International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 4 Issue 6, September-October
October 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer through
hrough
Corrugated Channels: A Review
Prof. Pushparaj Singh1, Rishi Kesh Jha2
1Assistant
Professor, 2M Tech Scholar,
Professor
1,2Rewa Institute of Technology, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh,, India
How to cite this paper:
paper Prof. Pushparaj
Singh | Rishi Kesh Jha "Hydrodynamics
"Hydrod
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Channels: A Review" Published in
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2020,
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ABSTRACT
The continually rising energy consumption pushes researchers and
engineers to create more effective energy systems to better use energy
sources. In order to manufacture more compact heat exchangers, which are
used in air conditioning systems, chemical
mical reactors, heat power plants and
others, it is important to improve the heat transfer rate with an appropriate
pressure drop. Currently many engineering strategies are applied to
increase energy systems thermal transfer efficiency, such as surface
changes,
nges, swirl flow creators, flow conditioners, additives etc. Researchers
are also involved in applying these methods to further increase the
reliability of energy systems, while many experimental and numerical
details are available in the existing literature.
literatu Since the corrugated channel
is a passive technique to maximise heat transfer, researchers have insisted
that one or more passive / active methods be used in corrugated channels
to allow further changes. The purpose of this paper is to collect accessible
research data based on the flow characteristics and the heat transfer rates
across corrugated channels in particular. The previously obtained
conception conditions, functional limits, and assumptions of energy
systems are also discussed.
Copyright © 2020
20
by author(s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an Open Access article
distributed under
the terms of the
Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
KEYWORDS: Compact heat exchanger, Heat transfer augmentation, Passive
methods, Corrugation, and Pressure drop
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
I.
INTRODUCTION
In order to increase energy system reliability, the
construction of more efficient energy systems is a task for
researchers and engineers to minimise energy usage.
Improving the rate of heat transfer and thus producing
more compact heat exchangers, which are important
components for many engineering applications such as
space, aeronautics, automobile, ocean thermal energy
conversion technology, is a major concern in this regard.
Corrugations are used to increasee the heat transfer rate
and to improve the strength of plates in plate heat
exchangers. Complex corrugated channel geometry
improves the efficiency of heat transfer, resulting in higher
pressure losses, especially in the turbulent flow phase.
Flow controll methods include three primary methods:
active flow control, passive flow control and compound
flow control for heat transfer rate improvements. The
active flow control technology requires external power
input to increase the heat transfer. For e.g., flow
oscillation, flow vibration, surface vibration, magnetic field
and other related techniques are active flow methods. This
example offers better mixing of flow and increased heat
transfer. In the passive flow control method,
method no external
input is required to
o enhance the heat transfer; but, due to
geometric adjustments, there is a further pressure
decrease. The use of inserts, additives, rough surface, swirl
flux systems as well as treatment surfaces and extended
surface areas as coiled tubes are some examples
example of passive
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flow control approaches. The reduction of the hydraulic
diameter of the flow passage increases the transfer rate, as
can be seen from examples. In some cases a secondary
flow can be achieved using this method, which increases
the heat transfer
er rate through the mixing of fluids between
the central flow area and the flow area near the wall
surface. The technique of compound flow control requires
combinations of two or more systems of flow control for
heat transfer. An example of the compound flow
fl
control
technique might be a surface structure with additives or
flow vibration with additives.
The corrugated channels are significantly used in
industrial heat exchangers as a passive flow control
technology to increase the heat transfer rate. This
technique
echnique is designed to interrupt and reform the flow
boundary layer through the channel. The primary
objective of this analysis is to review research data
covering most forced convection parameters in corrugated
channels that increase the rate of heat transfer
tra
in a singlephase state. It is also intended to study the technology,
relevant design specifications, efficiency, and operating
fluid hydrodynamics of corrugated channel heat
exchangers in order to provide suitable specifications for
engineers and researchers
searchers to choose the suitable kind of
corrugation, additives or active methods to implement
their application under appropriate conditions. In order to
enhance heat transfer and hence to identify the flow
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feature that promotes heat transfer change across
different corrugated channel applications, attention is also
given to the implementation of corrugated channels.
II.
