Mountains Lesson 12
Study online at quizlet.com/_6gqern
1.
The effect of fires in
wildlife varies according
to...?
Intensity and duration of fire
Season of burning
Ecosystem that is burned
2.
The ocean tends to
_____climate change
Moderate
3.
To study responses of
alpine plants to climate
change, what 4 things are
required?
Reliable historical records
Repeated observations
Consistent field methods
Taxonomy
4.
Water vapour is treated as
an_______ of climate change
Amplifier
5.
What are prescribed fires?
small, contained, intentionallyset surface fires to make sure
the forest burns how they want
to
6.
What are some of the
implications of fire
suppression?
Decreased habitat diversity
Increases possibility of insect
outbreaks
Potential for future high
intensity fire events
7.
What are the current
concentrations of CO2 in
the atmosphere?
400 parts per million
8.
What are the leading
indicators of climate
change in the mountains?
Glaciers
9.
What efforts contributed
to the reintroduction of
plains bison?
Prescribed burn program
Maintaining healthy population
of predators (wolves and
grizzly bears)
Reduce elk population
10.
What factors influence the
rate and trajectory of
change for alpine
habitats?
Nitrogen deposition, land use,
invasive species, ski
development and
overexploitation
11.
What feeds super
volcanoes?
Magma chambers
12.
What is climate change?
Any significant change in the
measure of climate lasting for
an extended period of time
13.
What is the greenhouse
effect?
Gasses act like a blanket
around the earth, trapping
energy in the atmosphere and
culturing it to warm.
14.
What
mechanisms
contribute to
elevation
dependent
warming?
Snow albedo and surface feedbacks, water
vapour changes and latent heat release,
surface heat loss and temperature change
and aerosols
15.
What other
factors
influence
temperature?
Atmospheric dust and volcanic eruptions
16.
What's a super
volcano?
A volcano that when it erupts, it erupts
more than a thousand cubic kilometres of
rock (really rare large volume)
- there's never been one recorded in human
history.
17.
What's the
GLORIA
project?
An international long term monitoring
program and site based network for
monitoring high mountain vegetation's and
its biological diversity.
18.
What's the
main reason
bison originally
disappeared?
Overhunting
19.
What's the
mountain
legacy
project?
Long term study of landscape, ecological
and cultural change in mountainous regions
of western Canada - based on an extensive
collection of historical survey images
conducted
20.
What's the
mountain
partnership?
A UN voluntary alliance partner dedicated
to improving the lives of mountain peoples
and protecting mountain environments
21.
What's the
Paris
agreement?
A global agreement on the reduction of
climate change which represented a
consensus of the representatives of 196
countries.
It calls for zero anthropogenic greenhouse
gas emissions to be reached, and limit the
temperature increase to 1.5 degrees.
22.
What
technique do
they use for
the fires?
Helitorch: fly over and drop gelatinized
fuel onto the forest floor to create a mosaic
of burned forest
23.
When was the
last
documented
super volcano
eruption?
74,000 years ago in present day Lake Toba
24.
Where's the best habitat for bison?
Vermillion lakes in bow valley
Recently, they've gone north to panther river valley
Mountains Lesson 11
Study online at quizlet.com/_6gq1ol
1.
Define protected areas
An area of land or sea, especially
dedicated to the protection and
maintenance of biological diversity
and of natural and associated
cultural resources, managed
through legal or other effective
means
Farming in Europe
represents ____% of
agriculture enterprises,
but productivity
averages ____% lower
than farms in the low
lands
18% of agricultural enterprises
40% Lower
Grains now account for
____% of farm
agriculture income in
Peru, Bolivia and
Ecuador.
80%
4.
______% of the global
population lives in
mountains
10-12% (880 million people)
5.
There are ___ highway
related environmental
mitigation's for wildlife.
44.
6.
There are how many
different types of
traffic passages?
7
7.
Waterton national park
was the ____ national
park in Canada's
national park system
4th
It was created resulting advocacy
work of local ranchers.
What 7 key principles
are identified for
mountain policy
development?
1. Mountains as important and
specific areas of development
2. Compensate environmental
goods and services provided to
low lands
3. Diversity into other livelihood
options that could provide benefits
to communities
4. Take advantage of local potential
for innovation
5. Preserve cultural change without
loss of identify
6. Conserve mountain ecosystems
and early earning functions
7. Institutionalize sustainable
development of mountain areas
2.
3.
8.
9.
What animals mostly
use open span
underpasses?
Grizzly bears, wolves and moose.
- deer and black bears prefer
smaller structures
10.
What animals use
redder overpasses?
Many animals have switched due to
vegetation and openness.
11.
What animals use the
red earth underpass?
Cougars and black bears
12.
What are crown of the
continent initiatives?
Involves the agencies adjacent to
the parks (waterton-glacier) - this
area is the most diverse ecological
within the continent
13.
What factors need to
be considered for
tourism development
to last in the
mountains?
Favourable weather
Reliable transportation
infrastructure
High quality services to social and
political stability
14.
What is argued as the
negatives in amenity
migration?
Rises in housing market, potentially
unstable economic growth, cultural
alienation and increased
environment stress
15.
What is argued as the
positives from amenity
migration?
It brings affluence, enhanced
infrastructure, services and
modernization to mountains
16.
What is a wicked
problem?
A complex problem that is difficult
to solve bc of incomplete,
contradictory and changing
requirements that are often difficult
to recognize.
17.
What is the st Elias
mountain
conservation?
It's a unesco world heritage site
(1994). The entire region is
tectonically active with continuous
mountain building processes
occurring.
18.
What percent of
population in the alps
rely on agriculture as
their chief livelihood?
4%
19.
What's a buried apron?
~ 60cm Of mesh fencing that goes
into the ground, that prevents
smaller animals from digging under
the fence and accessing the
highway.
20.
What's amenity
migration?
People who choose to move to the
mountain communities or
surrounding areas for the
environmental and social benefits.
21.
What's the
albertine Rift
Valley in east
Africa?
This is one of the most biodiverse
regions in the African continent.
