5G Concepts
2
CONTENTS
Describe 5G Technology
5G Use Cases
3GPP Standardization Roadmap
IMT & 3GPP RAN Requirement
3
Describe 5G Technology
4
Evolution Of Communication: From 2G To 5G
2G GSM
2.7G EDGE
3G WCDMA
3.5 HSPA, HSPA+
4G LTE
4G LTE-Advanced
4,5G LTE-A Pro
5G
Rel. 97
Rel. 98
Rel. 99
Rel. 5,6,7
Rel. 8,9
Rel. 10,11,12
Rel. 13,14
Rel 15, 16
Digital voice &
messaging
Enhanced 2G
Voice, Data & Video
Signals
Enhanced 3G
Data and Voice over
IP
Enhanced 4G
4G Evolution
towards 5G
eMBB, critical MTC,
massive MTC
Digital fidelity
cellular phones
Higher data rates
Video Telephony /
Internet surfing
Higher data rates
Wireless broadband
Higher peak rates
+IoT and Public
safety
4th industrial
revolution
Channel access
TDMA/FDMA
TDMA/FDMA
WCDMA
WCDMA
OFDMA
OFDMA
OFDMA
Modified OFDMA
Bandwidth
200 kHz
200 kHz
5 MHz
5 MHz
20 MHz
100 MHz
640 MHz
Up to 2 GHz
Service
CS
CS/PS
CS/PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
Architecture
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Distributed
HetNet
Cloud
Cloud, coexistence, slicing
DL speed
40 Kbps
500 Kbps
384 kbps
14-84 Mbps
150-300 Mbps
1 Gbps
3 Gbps
>10 Gbps
Latency
~500 ms
~300 ms
~150ms
~50 ms
~10ms
~10ms
~5ms
<1ms
2007
2012
2016
2020
3GPP Release
Use case
1G
1982
1991
1997
2000
2004
What is 5G?
5G has been introduced within the release 15 version of the 3GPP specifications, whereas 4G
was introduced within release 8.
5G has been specified based upon the requirements of the following use cases:
Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC)
Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC)
6
What is 5G?
Enhanced mobile
broadband
 Extreme capacity
 Extreme data rates
 Deep awareness
eMBB
Ultra-reliable and low
latency communications




Strong security
Ultra-high reliability
Ultra-low latency
Extreme user mobility
5G
URLLC
mMTC
Massive machine type
communications




