Questions
Q1.
The diagram shows the electronic configurations of six different atoms.
(a) You may use the Periodic Table on page 2 to help you answer this question.
Answer each part by writing one of the letters A, B, C, D, E or F in the box provided.
You may use each letter once, more than once or not at all.
Give the letter that represents an atom
(6)
(b) Atoms of A and D combine to form a compound containing covalent bonds.
(i) Complete the sentence to describe a covalent bond.
(2)
A covalent bond is the electrostatic attraction between a pair of
........................................................................
and the ........................................................................ of two atoms.
(ii) Suggest, with reference to electronic configurations, the most likely formula of the
compound formed between atoms of A and D.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 9 marks)
Q2.
When ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas mix, they react together to form a white solid
called ammonium chloride.
The equation for the reaction is:
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)
A cotton wool pad was soaked in ammonia solution and another was soaked in hydrogen chloride
solution. The two pads were then put into opposite ends of a dry glass tube at the same time.
After five minutes, a white ring of solid ammonium chloride formed.
(a) (i) What name is given to the movement of the two gases?
(1)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
(ii) Identify which gas is moving faster and give a reason for your choice.
(1)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
(b) The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
State and explain how this change would affect the time taken for the white ring to form.
(3)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
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......................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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(c) Gas particles move at a speed of several hundred metres per second at room temperature.
Suggest one reason why it took five minutes for the white ring to form.
(1)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
(Total for Question = 6 marks)
Q3.
The table shows the numbers of particles in two atoms, L and M.
(a) Which particles are present in the nuclei of both atoms?
(1)
A
electrons and neutrons
B
electrons and protons
C
neutrons and protons
D
neutrons, protons and electrons
(b) (i) The atomic number of atom L is ............................
(1)
(ii) The mass number of atom L is ............................
(1)
(c) Atoms L and M are neutral because
(1)
A
the numbers of electrons and neutrons are equal
B
the numbers of electrons and protons are equal
C
the numbers of neutrons and protons are equal
D
the numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons are equal
(d) Use information from the table to explain why atoms L and M are isotopes of the same
element.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(e) The electronic configuration of atom M is
(1)
A
2.2.2
B
2.4
C
2.4.6
D
4.2
(Total for Question = 7 marks)
Q4.
(a) Complete the table to show the relative mass and relative charge of a proton, a neutron and
an electron.
(4)
(b) The symbol for an atom of one isotope of hydrogen is
(i) State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons present in one atom of this isotope.
(2)
Number of protons ................................................................
Number of neutrons ................................................................
Number of electron ................................................................
(ii) What is meant by the term isotopes?
(2)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
(c) Bromine has two naturally-occurring isotopes with mass numbers 79 and 81.
A sample of bromine contained the two isotopes in the following proportions:
bromine-79 = 50.7%
and
bromine-81 = 49.3%
Use this information to calculate the relative atomic mass of bromine.
Give your answer to two decimal places.
(2)
(Total for Question = 10 marks)
Q5.
The diagram shows the apparatus a student uses to separate a mixture of salt and sand.
She adds the mixture to water in a beaker and then carries out the three stages shown.
(a) Give the names of the pieces of apparatus labelled X and Y.
(2)
X ..........................................................................................................................................
Y ..........................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) A liquid that dissolves substances is a
(1)
A
solute
B
solution
C
solvent
D
suspension
(ii) The clear liquid that forms in stage 1 is a
(1)
A
solute
B
solution
C
solvent
D
suspension
(c) (i) At which stage, 1, 2 or 3, is the sand collected?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) At which stage, 1, 2 or 3, is the salt collected?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) What happens to the water in stage 3?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 7 marks)
Q6.
The diagram shows an atom of lithium with atomic number 3 and mass number of 6.
(a) Name the particle labelled E.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Name the part of the atom labelled F.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) Name the two types of particle found in part F.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
(d) Another type of lithium atom has atomic number 3 and mass number 7.
(i) State the name given to atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in an atom of lithium with atomic
number 3 and mass number 7.
(1)
(e) A sample of lithium contains 92.5% of atoms with mass number 7 and 7.5% of atoms with
mass number 6.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium.
(2)
relative atomic mass = ...........................................................
(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q7.
The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in the three states of matter.
Each circle represents a particle.