The region had great conflict 40 years
ago with civil wars in Uganda,
Rwanda, Burundi and the democratic
republican of Congo.
It was established in 2000 in
collaboration with national parks and
protected authorities.
22.
What's the
albertine Rift
Valley most known
for?
Being the home of the mountain gorilla
23.
What's the alpine
convention in the
European alps?
An international treaty between the
groups of countries bordering the alps
in 1991 and the EU.
This act provided a commitment by all
of Europe to protect, care and restore
ecosystems, and to preserve the
natural living environments of wild
animal and plant species.
24.
What's the great
altar transboundary
biosphere reserve
in Asia?
The altay mountains of four bordering
countries: Russia, Kazakhstan,
Mongolia and China.
In 2001, they agreed to the designation
of trans boundary reserved entered on
protected area.
25.
What's their main
conservation
challenge at the
altay
transboundary?
Unstable exploitation of natural
resources, unregulated expansion of
tourism and climate change
26.
What's the largest
internationally
protected area on
the planet outside
of Antarctica?
Kluane national park, wrangler- st Elias
national park, glacier bay national
park, tatahenshini alsek provincial
temperature ark (all border Yukon,
Alaska and British Columbia)
27.
What's the one
globally
threatened species
they protect,
among many
others?
Snow leopard
28.
What's the worlds
largest copper
mine?
Bingham Canyon in Utah
29.
What two parks
made up the worlds
first international
peace park?
Waterton and Glacier
30.
What year was the sustainable
mountain development
framework adopted?
1992
31.
When did Canada establish our
first national park service?
1911
32.
Why do mountains in the
highlands of east Africa have
tremendous potential as
farming?
Rainfall is higher and
more reliable than in
lowlands, and soil is more
fertile.
Mountains Lesson 10
Study online at quizlet.com/_6goy3b
1.
Bull trouts require water
temperatures below ___
degrees, and what else to
live?
13
Clean gravel beds, deep
pools and large systems of
interconnected water ways
2.
Ectotherms rely on ______
adaptations to keep their
temperature within a normal
range. They rely on ________
production of heat.
Ectotherms rely on
behavioural adaptations, and
external productions of heat.
3.
How much bigger are barheaded geese lungs?
25%
4.
Temperature extremes are
______ pronounced in
aquatics compared with
adjacent terrestrial habitats.
Less
5.
There are ______ species of
marmots in the wild.
14 - 6 in N America and 8 in
Eurasia
6.
What area do marmots
mostly occupy?
The subalpine belt
7.
What are birds advantages
at high altitudes compared
to humans?
The surface area of their lungs
is almost 10x greater than
humans, and the barrier
between lungs and capillaries
are thinner - greater diffusion.
They have a unidirectional
flow of air meaning high
concentration of oxygen
diffuses more readily
8.
What are ectotherms?
Animals that primarily
regulate their temperature
using external sources of heat
9.
What are endotherms?
Animals that create most of
their heat from metabolic
processes.
10.
What are some cold
adaptions that animals
have?
Fur & feathers, lower SA
relative to mass, larger SA for
insects, darker discolouration
What are some ways yaks
cope with cold?
They conserve heat by having
a thick fleece of coarse outer
hair and an undercoat of fine
hair.
They also accumulate w layer
of subcutaneous fat prior to
winter.
Their skin is thick and sweat
glands are mostly nonfunctional
11.
12.
What are the adaptations
for bar-headed geese that
cascade from
environment down to the
mitochondria?
1. Oxygen gets into lung on
respiratory side
2. Then moving oxygen from
lung into the blood from the
ability of blood to bind and
transport oxygen
3. Then the heart moves
oxygen from lungs into the
tissues.
4. Adaptations at the tissue for
moving oxygen from the
capillaries into the
mitochondria.
13.
What are the four things
you might need to treat
for?
Protozoa
Bacteria
Viruses
Particulate
14.
What are the three
physiological adaptions in
alpine animals that reduce
the rate they lose heat to
the environment?
1. Raising fur: increases the
barrier of warm air that
provides insulation > called
piloerection.
Vasoconstriction: reduces the
amount of heat brought to the
surface of body, which restricts
heat transfer to the environment
Countercurrent heat exchange:
arteries that carry warm blood
to extremities run parallel and
in close proximity to veins that
return blood to trunk.
15.
What are the two groups
of physiological
adaptations?
Heat conservation and heat
generation
16.
What are yaks adaptations
to low oxygen?
They have a large chest with
14/15 pairs of thoracic ribs, and
have a large heart and lungs
compared to overall body size.
17.
What is Hr and breathing
reduced to in hibernating
marmots?
HR drops from 180-200 to 2838
Breathing drops from 60b to 12bpm
18.
What is the only bird in
North America to reside
permanently in the alpine
zone?
White-Tailed ptarmigan
19.
What is torpor?
Physiological state in which
activity is low and metabolism
decreases.
20.
What's one essential
adaption of the whitetailed ptarmigan?
They change the colour of their
feathers seasonally from white
in winter to speckled brown in
summer
21.
What's the best way to boost calories?
Add a spoonful of butter, cream cheese to peanut butter
22.
What's the greatest conservation concern in
Banff right now? How are they tackling it?
West slope cutthroat trout: legally listed by Canada's national species at risk
act.
They go in and actively remove some of the non-native species from lakes
where they threaten a downstream population of native species.
23.
What's the most critical meal of the day?
Lunch
24.
What's true most endangered mammal in Canada?
The Vancouver island marmot - only 21 left
25.
What temperature conditions do yaks require?
When annual mean temperature is below 5 degrees Celsius and average in
hottest months doesn't exceed 13 degrees Celsius.
26.
Why do bar-headed geese still migrate over the
Himalayas?
They were making those migrations before mountains themselves existed.
27.
Why has the bull trout population declined?
Damaged habitat, overfishing and introduction of fish species
Mountains Lesson 9
Study online at quizlet.com/_6gntvu
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alpine plants have
developed what three
physiological or function
adaptations to help
prevent their tissues from
freezing?