7
Deep coverage
Ultra-low energy
Ultra-low complexity
Ultra-high density
What is 5G?
The Radio Access Network (RAN) belonging to 4G is known as Long Term Evolution (LTE),
whereas the RAN belonging to 5G is known as New Radio (NR).
NR has been standardized to allow tight interworking with LTE. Tight interworking supports
the inter-connection of LTE and NR Base Stations. These Base Stations can then be used in
combination to serve the population of User Equipment (UE). 5G network architectures
based upon tight interworking between LTE and NR are known as Non-Standalone (NSA)
Standalone (SA) NR Base Stations provide connectivity to a 5G Core
Network. The combination of NR Base Station and 5G Core Network is
known as a 5G System (SGS).
What is 5G?
Strong security
e.g. Health/government/financial trusted
Deep Coverage
To reach challenging locations
Ultra-high reliability
[1-10-5] in [1ms]
Ultra-low energy
10+ years of battery life
Ultra-low latency
As low as 1 millisecond
Ultra-low complexity
10s of bits per second
5G
Ultra-high density
1 million nodes per km 2
Extreme user mobility
Up to 500 km/h
eMBB
Extreme capacity
10 Tbps per km2
Enhanced Mobile
Broadband
Extreme data rates Multi-Gbps peak rates;
100+ Mbps user experienced rates
9
Deep awareness
Discovery and optimization
5G requirements vs Usage scenarios
Performance
Measure
Extreme
Mobile
Broadband
Massive
Machine
Communication
Critical
Machine
Communication
Peak data rate
H
L
L
User experienced data
rate
H
L
L
Latency
M
L
H
Mobility
H
L
H
Connection density
M
H
L
Energy efficiency
M
H
L
Spectrum efficiency
H
L
L
Traffic volume density
H
L
L
5G 5G
useUse
cases
Cases
BROADBAND and media
EVERYWHERE
Sensor networks
Smart vehicles and
transport
critical Control
of remote
devices
Human machine
interaction
critical services and
infrastructure CONTROL
5G Use Cases
5G use cases
Smart vehicles and
transport
BROADBAND and media
EVERYWHERE
Human machine
interaction
Connected
cars
Live TV at
scale
Events
platform
On-demand
anything
Sensor networks
Consumers &
Utilities
Agriculture &
Environment
Smart
buildings &
Cities
Autonomous
vehicles
Connected
bus-stops
Remote
control of
heavy
machinery
Immersive
augmented
reality
Connected
trucks
critical Control
of remote
devices
Factory
automation
Real-time
process
control
Surveillance
Remote
surgery
Tactile
internet
Smart houses
Immersive
gaming
Smart
shipping/post
critical services and
infrastructure CONTROL
Public Safety
Mission
critical
utilities:
Energy active
grid
Mission
critical
utilities:
Water active
grid
5G Use Cases
Smart vehicles and
transport
BROADBAND and media
EVERYWHERE
3x
spectral
efficiency
Extend usage
of high bands
Increased
data rates
critical Control
of remote
devices
Increased
energy
efficiency
1 million
connections
per km2
Ultra reliable
“five nines”
1 million
connections
per km2
5x
Sensor networks
Increased
capacity
Increased
capacity
Increased
energy
efficiency
20/10 Gbps
DL/UL
100 x
Human machine
interaction
Ultra short
latencies
< 1ms
Ultra reliable
“five nines”
Increased
data rates
Ultra short
latencies
< 1 ms
20/10 Gbps
DL/UL
critical services and
infrastructure CONTROL
Ultra short
latencies
< 1ms
Ultra reliable
“five nines”
3GPP Standardization Roadmap
14
3GPP Release Timetable
REQUIREMENTS
16
The Radio Communications Sector of the
International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R)
has specified a set of requirements for IMT2020
technologies within report ITU-R M.2410-0. These
reql1irements will be used when evaluating
candidate technologies, e.g. the 5G solution
specified by 3GPP.
From IMT Advanced to IMT 2020
ITU-R Recommendation M.2083:
8 key capabilities are identified, at high
level, for IMT-2020.
The potential target requirements in this
spider chart are only targets for research
and investigation and subject to further
research.
Source: Rec. ITU-R M.[IMT.VISION]
3GPP RAN Requirement
Performance Measure
Requirement
Peak data rate
DL: [20 Gbps] UL: [10 Gbps]
Peak spectral efficiency
DL: [30 bps/Hz] UL: [15 bps/Hz]
Spectrum Scalability
Yes
Bandwidth
Reference to IMT-2020
Bandwidth Scalability
Yes
Control plane latency
[10 ms]
UP latency URLLC, one-way
[0,5 ms]
UP latency eMBB, one way
[4ms]
Latency for infrequent small packets
10s / 20byte packet
Mobility interruption time (intra-syst.)
[0 ms]
Mobility
Up to 500 km/h
Inter-system mobility
Yes
Reliability
[1-10-5] in [1ms]
3GPP RAN Requirement
Performance Measure
Requirement
UE Battery life
10-15 years
UE energy efficiency
Inspection (Qualitative)
Cell/Tx Point/TRP sp. Eff.
3xIMT-A requirement