Important definitions
2.1. Enhancement ratio
In order to demonstrate the effect of the surface
modifications on heat transfer, the enhancement ratio E is
an important parameter. The ratio of an improved surface
(hA) to that of a plain surface (hA)p[3] is the enhancement
ratio, E. Some studies, such as the pulsating flow case,
compare the improvement ratio with the steady flow case
[4] as;
=
=
2.2.
Thermal performance factor
The thermal performance factor, TPF, is used to measure
the performance of energy system modifications, such as
channel corrugation or additives. This TPF is defined as
the ratio of normalised Nusselt number, Nu / Nuo to the
normalised friction factor of the, (f /fo) 1/3 [5].
=
Where, Nu0 and f0 represent parallel plate channel Nusselt
number, Nu and friction factor, f, respectively. When
evaluating TPF, the values of Nu0 and f0 are determined for
each appropriate situation. For instance, Nu0 = 3.77 is
taken for the Nusselt number, Nu of fully developed flow
in the parallel plate for laminar flow under the constant
wall temperature boundary condition or f = (0.79ln (Re)1.64)−2 is used to calculate the friction factor, f in parallel
plates for turbulent flow [6].
2.3.
Corrugation pitch (length)
The distance between the neighbouring corrugations is
referred to as the pitch of corrugation or length of
corrugation, L. It is an important parameter that has
remarkable effects on the flow characteristics that
contribute to the improvement of heat transfer.
2.4.
Corrugation height (amplitude)
This description is used by many researchers as the
height, 2a, of the corrugation beginning from the bottom of
the corrugation and to the top of the corrugation. The
amplitude, a, is used by another section of the researchers
as half of the corrugation that starts from the bottom of
the corrugation to the half-height of the corrugation.
at low pumping power with a minimum cost. The spent of
money for the research and development in corrugated
plate heat exchangers, in last decades, from some
companies, offered different and versatile types and
models of that heat exchanger.
3.1.
Previous work
Numerous works has been done on Plate Heat Exchangers
(PHEs) and their data related to thermal and hydraulic
characterization are available in open literature. But there
is a widespread discrepancy in these reported correlations
and before commencing the present study, it was
necessary to analyze the experimental facilities and
procedure, data reduction methods, results and
conclusions of some of the important past works.
Junqi et al. (2018) has experimentally investigated the
thermal hydraulic characteristics for three types of fluids
(R245fa, glycol & water) on plate heat exchanger surface.
To overall evaluate the enhanced heat transfer, concept of
pump power is provided. Using multiple regression
method, dimensionless correlation equation of Nusselt
number & friction factor are given. It is concluded that the
plate chevron angle affect thermal hydraulic performance.
Heat transfer increases with increase in chevron angle &
vice versa.
Sharif Asal et al. (2018) used Computational Fluid
Dynamics approach with the Reynolds stress model to
investigate the influence of the apex angle on the thermal
and hydraulic features of triangular cross-corrugated heat
exchangers. The Reynolds number was varied from 310 to
2064. The numerical results varied by 5% than
experimental results. On increasing the apex angle,
pressure forces increase which lead to pressure drop
along with heat exchanger coefficient. It is concluded that
on increasing apex angle from 45⁰ to 150⁰, vorticity
magnitude & pressure forces along the direction of flow
increase which lead to higher heat transfer.
Khavin G. (2018) studied about the different height of
corrugation for heat exchangers with a circular plate. For
designing of such heat exchanger, use of plates with
different corrugation heights along hot and cold side can
prove to be very helpful. Due to this design, resistance to
contamination increases.
2.5.
Channel height
The height of the channel, H, which is the area between the
walls of the upper and lower channels, is a parameter that
must be explored with respect to the thermal efficiency
factor, TPF. For any operating parameter, the optimum
channel height needs to be calculated.
Johnson et.al (2017) studied the analytical design of the
heat exchanger which has been also numerically analyzed.
On the basis of standard k- ε modelling CFD analysis have
been done. The solution of the problem yields when the
optimum values of flow rate, outer diameter of pipe and
inner diameter of pipe to be used at an effective length for
a double pipe heat exchanger. When the stream processes
for specified flow rates then it was treated for a given inlet
to outlet temperature. From the result it has been found
that the design and analysis of the double pipe heat
exchanger would be a great success.