1. Freezing-point depression:
increase concentration of
soluble sugars in tissue to
reduce temperature they'll
freeze at
2. Supercooling: segregate
water into cells in absence of
other particles and prevent ice
formation
3. Transpiration: plants move
water to otherwise empty
spaces outside of their cells
where it will not damage if it
freezes
Define biodiversity. It
involves the _______ of
species, __________________
within populations and the
______ that species play
within the ________.
The number of species in a
certain area. This involves:
distributon of species; genetic
variations within populations
and the role that species play
within the ecosystem
Define ecosystem
services.
Way of quantifying the benefits
people obtain from both natural
and managed ecosystems
How can we assess
biodiversity
DNA barcoding - provides a
measure of genetic diversity
within populations and
communities.
5.
How has the Espeletia
Schultzii in the Venezuelan
Andes adapted?
Trunk is thick with succulent
hairy leaves arranged in a
fender spiral pattern.
6.
How many types of moss
are found in the thermal
springs of cave and basin?
75 - 12 are rare
Pollinators: what colours
are bees, birds, flies and
moths attracted to?
Bees: bright colours, especially
blue and yellow by also green
and violet.
Birds: bright red
Flies: white flowers
Moths: white, but they use their
scent more to find flowers.
7.
8.
9.
What are 5 challenging
conditions species must
cope with?
What are annuals?
1. Slope aspect and steepness
2. Poor soil development
3. Water drainage
4. Wind
5. Seasonally variable patterns
of precipitation
Plants that complete their life
cycle in one year then die
10.
What are Banff
Spring Snails?
Small, globe shaped snails. They live
in water that is 20 degrees warmer
than the rest, so they have
adaptations to diet and seasonal
fluctuations.
They are listed as endangered.
11.
What are conifers?
Type of plant that reproduces from
seeds in cones, and can be easily
recognized by needle like leaves
12.
What are hotspots
for biodiversity?
Regions containing high
concentrations of endemic species
that are also facing threats of rapid
species loss - more than 35 around
the worl
13.
What are lichens?
Non-flowering organisms with
remarkable adaptations to arid, lownutrient environments.
They are not plants - they are a
partnership between an algae and a
bacterial species and fungus.
14.
What are nunataks?
Tops of mountains that are sticking
out of ice sheets in the moment after
the little ice age and early cold
periods.
15.
What are
perennials?
plants that live for more than two
years
16.
What are refugia?
Places in the mountains that have
maintained favourable conditions
during periods of past environmental
change, often associated with
periods of glaciation.
17.
What are rhizomes?
Modified underground stems that
extend away from the plants and
grow new shoots (help with asexual
reproduction)
18.
What are some of
the threats for
whitebark pines?
1. Change in fire regime over time
2. Climate change
3. Whitepine bluster rust
19.
What are some other
high elevation
conifer species that
shed their needles in
the fall?
1. Larch: develop softer, more fragile
needles
2. Tamarack
20.
What are some
unique
characteristics of
limber pines?
Needles - have five needles at each
fascicles
Pollen cones - these open up on their
own. Each cone can produce about
40-60 seeds
21.
What are
stomata?
Specialized pores where carbon dioxide
diffuses into leaves and water diffuses out.
22.
What are the 3
ways scientists
can quantify
biodiversity?
23.
24.
25.
30.
Deep root systems
1. Species richness: total species present
2. Evenness: how similar species are in their
relative abundance
3. Species diversity: both species richness
and evenness
What is a
plant
adaptation to
thin soils at
high
elevations?
31.
What are the
conservation
efforts of
whitebark
pines?
Find individuals with no rust - monitor them
and use seeds from those trees
What is
coevolution?
Two or more species reciprocally affecting
each other's evolution
32.
What is
speciation
and how does
it occur?
What are the
key
characteristics
of limber
pine?
Needles - count if they are five at each
fascicles
Pollen cones: start protecting them once
they grow into a bigger cone
Occurs when populations diverge to a point
that they're no longer able to interbreed populations need to be isolated from each
other so there's no movement of individuals
from one place to another.
This can occur through geographic isolation
(allopatric speciation)
33.
What are the
patterns of
biodiversity?
1. Geographical area hypothesis: large areas
can support more species (small areas of
habitat availability with increasing
latitude/elevation)
2. Productivity hypothesis: amount of
primary productivity, which forms the
resource base food webs and determines
the number of species supported in an area
(lower temperatures and higher elevations
contribute to less biodiversity)
What is the
diversity
stability
hypothesis?
Species rich systems are more likely to be
considered stable or less variable and
subject to change.
34.
What is
vegetative
reproduction?
Process by which new plants grow from
parts of parent plants - more reliable to
cope with variation of environment.
35.
What's a
unique
feature of
whitebark
pine?
Their seedlings disperse, which is a unique
factor that helps them stand out
Their cones don't open up on their own they require a nutcracker
36.
What's the
boundary
layer?
The layer of air just above the surface of a
plant - pubescence trap air here to reduce
convective heat loss
37.
What's the
Tyrian metaltail?
A hummingbird with genetic and
morphological variations in Peruvian
population, living at elevations 1700-4800m.
The geographic isolation explains their
genetic variance
38.
What trees
grow at the
highest tree
line level in
the Rockies
White bark pine and lumber trees
They are useful for prolonging snow melt
39.
What two
pathways do
alpine plants
use to stay
warm?
Radiative heat gain: increase amount of heat
absorbed from sun
Convective cooling: decrease amount of
heat lost from wind
26.
What are
tracheids?
Narrow transport vessels in conifers that
decrease the likelihood of gas bubbles
forming (when water freezes in the vessels
during the winter)
27.
What are true
most
important
pollinators in
the mountain
ecosystem?
Bumblebees: specialist pollinators
(adaptations match morphology)
Flies: generalist pollinators that visit a wider
variety unspecialized plants
28.
What can
cushion
growth be
thought as?
Ecosystem engineers - they modulate the
availability of resources.
Cushions create favourable microclimates
that increase radiative heat gain.
29.
What factors
influence the
distribution of
species in
mountain
environments?