Area traffic capacity
10Mbps/m2 [ITU]
TRP spectral efficiency
[3x IMT-A requirement]
User experienced data rate
100/50 Mbps DL/UL [ITU]
User sp. eff. at 5% percentile
[3x cell edge IMT-A requirement]
Connection density
[1,000,000 devices/Km2]
NW energy efficiency
Qualitative & Quantitative KPI
eMBB Extreme coverage
140/143 dB loss MaxCL (2/1(DL))
IoT Coverage
MCL [164dB] for [160bps]
Support of wide range of services
Yes
5G NR System Architecture
21
CONTENTS
5G NR System Architecture
5G Service Based Architecture
Reference point Architecture
Overall network architecture (NG-RAN and 5G CN)
22
End to End Architecture
5G CORE Network
5G New Radio
5G UE
eUTRAN
Non-3gpp Access
SBA
SBA
Next Gen Core
All the new technologies enabled by 5G—the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence,
robotics, virtual reality—require a new network approach, both for the access network and
for the next generation core (5GC).
23
Network Architecture
The 5G system(5gs) include the 5G core network (CN), the 5G access network (AN) and the user
Equipment (UE).
The 5G Core network provide connectivity to the internet and to the application server. The 5G Access
Network can be a part of 3GPP Next generation access network NG-RAN , or a non 3GPP access
network.
5G System (5GS)
5G Core Network
5G Access Network
3GPP Access network NGRAN
OR
UE
Non-3GPP Access
Network
OVERALL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
NR (New Radio) radio-access technology in 3GPP, the overall system architectures of both the RadioAccess Network (RAN) and the Core Network (CN) were revisited, including the split of functionality
between the two networks.
5G RAN
The RAN is responsible for all
radio-related functionality of the
overall network including, for
example, scheduling, radioresource handling, retransmission
protocols, coding, and various
multi-antenna schemes
5G Core Network
Responsible for functions not related
to the radio access
but needed for providing a complete
network. This includes, for example,
authentication, charging
functionality, and setup of end-toend connections.
25
End to End Architecture
Before describing
the 5G System
architecture let’s
first look at some
definitions:
NG-RAN (Next Generation
Radio Access Network) : A
radio access network that
supports one or more of the
following options with the
common characteristics that
it connects to 5GC:
• 5G System is a 3GPP system consisting of 5G
Access Network (AN), 5G Core Network and UE.
• 5G Access Network: An access network
comprising a NG-RAN and/or non-3GPP AN
connecting to a 5G Core Network.
•
•
•
•
Standalone New Radio.
New Radio is the anchor with E-UTRA extensions.
Standalone E-UTRA.
E-UTRA is the anchor with New Radio extensions
26
A 3GPP Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG RAN) can be based
upon any of the following options:
Standalone New Radio (NR) Base Station
Standalone Long Term Evolution (LTE) Base Station upgraded to allow connection to the 5G Core
Network
Non-Standalone Base Station using NR as the anchor and LTE as an extension
Non-Standalone Base Station using LTE as the anchor and NR as an extension
A New Radio (NR) Base Station is known as a gNodeB, whereas an LTE Base Station which has been
upgraded to allow connectivity with the 5G Core Network is known as an enhanced eNodeB or a
Next Generation eNodeB .
27
5G Core Basic Architecture
•
Support of NR
•
•
Service Based Architecture
•
•
•
•
Fast new service creation and extensibility without
impacting standards (within some limits)
Designed to facilitate Cloud Native core
implementations
Authentication
Server
Network
Exposure
Network
Repository
Policy
Control
Unified
Data Mgmt.
Improved service capabilities
•
One UE connect to multiple network slices
simultaneously
•
Mobility on Demand concept allows for service
differentiation, e.g. limit access to certain geo
areas for FWA
•
Improved and simplified QoS
•
Enhanced support for distributed Cloud; UE
access both local and centralized networks within
single connection
Support for devices without SIM cards
•
•
SA and NSA deployments
Compete with other technologies e.g. cheap IoT
devices
Preparing for non-3GPP access integration
•
Fixed broadband access support
Service-Based Interfaces
(SBI)
Network Slice
Selection
N
1
Access &
Mobility
Session
Mgmt.
N
2
Application
N
4
N
3
User Plane
User Plane
N
9
N6
Data
Network
SA – Stand Alone
NSA – Non-Stand Alone
FWA – Fixed Wireless Access
5G Core compared to EPC
EPC today
MME
S6a
S1-MME
HSS
PCRF
PCF
UDM
NRF
AUSF
S11
HSS/
Gx
Nausf AAA
SGW
Nudm
PCRF
Nnrf
Npcf
