Quiz 2 Review 1. What “new social class” emerged with industrialization? (Textbook, p. 44) - What is working class or proletariat. 2. What was and was not part of the agreement that resulted from the Winnipeg General Strike? (Textbook, p. 44-45) a. Hint: Be able to identify a term or condition that was not part of the agreement. - The workers did not get fairer wages and hours, but they did get collective bargaining, their jobs back and recognize unions. 3. Natural science was used to justify two “______isms”; these were seen as consequences of the natural biological superiority of White Europeans. What are they? (Textbook p. 45) - What is colonialism and imperialism. 4. Review positivist assumptions regarding the applicability of natural science methods to the study of society. (As reviewed in our textbook, p. 47) a. Hint: Be able to identify a statement that is not assumed by positivists. - Three premises were conceived from positivists, value free work from social scientists and neutral observers, the key method to the positivist is to classify and quantify human experience and behaviours through a range of objective tests, and the task of the positivist is to uncover causal determinants of human behaviour and thus both predict and modify behaviour outcomes 5. What was/were Guy Turcotte’s key defense claim(s)? (Textbook, p. 49-50) - His mental state made him lose touch with reality, and his suicidal crisis altered his intent, he couldn’t remember what happened. 6. What term refers to an approach that assumes that the shape and size of the skull corresponds to the functions and ability of the brain? (Textbook, p. 51) - What is the Binet Scale 7. The practice of intelligence testing began when ________ was asked by the government to develop a way to differentiate between intellectually normal and intellectually inferior children. (Textbook, p. 51) - Who is Alfred Binet, and it began in France. 8. Who proposed a theory based on body type as a key determinant of criminal behaviours? (Textbook, p. 52) a. How many body types are there? - Who is William Sheldon, and there were 3 categories. 9. Which chromosomal makeup was believed to be related to criminality? (Textbook, p. 52) - What was XXY 10. What did Dell and Kilty (2012) conclude about Indigenous female addicts in Canada? (As summarized in our textbook, p. 53) - The women grow up in physically and psychologically unhealthy environments and they feared being caught about their addiction as their kids would be taken away 11. Which two groups were especially instrumental in the development of the eugenics movement in Canada? (Textbook, p. 54) - What is women’s suffrage and temperance groups. 12. Review the Leilani Muir case and the eugenics movement generally. (Textbook, p. 54 55) a.) When was the Alberta Sexual Sterilization Act repealed? (Textbook, p. 54) - 1996 13. Under positivism, which actors (i.e., by vocation) are most likely to perform the role of the “expert”? (Textbook, p. 56) - What is forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology 14. The predominant concern of forensic psychologists and forensic psychiatrists is in ________. (Textbook, p. 56) a. Forensic psychologists estimate that they are right in their predictions of dangerousness in approximately _________ of cases. (p. 64) - Is in the provision of services to the criminal justice system - They estimate that they are right in 50% of cases 15. Which term refers to the process of using available information about a crime and crime scene to compose a psychological portrait of the unknown perpetrator of the crime? (Textbook, p. 56) - What is criminal profiling 16. Gottfredson and Hirschi’s control theory argues that ________ is critical to the development of self-control. (Textbook, p. 57) - What is childrearing 17. Deleted 18. Dr. Nikolas Rose (2016a, 2016b) suggests that the crises faced by psychiatry arise from what? (As summarized in our textbook, p. 61) - They arise from the tendency viewing mental illness as a “brain” problem 19. Strain theorists favour certain crime prevention measures. What are they? (Textbook, p. 73) a. Hint: Be able to identify a measure that would not be endorsed by strain theorists. - What are educational programs, employment projects, and leisure and recreation outlets for particularly “disadvantaged” individuals and groups. 20. Review Durkheim’s terms “anomie”, “organic solidarity” and “mechanical solidarity” (Textbook, p. 74-76) - Mechanical solidarity: preindustrial societies in which individuals tend to share the same skills work tasks, customs, beliefs, and religion. - Organic Solidarity: an industrial society that is much more heterogeneous in terms of wealth, ethnicity, religions, and beliefs, and which has a high level of work specialization - Anomie: refers to a lack of social regulation in which the unrestricted appetites of the individual conscience are no longer held in check. 21. Which theorists put forward the notion that crime is facilitated by destructive ecological conditions in urban slums? (Textbook, p. 77-78) - Who is Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay. 22. Review the concentric zone model (as in our textbook, p. 77). Specifically: a. What is included, and where? (E.g., what features are in the transitional zone?) b. How many zones are there? - In the transitional zone there is deteriorated housing, factories, and abandoned buildings - In the working class zone, there are single family tenements - In the residential zone there are single family homes and yards or garages - In the commuter zone there are suburbs - Then there is a central business district - There are 5 zones 23. According to Merton (1957), what are the individual adaptive responses to strain? (Textbook, p. 80-81) - Conformism: those who accept the culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means of attaining them. - Innovation: Those who accept the culturally defined goals but who lack the institutionalized means to attain them - Ritualism: Those who accept the culturally defined goals but who know they cannot attain them. They still continue pursuing institutional means regardless of the outcome. - Retreatism: those who reject both the culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means of attaining them. They retreat from society in varying ways. Rebellion: Those who substitute their own cultural goals and institutionalized means in place of the conventional goals and means in society. They create their own goals and means of achieving them. 24. According to Sutherland and Cressy (1972), differential associations may vary along which dimensions? (Textbook, top of p. 82) - What is frequency, duration, priority, and intensity 25. Who coined the term “defensible space”? (Textbook, p. 87) a. ________ is at the foundation of neighbourhood watch programs in North America. - Who was Oscar Newman - Increased surveillance and resident control 26. What is the “principle of homogamy”? (Textbook, p. 88) - The potential for violent or delinquent activities increases with individual exposure to violent or delinquent activities. 27. Crime prevention strategies based on ______ ______ theory concentrate on potential crime victims who must instigate lifestyle changes in order to ensure that they are no longer easy targets for criminal offenders. (Textbook, p. 89) - What is “routine activity” 28. Cohen and Felson's routine activities theory argues that three factors must be present for the successful completion of a crime. What are they? (Textbook, p. 87-88) - The presence of “motivated offenders” - The presence of “suitable targets” - The absence of “capable guardians” 29. According to Farrington (1996b), what are considered to risk factors associated with youthful offending? (As reviewed in our textbook, p. 90) b. Hint: Be able to identify a factor that is not included in Farrington’s list. - Prenatal and perinatal factors - Hyperactivity and impulsivity - Intelligence and attainment - Parental supervision, attitude and discipline - Broken homes - Parental criminality - Large family size - Socio economic deprivation - Peer influences - School influences - Community influences Situational influences 30. What are the two fundamental concepts of life-course criminology? (Textbook, p. 91) - What are trajectories and transitions 31. What was the key finding from Patrick Lussier and Jeff Mathesius’ (2012) study examining the life course of sex offenders? (As summarized in our textbook, p. 92) - The later the actual onset of sexual offending, the longer the longer the offenders were able to avoid detection