Habitat fragmentation: past environmental
changes
Altitude: adaptations to where they live on
mountain based on what they need for
temperature and sunlight
Connection of mountains: mtns running
north to south are important and larger
scales - corridors of plant distribution
40.
Where is white bark pine found? Describe it.
Found in the upper alpine region which is harsh, windy and dry.
Its a bigger, bushier tree in that area adapted to cold, wind and fire.
It is considered a keystone species - it primarily regulates snow melt in its regions
where its in thick canopies.
41.
Why do the Andes have high numbers of
endemic species?
Ancient uplift and resulting isolation were important drivers for speciation.
Past climate shifts and tectonic events, modern ecological interactions and limited
dispersal.
42.
Why is cushion growth highly efficient to
stay warm?
It increases radiative heat gains and restricts air movement through low canopy.
Mountains Lesson 8
Study online at quizlet.com/_6gjxw0
1.
Amount of ______
in magma
determines its
viscosity, or
ability to flow.
Silica
12.
The shear strength
resists the down
slope force of
gravity which is
called the ___________
Shear stress
2.
Basaltic magma
has ______ iron &
magnesium and
______ silica.
Low iron & magnesium and low silica
13.
What are 5 things
to remember if
you're in avalanche
terrain?
3.
The bond and
anchorage of
snow layers is
called ____________.
Shear strength
1: get the gear
2: get the training
3: get the forecast
4: get the picture
5: get out of harms way
14.
What are avalanche
berms?
Give two
examples of
shield volcanoes
Hawaii and Galápagos Islands
Tamu Massif is an extinct submarine
shield volcano - largest on earth if
corroborated
They channel the avalanche debris
over the snow shed, which allows the
avalanche to pass over the snow shed
and not bury the highway - e.g. of
static defence
15.
What are debris
flows?
How are
landslides
classified?
Material composition, water content and
how they move
They are similar to earth flows except
they are composed of larger
sediments like rocks and boulders.
These are the most DANGEROUS
16.
How are
volcanoes
formed?
They form at convergent plate
boundaries - subduction zones form
where one plate drives beneath another.
Magma erupts over the running plate,
producing a volcano
What are debris
flows triggered by?
Large influx of water into the system
(long or heavy precipitation)
17.
What are earth
creeps?
Very gradual downslope movements
when little water is present
18.
What are lahars?
Heat from an eruption causes snow
and ice to rapidly melt, triggering
loose volcanic rock and ash on flanks
of volcanoes. The mixture creates a
wet cement consistency.
19.
What are
landslides? When
do they occur?
Downslope movement of rock and
debris. Occur when sheer stress within
a slope outweighs the sheer strength
of a slopes rock or sediment layers.
20.
What are most
avalanches
triggered by?
Natural triggers: slopes loaded by
addition or new snow, warming
temperatures, rainfall, rockfall,
earthquakes
Artificial triggers: people or wildlife
21.
What are shield
volcanoes?
Volcanoes produced by basaltic
magma. These volcanoes are broad
and gently sloping, typically having
milder eruptions.
22.
What are snow
avalanches?
The sudden release and movement of
vast amounts of snow down a
mountainside under the influence of
gravity.
23.
What are some
approaches to
mitigate damage of
debris flow?
Rockfall shelters
Drake nets
Levees
Diversion structure
4.
5.
6.
7.
How do earth
flows occur?
Involve fluid like movement of fine
sediments down slope - occur when
slopes made of unconsolidated
sediments become water saturated.
8.
How does parks
canada mitigate
snow hazards in
glacier national
park?
Weather, snow pack and avalanche
observations.
Their situation is unique b/c of the trans
Canada highway
How do you
distinguish a
rotational from a
translational
slide?
Rotational: if it is curved or conclaves
upwards, moving material will rotate as it
moves (slump)
Translational: failure surface runs parallel
to the slope
10.
Loose avalanche
can also be
called
Point release avalanches
11.
Rhyolitic Magma
has _______ silica
content and _____
levels of
magnesium.
High silica and low magnesium
9.
24.
What are some
approaches to prevent
landslides from
happening?
Metal anchors to reinforce and
stabilize rock masses
Ditches, culverts and drains built
in high risk areas
Tree planting to stabilize slopes
31.
What are the two
types of snow
avalanches? How do
you distinguish
between them?
Loose-pack and Slab avalanches
The distinction between the two is
based on the cohesiveness of
snow.
25.
What are
stratovolcanoes?
Produced by rhyolitic magmalava doesn't spread far before
cooling, forming steep conical
shapes that we often attribute to
volcanoes. They have big
explosions
32.
What are three
examples of
stratovolcanoes?
Krakatoa
Vesuvius
Mount St. Helens & Mount
Pinatubo
33.
What does the size of
slab depend on?
Lots of factors - confined to an
area depending on slope
34.
What does viscosity
effect in volcanoes?
How good lava flows (influences
shape of volcano) and how easily
gas trapped in magma can escape
(influences explosiveness)
35.
What four things are
needed for a slap
avalanche to occur?
1. Slab of snow
2. Slab sitting on a weak layer or
layer of less cohesive strength
3. Slab of snow on steep slope
(most avalanches occur in slopes
between 36-39 degrees)
4. Need a trigger
36.
What influences the
stability of snow pack?
1. How well different layers of
snow adhere to one another
2. The surface upon which they fall
37.
What is a volcanic
winter?
Decreased global temperatures
caused by sulfuric acid & lesser
extent volcanic ash.
e.g. after Mt. Pinatubo eruption in
the Philippines
38.
What is rhyolitic
magma? How is it
produced?
As magma rises it melts
surrounding granite, and when it
reaches the earths surface and
cools, it forms rhyolite rock.
It is produced in subduction zones
and hot spots on continental
plates
39.
What is the greatest
impact volcanic
eruptions have though
history?
Release of gas into the atmosphere
- CO2 and sulfur dioxide
40.
What's an example of
active defence?
Howitzers: military fires and
operates the artillery up into
mountains.
41.
What's an example of
an intermediary
volcano?