PGW
S1-U
S5
SGi
Nnssf
Nsmf
Namf
After CUPS
AMF
NSSF
SMF
HSS
S1-MME
MME
S
PCRF
S6a
MME
S11
S1-U
Gx
SGW
PGW
CP
CP
SGW
PGW
UP
UP
MME
Mapping EPC
functions to 5GC
functions
N4
UPF
SGi
PGW
UP
SGW
UP
SGW
CP
PGW
CP
5G Network Definitions
3GPP TS 23.501
• 5G System (5GS)
• 3GPP system consisting of 5G Access Network (AN), 5G Core Network (5GC) and
UE
• 5G Access Network (AN)
• An access network comprising a 5G-RAN and/or non-3GPP AN connecting to a
5G Core Network
• 5G Core Network (5GC)
• Core network specified in 3GPP TS 23.501. Connects to 5G AN.
• 5G-RAN
• Radio access network; supports standalone (SA) and non-standalone (NSA) New
Radio (NR)
5G Core Architecture
Service Based representation
•
NF within 5GC CP use Service Based
Interfaces (SBI) for their interactions:
AUSF
Nausf
•
CP NF provides one or more NF
Services
NRF
Nnrf
PCF
UDM
Nudm
NSSF
Npcf
Nnssf
Nnef
AF
Naf
Nsmf
Namf
AMF
NEF
SMF
N1
N2
N4
Data Network
N6
N3
NG UE
5G
RAN
UPF
(e.g. operator
or Internet)
DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO
32
The following example scenarios should be considered
for support by the RAN architecture.
Although it is not always explicitly specified, it should be
assumed that an inter BS interface may be supported
between an gNB and other gNBs or (e)LTE eNBs.
33
Non-centralised deployment
In this scenario, the full protocol stack is supported at the gNB e.g. in a macro deployment or indoor
hotspot environment (could be public or enterprise). The gNB can be connected to “any” transport. It is
assumed that the gNB is able to connect to other gNBs or (e)LTE eNBs via a RAN interface.
CORE
RAN CN Interface
RAN CN
Interface
gNB
RAN CN
Interface
gNB
e(LTE) eNB
Non-centralised deployment
34
Co-sited deployment with E-UTRA
In this scenario the NR functionality is co-sited with E-UTRA functionality either as part of the same base
station or as multiple base stations at the same site. Co-sited deployment can be applicable in all NR
deployment scenarios e.g. Urban Macro. In this scenario it is desirable to fully utilize all spectrum
resources assigned to both RATs by means of load balancing or connectivity via multiple RATs (e.g.
utilizing lower frequencies as coverage layer for users on cell edge).
CORE
Site A
E-UTRA
Site B
gNB
E-Utra
Co-sited deployment with E-UTRA
gNB
35
Centralized deployment
NR should support centralization of the upper layers of the NR radio stacks.
Different protocol split options between Central Unit and lower layers of gNB nodes may be possible.
The functional split between the Central Unit and lower layers of gNB nodes may depend on the
transport layer.
CORE
Central Unit
Lower Layer of
gNB
Lower Layer of
gNB
Lower Layer of
gNB
36
Base station
Options in 5G
Standalone
NR(SA)
NoN-Standalone
NR(NSA)
Non-Standalone (NSA) mode of 5G NR refers to an option of 5G NR deployment
that depends on the control plane of existing LTE network for control functions,
while 5G NR exclusively focused on user plane
Standalone (SA) mode of 5G NR refers to using 5G cells for both signaling and
information transfer. It includes the new 5G Packet core architecture instead of
relying on the 4G EPC.
37
5G Networking Options
SA/NSA Definition (38.801)
Non-standalone NR: A deployment configuration where the gNB requires an LTE eNB as anchor for control plane connectivity to EPC, or an eLTE
eNB as anchor for control plane connectivity to NGC.
Non-standalone E-UTRA: A deployment configuration where the eLTE eNB requires a gNB as anchor for control plane connectivity to NGC.
Non-Standalone E-UTRA
Non-standalone NR
S1-C
Option 3
Option 3a
Option 3x
Option 4
Option 4a
EPC
EPC
EPC
NGC
NGC
S1-U
LTE
S1-C
NR
S1-U
LTE
S1-U
S1-U
S1-C
LTE
NR
NG-C
S1-U
NR
eLTE
NG-U
NR
NG-C
NG-U
eLTE
NG-U
NR
Standalone
NG-C
Option 7
Option 7a
Option 7x
NGC
NGC
NGC
NG-U
eLTE
NG-C
NR
NG-U
eLTE
NG-U
NR
NG-C
NG-U
eLTE
Anchor for control plane
NG-U
Option 5
Option 2
NGC
NGC
NG-C
NR
NG-U
eLTE
NG-C
NG-U
NR
Data split point
38
Option 1: SA LTE connected to EPC - Legacy
EPC
S1’-U
S1’-C
LTE
Option 1
39
Option 2: SA NR connected to 5GC
NGC
S1’-U
NR
Only option for
greenfield 5G operators
• Full support for new
5G applications and
services including:
• Enhanced Mobile
Broadband (eMBB)
• Massive MachineType Communications
(mMTC)
• Ultra-reliable and Low
Latency
Communications
(URLLC)
• Needs multiple
spectrum to provide all
above cases and also to
provide ubiquitous 5G
coverage
Option 2
40
Option 5: SA eLTE connected to 5GC
NGC
S1’-U
eLTE
Option 5
41
5G SA Networking (Option 2)
5G SA = 5GC + NG-RAN
AMF/UPF
5GC
NG
NG
Xn
gNB
gNB
NG-RAN