III.
Literature Review
The developments and the enhancements in all the heat
transfer equipment’s are mainly purposed for energy
savings and savings in projects capital investment,
through reducing the costs (energy or material). The
better heat exchanger is one that transfer's high heat rate
R K Ajeel et.al (2017) studied CFD study on turbulent
forced convection flow of Al2O3-water nanofluid in semicircular corrugated channel. Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) simulations of heat transfer and friction
factor analysis in a turbulent flow regime in semi-circle
corrugated channels with Al2O3-water nanofluid is
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presented. Simulations are carried out at Reynolds
number range of 10000-30000, with nanoparticle volume
fractions 0-6% and constant heat flux condition. The
results for corrugated channels are examined and
compared to those for straight channels. Results show that
the Nusselt number increased with the increase of
nanoparticle volume fraction and Reynolds number. The
Nusselt number was found to increase as the nanoparticle
diameter decreased. Maximum Nusselt number
enhancement ratio 2.07 at Reynolds number 30,000 and
volume fraction 6%.
Hasanpour et al. (2016) have experimentally studied a
double pipe heat exchanger with inner tube corrugated
filled with various categories of twisted tapes from
conventional to modified types (perforated, V-cut and Ucut). The twist ratio, the hole diameter, the width and
depth ratio of the cuts have been varied and the Reynolds
number has been changed from 5000 to 15000. Overall
more than 350 experiments were carried out. Nusselt
number and friction factor for corrugated tube equipped
with modified twist tapes are found out to be higher than
typical tapes.
Goodarzi et al. (2015) experimentally investigated the
influence of different functional covalent groups on the
thermal physical properties of carbon nanotubes – base
fluid. Thermal properties such as convection heat transfer
coefficient, Nusselt no., friction loss, pressure drop &
pumping power were calculated for corrugated plate heat
exchanger. Variation in Reynold’s no. was done & nanofluids properties were measured experimentally.
Elmaaty et al. (2015) developed a corrugated plate heat
exchanger. The author has presented review related to
plate heat exchanger and further on brazed corrugated
plate heat exchanger the authors have been worked upon.
The author have concluded that additional work &
modelling are needed on visualization, calculation &
measurements of pressure drop and heat transfer using
nano-fluids.
Kabeel A.E et al. (2013) have experimentally tested loop
to study the PHE thermal characteristics, heat transfer
coefficient, pressure drops etc. at different concentrations
of nanofluids. The measured heat transfer coefficient
results have been compared with theoretical values. An
increase in heat transfer coefficient up to 13%, for a nanofluid concentration of 4% in laminar flow regime, at
constant Re number with 9.8% uncertainty is observed.
On using nano fluids, power being transmitted is
enhanced. But effectiveness of plate heat exchanger
decreases.
Han, Xiao-Hong et al. (2010) have used chevron
corrugated plate heat exchanger to obtain three
dimensional parameters- temperature, pressure and
velocity fields. It was seen that in the first zone, the
temperature gradient increases gradually and got the
maximum in the central of the flow, the temperature
gradient became smaller again. The highest temperature
appeared around the upper port, while the lowest
temperature appeared in the cold fluid inflow around the
lower port. From the flow field, a dead zone where the
fluid flow rate is very low departed from corrugated side.
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The simulated results have been compared with the
experimental values and it was found that results were
consistent with those of pressure drop.
Min & et al. (2009) reviewed use of heat exchanger into
gas turbines. The authors discussed the work of other
researches about the design of a heat exchanger matrix,
material selection, manufacturing technology and
optimization. A potential heat exchanger designs for an
aero gas turbine recuperator, intercooler and cooling air
cooler has been suggested based on previous research. It
is included that primary surface heat exchanger have
relatively larger effectiveness.
Kanaris, Athanasios et al. (2006) used a general purpose
CFD code to compute the characteristics of the flow field,
and the heat transfer of conduits with corrugated walls.
The plates were assumed to be of stainless steel of
herringbone design. The code has been validated
experimentally for counter current flow of water. It is
concluded that CFD is an effective & reliable tool for
designing of efficient plate heat exchangers.
