that city under the government of
Samaniyah dynasty.
• In Bukhara there is grave that be admired and become pilgrimage
place of Muslim i.e. Bahauddin An-Naqsyabandi’s grave (died 8 H/14
M). He is the founder of Naqsabandiyah current. In other side in this
city was born hadits scholar known as Imam Bukhari who written
Shahih Bukhari book. Bukhara known as center of Islamic science
• In 906 H/1500 M Samarkand and Bukhara fall down into Syaibani,
Uzbek king. After he died, in the same time the authority was
arrogated by Babur, Mongol king in India. Then next year Babur king
come back to India and Transoxania back to authorized by Uzbekistan
people (part of Uni Soviet). Since 1992 Uzbekistan become
independent muslim country.
Imam Bukhari
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Benteng Arka - Bukhara
Registan - Samarkhand
ACEH (INDONESIA)
• Aceh represent of Islamic world in South east Asia. In the glory era,
Aceh become center of Islamic civilization in east region i.e. south east
Asia. Aceh is the transmission ways to spreading Islamic religion to all
of region in south east Asia. So, Aceh known as Serambi Mekkah.
• In Aceh has been exist first Islamic empire such as Peurlak empire,
Samudra Pasai empire, and Aceh Darus Salam empire. Samudra Pasai
empire has been leaded by Sultan Al-Malikuz Zahir who loves science
and culture. Then Ibnu Batutah and Marcopolo had been visited in
Aceh.
• From Aceh appear some science figure that indicate science
development in south east Asia such as Nuruddin Ar-Raniri, Hamzah
Fanshuri, Abdurrauf Singkel, Syamsuddin Sumatrani, and others.
• From Aceh, Islam develop to several region in Nusantara such as
Ampel, Demak, Cirebon, Sulawesi, Maluku and Kalimantan. Aceh also a
power that frightened by Dutch when colonialism era, because Aceh
has strong power to confront Dutch.
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THANK YOU VERY MUCH SUKKRON KATSIR