(a) Use the letters X, Y and Z to give the starting and finishing states of matter for each of the
changes in the table.
The first one has been done for you.
(3)
(b) Which of these changes takes place when solid iodine is heated to form iodine gas?
(1)
A
crystallisation
B
evaporation
C
melting
D
sublimation
(Total for question = 4 marks)
Q8.
A student places a few purple crystals at the bottom of a beaker containing some cold water.
The crystals start to dissolve.
(a) State how the appearance of the crystals and the water change as the crystals dissolve.
(2)
crystals
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
water
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Which process occurs as the crystals dissolve to form a solution?
(1)
A
condensation
B
crystallisation
C
diffusion
D
melting
(c) The student repeats the experiment using hot water instead of cold water.
(i) State how the change in the appearance of the water differs when hot water is used instead
of cold water.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain, in terms of particles, why the change differs when hot water is used instead of cold
water.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 6 marks)
Q9.
Bromine is an element in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.
(a) What is the name given to the Group 7 elements?
(1)
(b) The symbols of two isotopes of bromine are
(i) State what is meant by the term isotopes.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in one atom of
and in one atom of
(3)
(c) Bromine water can be used to distinguish between ethane and ethene.
Describe what you would observe when orange bromine water is added separately to ethane and
ethene, in the absence of UV light.
(2)
observation with ethane ..................................................................................................................
observation with ethene ..................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q10.
The table gives information about some of the elements in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.
(a) What is the colour of chlorine at room temperature?
(1)
A
black
B
blue
C
green
D
orange
(b) The trend in the boiling points for these elements is similar to the trend in their melting
points.
Predict a value for the boiling point of iodine.
(1)
....................................................................................................................................... °C
(c) Astatine is another element in Group 7.
Predict its colour and physical state at room temperature.
(2)
colour
.............................................................................................................................................
physical state
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) The elements in Group 7 have similar chemical reactions because they have the same
number of
(1)
A
electrons
B
electron shells
C
outer electrons
D
protons
(e) A student wrote these statements about the reactions of the Group 7 elements.
The reactivity of the elements decreases down the group.
The elements form ions with a single positive charge.
The formula of an astatine molecule is At2
The equation for the reaction between chlorine and potassium bromide solution is Cl2 +
2NaBr → 2NaCl + Br2
In the reaction between bromine and potassium iodide, bromine acts as a reducing
agent.
Three of the statements contain one incorrect word.
Complete the table to show each incorrect word and the correct word that should be used to
replace it.
(3)
(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q11.
The table shows the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms and ions.
(a) (i) Which particles have the same mass?
(1)
A
electrons and protons
B
electrons and neutrons
C
neutrons and protons
D
electrons, neutrons and protons
(ii) What is the atomic number of P?
(1)
A
6
B
8
C
12
D
14
(iii) What is the mass number of Q?
(1)
A
5
B
6
C
10
D
11
(b) Which group of the Periodic Table contains element T?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) (i) Which two letters represent isotopes of the same element?
(1)
............................................... and ...............................................
(ii) Which letter represents a positive ion?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in another ion.
How does the diagram show that this ion has a negative charge?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 7 marks)
Q12.
The diagram shows the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
(a) (i) Identify an element in Period 3 that forms a basic oxide.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Identify an element in Period 3 that forms an acidic oxide.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Magnesium and chlorine react together to form magnesium chloride, a compound with ionic
bonding.
The equation for the reaction is
(i) Complete the dot and cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outer electrons in the
magnesium and chloride ions formed.
Show the charge on each ion.
(3)
(ii) State what is meant by the term ionic bonding.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why magnesium chloride has a high melting point.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
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(c) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide using electrolysis.
Calculate the mass, in grams, of aluminium formed when a charge of 20 faradays is passed
through aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite.
The ionic half-equation for the formation of aluminium is
(2)
mass of aluminium = ........................................................... g
(Total for question = 12 marks)
Q13.
Use the Periodic Table resouce sheet to help you answer this question.
(a) Part of the Periodic Table is shown.
In each part of this question, place a cross ( ) in one box to identify the letter, A to E, that
represents
(i) a metal that reacts violently with water
(1)
(ii) a noble gas
(1)
(iii) a Group 2 metal
(1)
(iv) a halogen
(1)
(b) Complete these sentences by placing a cross ( ) in one box next to the correct answer.