Cinder come volcanoes - eg
parcutin
26.
27.
What are the critical
strategies and
procedures in
professional avalanche
safety programs used to
protect the public?
1. Locating danger
2. Understand the hazard
3. Assess the risk
What are the hazards
volcanoes pose?
Lava flow: near impossible to
stop and destroys everything in
site.
- these are the least hazardous
because they aren't usually life
threatening.
Volcanic ash: explosive
eruptions, shattering magma
which is propelled in the air,
cooling and solidifying into
shards of glass.
Pyroclastic flow: hot masses of
gas and rock fragments ejected
and travel down slope very fast.
28.
What are the six types
of landslides?
Rock falls
Topples
Translational slides
Rotational slides
Earth flows
Debris flows
29.
What are the three
major sections or zones
of avalanches
1. Starting zone: uppermost part
(loose - first few snow grains;
slab - where crown is)
2. Track: area within which a
particular avalanche travels
(usually the downhill staring zone
where it's treeless)
3. Run out: where debris from
avalanche accumulated at the
bottom of the slope.
30.
What are the two most
basic types of
landslides?
Rock falls and topples
42.
What's basaltic magma? Where does it
occur?
Magma firmed by upwelling, melted mangle, and has low silica content and
viscosity - flows easily.
It occurs at divergent plate boundaries
43.
What was one of the greatest Lahar
disasters?
Nevado del Ruiz
44.
What was the deadliest avalanche in Canada?
58 workers killed clearing a railway in Rogers pass
45.
What was the primary cause of the turtle
mountain landslide?
The unstable geology - tectonic shifting during Rocky Mountain creation.
46.
When did the greatest disaster come? How
many casualties was it?
First World War - enormous snow slides on Austrian Italian front killed 10,000
soldiers in one day.
47.
When do earthflows occur?
When slopes made of unconsolidated sediments become water saturated.
48.
When do loose snow avalanches tend to
occur more frequently?
With freshly fallen snow on step slopes.
49.
Where are forces the greatest in an
avalanche?
The dense flowing part.
If the slide is large enough, air blast from a powder cloud can travel fast enough to
explode lungs if caught by full impact of blast.
50.
Why do avalanche debris seize up like
concrete the instant they stop?
All the kinetic energy liberated on the way down heats snow just enough to create
water on the surface of ice grains.
Mountains Lesson 7
Study online at quizlet.com/_6ghlg0
1.
How are mountains
viewed in China?
Body of cosmic being - rocks
were bones, water blood,
vegetation air, clouds breath.
3rd AD: dangerous places of
supernatural power
4th: more leisure - painting and
poetry (more attractive)
5th: all is our, all complication is
cut off
2.
Mount Everest is also
known as
Sagarmatha - forehead in the sky
3.
Tibet's know Mount
Everest as
Chomolungma - mother
goddess of the world
What did Korea believe
mountains to be?
A union of a sky god and a bear
woman on the sacred volcano
(mount paektu) - large crater
named heaven lake on top
4.
What do they
recommend for staying
hydrated in cold
weather?
Carry warm liquids in a thermos
or lightweight canister stove
6.
What do they
recommend when
stopping for breaks?
Sit on pack to keep conductive
heat loss to a minimum, and
bring out most insulated parka
7.
What gear should you
double up on?
Gloves, warm hats and eye
protection
8.
What gives us context for
more dominant ways of
thinking about mountains
today?
Appreciating diversity of views,
receptions in oral traditions, art &
literature and other cultural
forms.
What hot springs are
considered the
birthplace of Canada's
entire national parks
system?
Cave and basin hot springs in
Banff
What ideas persist in
today's widespread
romantic enthusiasm for
mountains? (3)
Abodes of gods, sacred
embodiments, focus of
pilgrimage
What is a Byronic hero?
a variant of the romantic hero as
a type of character - figures of
the brooding from lord Byron's
dramatic play.
5.
9.
10.
11.
12.
What myth laid the seeds
for the first conservation
movement?
Myth of disappearing frontier
13.
What's possibly the most
holy mountain on earth?
Mount Kilash in Tibet - summit is
still untouched
14.
What's the most
influential
horror novel of
all time?
Frankenstein
15.
What two ideas
remade the way
westerners
think about wild
landscapes?
1. Doctrine of Sublime: older, trans-Atlantic
movement. Given to landscapes of vast
and immense scales. Sublime landscapes
became highly valued (e.g. national parks)
2. Myth of the Frontier: particularly
America. Civilized modern world should
return to a more primitive living found in
wild.
16.
What was
Canada's first
national park?
Rocky Mountains national park (later
renamed Banff)
17.
What was
Edmund Burke's
view of
mountains?
Aesthetic concept - the thrill and danger
of confronting untamed danger (might
need devil, might meet god.
18.
What was
Fredrick Jackson
Turner's idea?
The myth of the frontier - mountains were
the best antidote of an overly refined and
civilized modern world. There was a more
primitive living found in the wild, unsettled
lands of the west.
19.
What was
Hannibal
describing when
crossing
mountains?
The physiological effects of altitude
20.
What was homer
the Iliad
describing in
mountains?
Mountain violent weather
21.
What was John
Muir's
description of
mountains?
Late romantic sense - comfortable,
sentimental demeanour
22.
What was
suspected that
Hannibal saw in
his Alp
crossing?
The physiological effects of altitude
23.
What was the
first national
park in the Us?
Yellowstone National Park - best known
for geothermal features
24.
What was William Wordsworth's depiction of mountains?
Space was far from pleasant - more supernatural than natural.
Mountains Lesson 9
Study online at quizlet.com/_6gntvu
1.
2.
3.
4.
Alpine plants have
developed what three
physiological or function
adaptations to help
prevent their tissues from
freezing?
1. Freezing-point depression:
increase concentration of
soluble sugars in tissue to
reduce temperature they'll
freeze at
2. Supercooling: segregate
water into cells in absence of
other particles and prevent ice
formation
3. Transpiration: plants move
water to otherwise empty
spaces outside of their cells
where it will not damage if it
freezes
Define biodiversity. It
involves the _______ of
species, __________________
within populations and the
______ that species play
within the ________.