Service-based architecture

Native CUPS

Native MEC

Network slicing

New interface (Uu/NG/Xn)

New channel model (Uu/NG/Xn)

New mechanism of OSI delivery

New QoS architecture

New RRC states (RRC INACTIVE)

Network slicing
E2E full 5G services
 eMBB
 URLLC
 mMTC
UE
A new coverage network (new RAN and new core network) supports differentiated services of 5G.
Option 3: Non-Standalone (NSA) NR, LTE assisted, EPC connected
3GPP NSA / “LTE Assisted” Option 3 / 3A / 3X
RAN Option 3
RAN Option 3a
RAN Option 3x
5G enabled CN
5G enabled CN
5G enabled CN
MME
MME
S-GW
S-GW
MME
S1’-U
LTE
•
•
•
NR
S1-CL+NR always via LTE NodeB
S1-UL+NR terminates on LTE NodeB
LTE NodeB decides if UP traffic
routes via NR gNB or LTE NodeB
LTE
•
•
•
S-GW
S1’-U
NR
S1-CL+NR always via LTE NodeB
S1-UL terminates on LTE
NodeB
S1-UNR terminates on NR gNB
LTE
•
•
•
NR
S1-CL+NR always via LTE NodeB
S1-UL+NR terminates on NR gNB
NR gNB decides if UP traffic
routes via NR gNB or LTE NodeB
43
Option 3: Non-Standalone (NSA) NR, LTE assisted, EPC connected
• In option 3, there is no connection from gNB to EPC – eNB hardware upgrade is probably
required
• In option 3A, gNB has S1-U interface to EPC but no X2. New services can be handled by NR and
X2 backhaul is easy to meet
• Option 3X is a combination of 3 & 3A. S1-U is available from gNB and X2 interface is available
too
44
5G Deployment Options and Migration Strategy
45
3GPP 5G Key Feature
Massive MIMO
Beamforming
Direct device-to-device (D2D) communications
SDN and NFV
Network slicing
V2X
Ultra Lean
Massive MIMO
Massive MIMO
In wireless communication, the transmitted signals are being attenuated by fading due to
multipath propagation and by shadowing due to large obstacles between the transmitter and
the receiver, yielding a fundamental challenge for reliable communication.
Transmission with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas is a well-known diversity
technique to enhance the reliability of the communication.
with multiple antennas, multiple streams can be sent out and hence, we can obtain a
multiplexing gain which significantly improves the communication capacity.
What is Massive MIMO? Multiple antenna to serve multiple subscriber
CSI
02
K
Data Stream
Data Stream
Data Stream
1
Precoding
01
01
Data Stream
Terminal 1
2
02
Data Stream
Terminal 2
K
K
Terminal K
Massive MIMO - Base Station
Data Stream
How Is Massive MIMO Different?
Massive MIMO is an extension of multi-user MIMO or MU-MIMO, in which the base station transmitter
simultaneously communicates with multiple mobile station receivers using the same time-frequency resources,
improving the spectrum efficiency. MIMO implementation starts with a 2x2 channel antenna array. Massive
MIMO systems typically have hundreds or even thousands of antenna channels in the array
Types of MIMO systems.
Massive MIMO
Beamforming
What does Beamforming mean?
Beamforming is a kind of radio frequency (RF) management in which an access point makes
use of various antennas to transmit the exact same signal. Beamforming is considered a
subset of smart antennas or Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS).
By broadcasting various signals and examining client feedback, the wireless LAN
infrastructure could very well modify the signals it transmits. This way, it can identify the
ideal path the signal must follow to get to a client device. Beamforming efficiently enhances
the uplink and downlink SNR performances as well as the overall network capacity.
Beamforming is also known as spatial filtering.
Beamforming Principle
Introduction
Waves transmitted from multiple antennas will add
constructively/destructively in space. By changing the phases
and amplitudes (→ complex weights, beamforming vector) of
the individual antennas we can change the azimuths of these
specific areas → beam pattern
To transmit to a specific user, ideally signals from all of the transmit
antennas should arrive at its receive antenna in the same phase to
add constructively. To achieve this, knowledge about channel
coefficients is needed to direct a beam. With limited channel
knowledge the results will be sub-optima
Beamforming
SU-MIMO
Generalised Beamforming
MU-MIMO
Beamforming Advantages
Higher SNR: The highly directional transmission enhances the link budget, improving the
range for both open-space as well as indoor penetration.