(i) The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing
(1)
number of neutrons
atomic number
relative atomic mass
mass number
(ii) Elements in the same group in the Periodic Table have the same number of
(1)
electrons in the outer shell
protons in the nucleus
neutrons in the nucleus
atoms
(Total for Question = 6 marks)
Q14.
The box shows some methods that can be used in separating mixtures.
From the box, select the best method for each of the separations.
You may use each method once, more than once or not at all.
(a) Removing sand from a mixture of sand and water.
(1)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
(b) Obtaining pure water from a salt solution.
(1)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
(c) Extracting the red dye from a sample of rose petals.
(1)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
(d) Separating the coloured dyes in a sample of green ink.
(1)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
(e) Obtaining ethanol (alcohol) from a mixture of ethanol and water.
(1)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................
(Total for Question = 5 marks)
Q15.
(a) The list shows some techniques used to separate mixtures.
A
crystallisation
B
filtration
C
fractional distillation
D
paper chromatography
E
simple distillation
Complete the table to show the best method of obtaining each substance from the mixture.
In each case, choose one of the letters A, B, C, D or E. Each letter may be used once, more than
once or not at all.
(4)
(b) Gold occurs in ores, which are mixtures of gold and other substances. Several elements and
compounds are used in
the extraction of gold from its ores.
Each box below represents the substances present in one part of the extraction process.
Classify the contents of each box as a compound, an element or a mixture by writing your choice
below each box.
(3)
(Total for Question = 7 marks)
Q16.
The diagram shows four pieces of apparatus used in the separation of mixtures.
(a) (i) The apparatus labelled P is used for
(1)
A
crystallisation
B
filtration
C
fractional distillation
D
simple distillation
(ii) The apparatus labelled S is used for
(1)
A
crystallisation
B
filtration
C
fractional distillation
D
simple distillation
(b) (i) Which method of separation should be used to obtain sand from a mixture containing
salt, sand and water?
(1)
A
crystallisation
B
filtration
C
fractional distillation
D
simple distillation
(ii) Which method of separation should be used to obtain pure water from a mixture containing
salt, sand and water?
(1)
A
crystallisation
B
filtration
C
fractional distillation
D
simple distillation
(iii) Which method of separation should be used to obtain copper(II) sulfate from a mixture
containing copper(II) sulfate and water?
(1)
A
crystallisation
B
filtration
C
fractional distillation
D
simple distillation
(c) Food colourings contain one or more food dyes.
A student used paper chromatography to separate the dyes contained in food colourings. She
placed spots of three known food colourings (E, F and G) and one unknown food colouring (H) on
the chromatography paper.
The diagram shows the appearance of the paper before and after her experiment.
(i) Describe how the student should complete the experiment after placing the four spots on the
paper.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why food colouring F did not move during the experiment.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) How many food dyes are there in food colouring E?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(iv) How many known food dyes are there in food colouring H?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(v) Dyes are often identified by their Rf values.
Record the results for the dye in G and calculate its Rf value.
(3)
(Total for question = 14 marks)
Q17.
The compound with the formula H2O can exist in three states of matter. The names of these
three states are shown in the boxes.
The numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 represent changes of state.
(a) The particles of H2O are arranged differently in each state.
(i) In which state are the particles furthest apart?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) In which state do the particles have the least energy?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) In which state are the particles arranged in a regular pattern?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) Change of state 1 is called
(1)
A
boiling
B
condensing
C
freezing
D
melting
(ii) Change of state 4 is called
(1)
A
boiling
B
condensing
C
freezing
D
melting
(c) The term sublimation is also used for a change of state.
Sublimation is the change of state from
(1)
A
solid to liquid
B
liquid to gas
C
gas to liquid
D
solid to gas
(d) Heat energy is released when steam changes to water.
(i) What term is used to describe this type of energy change?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the change of state from steam to water.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q18.
The diagram shows the arrangement of the molecules in two of the three states of water.
Each circle represents a molecule of water.
(a) Complete the diagram to show how the molecules of water are arranged in the solid state.
(1)
(b) Which row of the table correctly describes the arrangement and movement of molecules of
water in the solid state?
(1)
(c) Which word describes water changing from a liquid to a solid?
(1)
A boiling
B condensing
C freezing
D melting
(d) Give the word used to describe the change of state represented by this equation.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(e) Water is the name used for H2O(l).