The number of species in a
certain area. This involves:
distributon of species; genetic
variations within populations
and the role that species play
within the ecosystem
Define ecosystem
services.
Way of quantifying the benefits
people obtain from both natural
and managed ecosystems
How can we assess
biodiversity
DNA barcoding - provides a
measure of genetic diversity
within populations and
communities.
5.
How has the Espeletia
Schultzii in the Venezuelan
Andes adapted?
Trunk is thick with succulent
hairy leaves arranged in a
fender spiral pattern.
6.
How many types of moss
are found in the thermal
springs of cave and basin?
75 - 12 are rare
Pollinators: what colours
are bees, birds, flies and
moths attracted to?
Bees: bright colours, especially
blue and yellow by also green
and violet.
Birds: bright red
Flies: white flowers
Moths: white, but they use their
scent more to find flowers.
7.
8.
9.
What are 5 challenging
conditions species must
cope with?
What are annuals?
1. Slope aspect and steepness
2. Poor soil development
3. Water drainage
4. Wind
5. Seasonally variable patterns
of precipitation
Plants that complete their life
cycle in one year then die
10.
What are Banff
Spring Snails?
Small, globe shaped snails. They live
in water that is 20 degrees warmer
than the rest, so they have
adaptations to diet and seasonal
fluctuations.
They are listed as endangered.
11.
What are conifers?
Type of plant that reproduces from
seeds in cones, and can be easily
recognized by needle like leaves
12.
What are hotspots
for biodiversity?
Regions containing high
concentrations of endemic species
that are also facing threats of rapid
species loss - more than 35 around
the worl
13.
What are lichens?
Non-flowering organisms with
remarkable adaptations to arid, lownutrient environments.
They are not plants - they are a
partnership between an algae and a
bacterial species and fungus.
14.
What are nunataks?
Tops of mountains that are sticking
out of ice sheets in the moment after
the little ice age and early cold
periods.
15.
What are
perennials?
plants that live for more than two
years
16.
What are refugia?
Places in the mountains that have
maintained favourable conditions
during periods of past environmental
change, often associated with
periods of glaciation.
17.
What are rhizomes?
Modified underground stems that
extend away from the plants and
grow new shoots (help with asexual
reproduction)
18.
What are some of
the threats for
whitebark pines?
1. Change in fire regime over time
2. Climate change
3. Whitepine bluster rust
19.
What are some other
high elevation
conifer species that
shed their needles in
the fall?
1. Larch: develop softer, more fragile
needles
2. Tamarack
20.
What are some
unique
characteristics of
limber pines?
Needles - have five needles at each
fascicles
Pollen cones - these open up on their
own. Each cone can produce about
40-60 seeds
21.
What are
stomata?
Specialized pores where carbon dioxide
diffuses into leaves and water diffuses out.
22.
What are the 3
ways scientists
can quantify
biodiversity?
23.
24.
25.
30.
Deep root systems
1. Species richness: total species present
2. Evenness: how similar species are in their
relative abundance
3. Species diversity: both species richness
and evenness
What is a
plant
adaptation to
thin soils at
high
elevations?
31.
What are the
conservation
efforts of
whitebark
pines?
Find individuals with no rust - monitor them
and use seeds from those trees
What is
coevolution?
Two or more species reciprocally affecting
each other's evolution
32.
What is
speciation
and how does
it occur?
What are the
key
characteristics
of limber
pine?
Needles - count if they are five at each
fascicles
Pollen cones: start protecting them once
they grow into a bigger cone
Occurs when populations diverge to a point
that they're no longer able to interbreed populations need to be isolated from each
other so there's no movement of individuals
from one place to another.
This can occur through geographic isolation
(allopatric speciation)
33.
What are the
patterns of
biodiversity?
1. Geographical area hypothesis: large areas
can support more species (small areas of
habitat availability with increasing
latitude/elevation)
2. Productivity hypothesis: amount of
primary productivity, which forms the
resource base food webs and determines
the number of species supported in an area
(lower temperatures and higher elevations
contribute to less biodiversity)
What is the
diversity
stability
hypothesis?
Species rich systems are more likely to be
considered stable or less variable and
subject to change.
34.
What is
vegetative
reproduction?
Process by which new plants grow from
parts of parent plants - more reliable to
cope with variation of environment.
35.
What's a
unique
feature of
whitebark
pine?
Their seedlings disperse, which is a unique
factor that helps them stand out
Their cones don't open up on their own they require a nutcracker
36.
What's the
boundary
layer?
The layer of air just above the surface of a
plant - pubescence trap air here to reduce
convective heat loss
37.
What's the
Tyrian metaltail?
A hummingbird with genetic and
morphological variations in Peruvian
population, living at elevations 1700-4800m.
The geographic isolation explains their
genetic variance
38.
What trees
grow at the
highest tree
line level in
the Rockies
White bark pine and lumber trees
They are useful for prolonging snow melt
39.
What two
pathways do
alpine plants
use to stay
warm?
Radiative heat gain: increase amount of heat
absorbed from sun
Convective cooling: decrease amount of
heat lost from wind
26.
What are
tracheids?
Narrow transport vessels in conifers that
decrease the likelihood of gas bubbles
forming (when water freezes in the vessels
during the winter)
27.
What are true
most
important
pollinators in
the mountain
ecosystem?
Bumblebees: specialist pollinators
(adaptations match morphology)
Flies: generalist pollinators that visit a wider
variety unspecialized plants
28.
What can
cushion
growth be
thought as?
Ecosystem engineers - they modulate the
availability of resources.
Cushions create favourable microclimates
that increase radiative heat gain.
29.
What factors
influence the
distribution of
species in
mountain
environments?
Habitat fragmentation: past environmental
changes
Altitude: adaptations to where they live on
mountain based on what they need for
temperature and sunlight
Connection of mountains: mtns running
north to south are important and larger
scales - corridors of plant distribution
40.
Where is white bark pine found? Describe it.