Islamoglu Y. & A. Kurt (2004) used artificial neural
networks (ANNs) for heat transfer analysis in corrugated
channel. Experiments were conducted for processing with
the use of neural networks. Back propagation algorithm
was used in training and testing the network and an
algorithm using C++ has been developed to solve it. The
results of ANN approach & experimental varied by about
4%.
J. A. Stasiek (1998) developed liquid crystal technique
and applied it to study six element shapes of rotary air
heat preheaters. A complete mapping of temperature, heat
transfer coefficient and pressure drop has been obtained
at every angle and Reynolds number. It is concluded that
the presented corrugated-undulated geometry (CU) can be
considered as a generalized of the crossed-corrugated
geometry.
Vicente & et al. (2004) studied corrugated tubes using
experimental techniques to obtain their heat transfer and
isothermal friction characteristics. Water and ethylene
glycol were used as working fluids. 10 corrugated tube
with rib height ranging from 0.02 to 0.06 & spiral pitch
from 0.6 to 1.2 were manufactured using cold rolling. It is
concluded that heat transfer increases with increase in
Prandtl number. Also at low Reynolds number, tubes with
height severity index are most advantageous ones.
Chang Y. J. & Wang C. C. (1997) developed a generalized
heat transfer correlation for louver fin geometry 91
samples louvered fin heat exchanger with different
geometrical parameters, like louver angle, tube width,
louver length, louver pitch, fin length and fin pitch. It is
concluded that the inclusion of the plate and tube louver
fin data in the heat transfer correlation results in a mean
deviation of 8.21%
Kondepudi & O’Neal (1991) experimentally investigated
fin tube heat exchanger for studying the effects of frost
growth on thermal performance of fin tube heat
exchangers with wavy and corrugated fins. More frost
growth and higher pressure drops were found for higher
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air humidity & fin density. It was concluded that frost
growth was a function of spacing as well as air humidity.
The pressure drop was found to be function of frost
growth & heat exchanger geometry. Heat exchangers with
smaller fins due to reduction free flow area have higher
pressure drop.
Webb R.L. (1981) has extended previous work of Bergles
and Webb to establish a broad range of Performance
Evaluation Criteria (PEC) applicable to single phase flow in
tubes. Detailed procedure have been outlined to calculate
the performance improvement and to select the ‘optimum’
surface geometry. PEC are presented for four design cases:
(1) Reduced heat exchanger material; (2) increased heat
duty; (3) reduced long mean temperature difference; and
(4) reduced pumping power. The cases discussed included
fixed flow area and flow area. Appropriate PEC for two
phase exchanger’s area have been also discussed. It is
concluded that modified PEC is applicable to heat
exchangers having two-phase flow.
IV.
Conclusions
The present work is aimed at collecting usable flow and
heat transfer characteristics investigations for all forms of
corrugated channels in different applications. The key
effects of those studies are stated as follows.
1. Corrugations, when working under acceptable
Reynolds numbers, may serve as the heat transfer
enhancement method.
2. Corrugations include fluid recirculation and swirl
movement at sufficient Reynolds numbers for the
channel flows, which are heat transfer amplification
mechanisms.
3. Corrugation angles, height, 2a, volume, height of L and
channel, H are major criteria for enhancement of heat
transfer and decrease in strain. At an operational
range, they should be configured.
4. Other parameters that influence the characteristics of
flow and heat transfer are sharp or rounded
corrugations.
Generally,
strongly
cornered
corrugations have a higher rate of heat transfer and
induce a higher drop in pressure. For this cause,
sharply cornered corrugations, for example by
rounding, should be optimised.
5. If it works under suitable dimensionless numbers
such as P, St and Re, pulsating (or oscillating) flows
may be used as a heat transfer amplification
technique.
6. There is an optimal Strouhal number, St at those
Reynolds numbers, and vice versa, to obtain more
thermal efficiency when the flow is under pulsation
(or oscillating).
7. If it is used with the required volume fraction and the
Reynolds number, nanoparticles are another
remarkable instrument to provide heat transfer
enhancement.
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