Give the two names used for H2O(g).
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 6 marks)
Q19.
The diagram shows the positions of some elements in part of the Periodic Table.
(a) How many periods and groups are shown in this diagram?
(1)
(b) How many elements shown in the diagram are noble gases?
(1)
A
1
B
2
C
3
D
4
(c) What is the formula of the compound formed between magnesium and fluorine?
(1)
A
MgF
B
Mg2F
C
MgF2
D
Mg2F2
(d) The table shows the percentage composition by mass of a sample of silicon.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of silicon.
Give your answer to one decimal place.
(2)
relative atomic mass = ...........................................................
(e) A molecule of silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) contains covalent bonds.
Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the outer electrons in this molecule.
(2)
(f) The table shows the boiling points of some compounds containing silicon. All of these
compounds contain covalent bonds.
SiF4 and SiCl4 have simple molecular structures.
SiO2 has a giant covalent structure.
(i) Explain why the boiling point of SiCl4 is greater than the boiling point of SiF4
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the boiling point of SiO2 is very much greater than the boiling point of SiCl4
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q20.
The diagram shows the positions of some elements in four periods of the Periodic Table.
(a) (i) What numbers are used to identify the periods shown in this diagram?
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain which element in the diagram is the least reactive.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) State the similarity in the electronic configurations of Na and Ar.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iv) State the similarity in the electronic configurations of Na and Rb.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(v) State a physical property of Na that shows it is a metal.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The diagram shows the addition of two of these elements to troughs containing water.
(i) State two observations that could be made in both troughs when the elements are added to
water.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State one observation that could be made only in trough B.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs in trough A.
(2)
2Li + 2H2O → ......................................................... + .........................................................
(iv) After the reaction in trough A is complete, a few drops of phenolphthalein are added.
The phenolphthalein changes colour.
State the final colour of the phenolphthalein.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(v) Give the formula of the ion formed during the reaction in trough A that causes
phenolphthalein to change colour.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) Silver (Ag) can be obtained from silver oxide by heating.
In an experiment, 32.4 g of silver is obtained by completely decomposing 34.8 g of silver oxide.
(i) Calculate the mass of oxygen formed in this decomposition.
(1)
mass of oxygen = ........................................................... g
(ii) Determine the empirical formula of silver oxide by calculating the amounts, in moles, of
silver atoms (Ag) and oxygen atoms (O) obtained in this experiment.
(3)
empirical formula of silver oxide = ...........................................................
(Total for question = 17 marks)
Q21.
The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.
The diagram shows how the particles are arranged in each of these states.
(a) Use words from the box to show the changes of state labelled X, Y and Z.
You may use each word once, more than once or not at all.
(3)
X .............................................................................................................................................
Y .............................................................................................................................................
Z .............................................................................................................................................
(b) Which statement best describes the movement of the particles in a gas?
(1)
A
The particles vibrate about fixed positions.
B
The particles slide past one another.
C
The particles move freely.
D
The particles do not move at all.
(c) The diagram shows apparatus that can be used to measure the melting point of a solid.
The solid is placed in a small tube. The small tube is then put into a liquid contained in a beaker.
The liquid is gently heated and the temperature at which solid Q melts is recorded.
(i) Give the name of the apparatus labelled P.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Solid Q melts at 140°C.
Explain why water is not a suitable liquid to use in this experiment.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest why the liquid in the beaker needs to be stirred constantly.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for Question = 7 marks)
Q22.
A student investigates some food colourings, each of which is made up of one or more dyes.
She produces a chromatogram using the safe colourings red (SR), blue (SB) and green (SG) and
food colourings red (FR), blue (FB) and green (FG).
The diagram shows her chromatogram.
(a) How many dyes are there in SR?
(1)
(b) Complete the table by placing ticks ( ) next to the two food colourings that are definitely
safe to use.
Explain your answer.
(2)
explanation
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 3 marks)
Mark Scheme
Q1.
(Total for question = 9 marks)
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
(Total for question = 7 marks)
Q6.
Q7.
Q8.
Q9.
(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q10.
(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q11.
Q12.
(Total for question = 12 marks)
Q13.
Q14.
Q15.
Q16.
Q17.
Q18.
Q19.
Q20.
Q21.
Q22.
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