Found in the upper alpine region which is harsh, windy and dry.
Its a bigger, bushier tree in that area adapted to cold, wind and fire.
It is considered a keystone species - it primarily regulates snow melt in its regions
where its in thick canopies.
41.
Why do the Andes have high numbers of
endemic species?
Ancient uplift and resulting isolation were important drivers for speciation.
Past climate shifts and tectonic events, modern ecological interactions and limited
dispersal.
42.
Why is cushion growth highly efficient to
stay warm?
It increases radiative heat gains and restricts air movement through low canopy.
Mountains 101-Lesson 9- Biodiversity and Plant Adaptation
Study online at quizlet.com/_4rp7px
1.
Alexander
Von
Humboldt
Prussian Geographer and naturalist
one of first to document patterns of mountain
diversity and organism existence
led to the field of biogeography
2.
Allopatric
speciation
OR geographic isolation
-common in mountains due to rugged
landscape= topographic barriers
i.e.) Ridges in the valley of the Andes in
SAmerica= limit dispersal + local rainfall
variation = high species diversity
ex) Peruvian pops. of Tyrian Metaltail
(hummingbird in elevations 1700-3800m)
3.
Andes
Region
among most threatened
endemic species concentration due to past
climate and tectonic shifts, limited dispersalisolation
4.
Annuals
complete entire life cycle in one year then die
- in alpine regions if they fail to reproduce they
could be lost entirely
5.
Bellflowers
speciation due to- climate variability,
quaternary glacial cycles, rugged topography
climate oscillations, rugged habitats, variable
floral morphology
6.
7.
8.
Biodiversity
Boundary
layer
Bumblebees
acts as insurance, buffering ecosystems against
losses of individual species in the face of
environmental change
+slope stability (vegetation)
trapped thin layer of air in pubescence hair of
alpine plants
-reduces air movement= reduce heat loss and
stabilize agains temp. fluctuations
one of the most important pollinators
specialist-pollinators
visit plants with adaptations that match their
morphology
prefer brightly coloured flowers
attracted to sweet smells
9.
Closing the
stomata
effort to preserve water
-reduced photosynthesis
10.
coevolution
a process in which two or more species
reciprocally affect each others evolution
11.
compact
growth form
provides protection from harsh winds
-increases likelihood of plants covered by
snow in winter =protective blanket that
insulates and shields, provides moisture
-
12.
Conifers
a type of plant that reproduces from seeds in
cones; can easily be recognized by needle-like
leaves- allows trees to thrive in cold/dry
conditions at high elevations
needle reduces H2O evaporation loss
+extensive root systems
13.
Conifer
wood
tissue contains vessels that transport water and
nutrients from roots
-in winter h2o freezes in vessels and can form
gas bubbles -problematic - block water
transport - conifers had narrower vessels
14.
Connective
Cooling
alpine plants
decrease amount of heat lost from wind
-find refuge by growing in microclimates
i.e.) growing closer to a boulder
15.
cup shaped
flowers
focuses solar radiation towards centre of
flower
increases internal temps.
i.e.) Mountain Avens / Dryas octopetala follow the sun to reflect light into the pistils
16.
cushion
tightly packed clusters of smaller stems
-temps can be 15degrees warmer that
surrounding air temp
-dead plant matter promotes further plant
growth
17.
cushion
growth
form
efficient way to stay warm
-increases radiative heat gain
-restricts air movement through low canopy
-creates varourable microclimates
18.
Cuticle
wax coating on needle that helps retain
moisture and protect from UV radiation
19.
darker
flowers
trap more light/heat
adaptation to create warm micro-climates
20.
deep root
systems
adaptation to the thin soils at high elevations
helps stabilize the plants
i.e.) pasqueflower, gentians, oxytropes
21.
Diversitystability
hypothesis
based on that species vary in their morphology
and physiology
-in highly diverse systems; some species can
compensate for the loss of others in a
disturbance
- species rich = more stable
22.
DNA
Barcoding
technique for characterizing species using short
DNA sequences
provides a measure of genetic diversity w/i
pops./communities
helps to study whole groups of species at the
same time
23.
Ecosystem
services
a way of quantifying the benefits people obtain
from both natural and managed ecosystems
24.
Ein
Naturgemälde
Der Anden
"picture of nature in the Andes"
pictorial representation and detailed
description of the cross section of
Chimborazo
-detailed info on temp, altitude , humidity,
found organisms on each elevation
25.
Endemic
Species
unique to its environment
i.e.) Rocky Mountains = Banff Springs
Snail/Physella johnsoni
freshwater snail first identified in 1926adapted to life in thermal springs population fluctuates seasonally - dry
period = more
26.
Endemic
species are
species that...
Do not occur in more than one place in the
world
27.
Espeletia
schultzii
giant rosette species common above tree
line in Venezuelan Andes
thick trunk; succulent hairy leaves in dense
spiral formation
-leaves senesce but do not fall off plant =
protection from cold
28.
29.
Evenness
Evergreens
measures how similar species are in the
relative abundances
i.e.) large difference in abundance = low
evenness
abundance is approx. the same = high
evenness
conifers- retain their leaves throughout the
year
-able to photosynthesize longer vs.
deciduous trees
take advantage of short growing
season@high elevations
cone shape and branch flex allows snow
shed
30.
Flies
one of most important pollinators
generalist-pollinators
visit a wider variety of unspecialized plants
limited colour vision
prefer rotting meat smells
31.
FreezingPoint
depression
allows plants to increase their concentration
of soluble cigars in their tissues in order to
reduce the temperature at which they will
freeze
(like salting roads to prevent freezing)
32.
Geographic
area
hypothesis
explains patterns of biodiversity
-larger areas can support more species
decreasing species diversity at higher
latitudes/elevations= consequence of small
areas of habitat availability
33.
Habitat fragmentation
species that cannot tolerate
shade but can do low temps =
at top
-better adapted to cold= on the
sides
34.
Habitats
...
35.
high root-to-shoot ratio
enables water+nutrient storage =
allows plants to grow
immediately as temps. increase
in spring
36.