Interference prevention and rejection: Beamforming prevails over internal and external cochannel interference (CCI) by taking advantage of the antennas' spatial properties.
Higher network efficiency: By substantially minimizing CCI, beamforming allows much
denser deployments compared to single antenna systems. The possibility of operating highorder modulations (16QAM, 64QAM,256QAM ) greatly improves the overall capacity.
D2D COMMUNICATION
So, what is D2D?
Device-to-Device (D2D) communication refers to a radio technology that enables devices to communicate
directly with each other, that is without routing the data paths through a network infrastructure.
This technique opens new device-centric communication that often requires no direct communication with
the network infrastructure, hence is expected to solve part of the network capacity issue as 5G promises
more devices to be connected in faster, more reliable networks.
Potential application scenarios include, among others, proximity-based services where devices detect their proximity and
subsequently trigger different services (such as social applications triggered by user proximity, advertisements, local
exchange of information, smart communication between vehicles, etc.). Other applications include public safety support,
where devices provide at least local connectivity even in case of damage to the radio infrastructure.
Comparison between D2D and other wireless Technologies
Feature Name
D2D
Wi-Fi Direct
Bluetooth5.0
Standardization
802.11
Bluetooth SIG
2.4 GHz, 5GHz
2.4-2.485GHz
Max transmission distance
3GPP Release12
Licensed band and
unlicensed band
500 m
200 m
300 m
Quality of service
QoS guarantees
NO Qos guarantees
No QoS guarantees
Max data rate
5-10 Gbps
250Mbps
48Mbps
Device discovery
BS coordination
ID broadcast and
embed soft access
point
Manual pairing
Uniformity of
service provision
Yes
No
No
Frequency band
Application
Public safety,
Content
Content sharing,
sharing, Local
Group gaming,
advertising, Cellular Device connection
relay
Object
Exchange,
Peripherals
Connection
Device to Device (D2D)
what are the added
benefits of using
decentralized D2D
Technology in 5G
Network?
1) Applications
2) Performance
Public Safety
Spectrum efficiency
High data rate
Offloading traffic
from gNodeB
Low latency
What are the Challenges of D2D communications?
Frequency Reuse
Interference management
and Resource allocation
Security
D2D Applications
Network Slicing
Network slicing
What is network slicing ?
Slicing across radio, transport, core edge and central clouds
Source Nokia
Network slicing
Network slicing is a main feature of 5G networks used to optimize allocation of
resources and increase cost and energy efficiencies.
V2X
5G V2X
Vehicle to Everything (V2X)
Vehicle to Everything(V2X) include the following components
Vehicle to vehicle
(V2V)
Vehicle to Network
(V2N)
Vehicle to
infrastructure(V2I)
Vehicle to
Pedestrian(V2P)
To achieve reliable road safety and enable critical communication services in usage of mobile networks
for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications.
Based on the definition in 3GPP, the V2X consists of Vehicle- to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Pedestrian
(V2P), Vehicle-to-(roadway)-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Network (V2N) communications.
For V2V, the short-range radio communication technologies like IEEE Dedicated Short Range
Communications (DSRC) or 3GPP LTE-V (also known as PC5 or sidelink at the physical layer)
standards can be used
For V2P, the PC5 interface can be used, while V2I and V2N rely on Cellular, i.e., C-V2X, to enable the
vehicle to communicate with the roadside equipment (Road Side Units – RSU, traffic lights, etc.). The
cellular network can also facilitate vehicular connectivity with a remote application server.
V2X EXAMPLE
Courtesy QUALCOMM
Component Belonging to Vehicle to Everything
Collision Avoidance
Vehicle Platooning
 Dynamic ride sharing
Vehicle to
 Safety alert for pedestrian Pedestrian(V2P)
 Pedestrian warning to
vehicle
Vehicle Platooning
Vehicle to vehicle
(V2V)
V2X
Vehicle to
infrastructure(V2I)
Traffic signal timing
Video Sharing
Vehicle to Network
(V2N)



Car parking information
In Vehicle Entertainment
Vehicle tethering
Internet connectivity
Thanks
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