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BIOMOELECULES/MACROMOLECULE
-molecules that are essential to life.
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE:
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Biochemistry-metabolism
Organic Chemistry- structure&functions
CARBOHYDRATES (Glucose)
-biomolecules that provides energy for the system.
-made up of C,H,O [C x(H2O)Y]
-hydrates of Carbon
-primarily produced by plants.
-active polyhydroxy aldehides or ketones.
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES:
1. BEHAVIOR DURING HYDROLYSIS
a. MONOSACHARRIDES- simple sugars
-can no longer be hydrolysed into smaller
units.
[e.g Glucose, Ribose, Fructose, Galactose]
b. OLIGOSOCHARRIDES- yields into two to ten
groups.
c. POLYSACHARRIDES- comples sugars
-more than more than 10.
[e.g Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose]
2. NO. OF C ATOMS & THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP
PRESENT IN THEM
No. of C Atoms
3
4
5
6
7
Aldehyde
Aldotriose
Aldotetrose
Aldopentose
Aldohexose
Aldoheptose
CH2OH
H
C
General Name
Triose/s
Tetrose/s
Pentose/s
Hexose/s
Heptose/s
Keytones
Ketotriose/s
Ketotetrose/s
Ketopentose/s
Ketohexose/s
Ketoheptose/s
O-Aldehyde
(Aldose)
C=O
CH2OH
-Ketone
(Ketose)
ORGANIC- made up of C atoms.
INORGANIC- absence of C atoms.
- Most abundant
- Water H2O
PROPERTIES OF WATER
A. Makes up 70% of the living cell.
B. Universal solvent (except oil).
C. High Heat Capacity- large amount of heat is
needed.
-Regulate body temp.
D. High Vaporization Rate- prevent dehydration.
E. Ability to form H-bonding.
PROTEIN
-Biomolecule that makes up 20% of human body.
-structure, function, regulation of body tissues and
organs.
-made up of amino acids bind together to form large
complex molecules.
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS
A. ACCORDING TO THE POLARITY OF THE R-GROUP
AMINO ACIDS
HYDROPHOBIC
Non-Polar
Alkyl (straight) Aryl (cyclic)
HYDROPHILIC
Polar
Acid, Neutral, Base
B. ACCORDING TO THEIR ESSENTIALITY
1. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID- not synthesized by
the body but needed in our diet.
2. NON-ESSENTIAL AMINNO ACID- synthesized
by the body but not needed in our diet.
C. ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS
 CATALYTIC- enhances metabolic process.
 REGULATORY PROTEINS-maintaining the
order of complex.
 PROTECTIVE PROTEINS- secure/protect
defense system.
 STORAGE PROTEINS- store amino acids.
 TRANSPORT PROTEINS- transport
 STRUCTURAL PROTEINS- toxic.
 SECRETARY PROTEINS-hormones.
 EXOTIC PROTEINS-
D. ACCORDING TO COMPOSITION
 SIMPLE PROTEIN- yield only amino acids
and no other compound on the
hydrolysis.
 CONJUGATED PROTEIN- yield other
compounds in addition to the amino acids
on hydrolysis,
CONJUGATED PROTEINS
Name
Composition
Glycoproteins
P bonded to carbs
Lipoproteins
P bonded to fats & oil
Metalloproteins
P bonded to metal ion
Nucleoroteins
P bonded to RNA
Phosphoproteins P bonded to phosphate
E. ACCORDING TO ITS 3 DIMENSIONAL SHAPE
 FIRBOUS PROTEIN- Consist of polypeptide chains
arranged side by side in long
filaments.
- Tough and insoluble to water.
- Used for structural mat’ls the
living system.
 GLOBULAR PROTEINS
- Coiled into compact and nearly
spherical shape.
- Are usually soluble to water and
are mobile within the cell.
COMMON FIBROUS & GLOBULAR
FIBROUS
GLOBULAR
Collagen
Hemoglobin
Elastic
Immunoglobulin
Fibrinogen
Insulin
Keratin
Ribonuclease
Myosin
ENZYMES
-large proteins that acts as catalyst for biological
reactions.
-specific in their action
- can catalyse one single reaction of a single compound.
-don’t affect the equilibrium constant of a reaction and
can’t bring about chemical changes that are otherwise
unfavourable.
-act only to lower the activation energy of a reaction
thereby, making the reaction take place faster or at a
lower temperature.
[e.g starch and water]
STRUCTUREOF AN ENZYME
 Composed of a protein and a nonprotein.
 Protein part (Apoenzyme).
 Non-protein part (Cofactor).
 Apoenzyme + Cofactor =Holoenzyme
CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES
 ACCORDING TO THE KIND OF REACTION THEY
CATALYZE
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lysases
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolysis of an ESTHER &
PHOSPHATE group:
Hydrolases
Lipases
Nucleases
Proteases