Hotspots of Biodiversity
regions containing high
concentrations of endemic
species- also facing
threats/species loss
more than 35 globally -1/2 in
mountain regions -2% of Earth's
land area
home to 1/2 world's endemic
species
37.
How can plants use
radiative heat gain to
their advantage?
...
38.
How do alpine plants get
around reproduction
where pollinators are
few?
vegetative reproduction
39.
How do plants counter
convective heat loss?
They grow close to the ground
40.
How do plants perform
the process "freezing
point depression"?
By accumulating solutes such as
sugars
41.
Larch(Tamarack)
not evergreen conifer- sheds
needles in fall
softer more fragile needles =less
investment than larger needles
photosynthesize more efficiently
broad canopy = capture more
solar radiation
extract nutrients efficiently=
adapted to withstand mountain
environments
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
Lichens
Limber Pine
Nunataks
Perennials
Photosynthesis
ProductivityHypothesis
Pubescence
Radiative heat gain
desecration tolerant, non-flowering
thrive in extreme alpine places
/nearly all-rock surfaces
algae/fungus
no root systems
collect water and nutrients from
atmosphere
can photosynthesize at any temp
above zero degrees
5 needle pine
cone opens up on its own
pollen cones at same time it has
first year growth
40-60 seeds/cone
tops of mountains sticking out of
ice sheets
-moment after little ice age and
early cold periods
i.e.) SW Greenland 100km from any
ice free environment plants that persist for more than
two years
better adapted to alpine
environments
can persist through tough years
process by which plants use light
energy to convert CO2 +H2O into
O2+sugar - sugars converted into
biomolecules to form plant
biomass
conifers = at high rate even at low
temps
explains patterns of biodiversity
-amount of primary productivity
determines the number of species
that can be supported in an area
-higher primary productivity due to
higher temps. and lower elevations
= higher biodiversity
dense hairy surface of alpine
plants
-hairs trap a thin layer of air above
the surface of plant
alpine plants
-stay warm by increasing amount
of heat they absorb from the sun
-colouring = darker
-orientation of surface
50.
reduced
transpiration
rates
to prevent plant dehydration
boundary layers lessen water potential
gradient between inside and outside of plant
51.
Refugia
places in mountains that have maintained
favourable conditions during periods of past
environmental change-placation
52.
Rhizomes
used to achieve asexual plant reproduction
modified underground stems that extend
away from the plant and grow new shoots
-can survive to reproduce even in harsh
conditions
53.
Richness
measuring the total number of species
present
54.
Rosette
growth form
erect flowering stems
more exposed
promotes seed dispersal and attracts
pollinators
55.
Sexually
reproducing
alpine plants
rely on insect pollination
floral displays help attract pollinators
cushions
56.
Solar tracking
enhances pollen germination by up to 44%
in Snow Buttercup
57.
Speciation
processes that create new species
-occurs when pops. diverge genetically to a
point where they can no longer interbreed
-pops. need to be isolated to prevent
movement
58.
Species
diversity
accounts for both richness and evenness
can provide insights on how ecosystems
function in mountain enviros.
59.
Species
diversity is a
measure of
what?
venness and species richness
60.
Species
richness is a
measure of
what?
Total number of species present
61.
Supercooling
water inside the plants can cool below its
freezing-point to 0 degrees
-achieved by segregating water into cells in
absence of other particles- prevents ice
formation
62.
taproot
systems
large main root with smaller roots branching
off the side
allow plants to reach more nutrients
provide anchoring -prevents easy uprooting
63.
tracheids
narrower transport vessels found in the wood tissue of conifer trees
64.
vegetative reproduction
process by which new plants grow from parts of parent plantsasexual reproduction*
-more reliable than sexual reproduction
65.
What are lichens?
A symbiotic relationship between alga/bacteria and fungi
66.
What characteristics allow for the growth of coniferous
trees in a mountain environment?
Their natural cone shape and small needles allow for the sloughing
of snow to avoid damage
67.
What is the diversity-stability hypothesis?
The greater the diversity the greater the chance the species has to
withstand environmental disturbances
68.
Which of the following is a key feature of allopatric
speciation?
Geographic isolation
69.
Which of the following is an example of an endemic
species?
Banff Spring Snail
70.
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation to mountain
climates by alpine plants?
Broader, exposed leaves
71.
Which type of life cycle improves the chance of a plant
surviving in the alpine?
Perennials
72.
Whitebark Pine
canopies provide shade for winter snow- can prolong timing of snow
melt-regulates downstream flow
event 1000 year old trees can reproduce
not fully mature until 60-100yrs old
more resistant to low-serenity ground fires
keystone species
cones require nutcracker to come and pry open the disperse seed
at risk to - climate change, white pine blister rust (fungus)
Mountains 101-Lesson 10-Animal Adaptations
Study online at quizlet.com/_4rp7ob
1.
All of the following are
morphological
adaptations that alpine
animals could have
EXCEPT?
Selection for specific genes
associated with tolerance to cold
2.
Bar-Headed Geese
-Migrate from Mongolia to India in
the fall-spring
-lungs are 25% bigger than other
geese
-breathe deeper vs. faster during
high intensity flight
-hemoglobin has high affinity to O2
-more capillaries in heart muscles
-
3.
Behavioural
Adaptationsectotherms
inactivity correlates with cooler
temps-less active enzymes and
metabolism
-some rely on microclimates
i.e.) Phymaturuw (rock lizard)
thrives at 4000m in the Andes
4.
Behavioural
Adaptationsendothermic
bigger=avoid cold temps by
moving to less exposed areas
i.e.) big horned sheep migrate
lower
smaller = migrate less
-move between microclimates
ie) Collared Pika- Yukon and Alaska
-seeks shelter in poles of boulders
next to meadows
5.
Birds
-surface area of lungs 10x > humans
-thinner barrier between lungs and
capillaries = greater O2 diffusion
-air travels through lungs opposite
to flood flow= air has higher O2
concentrations/diffuses better
6.
Brown fat
tissue found in alpine, often
hibernating species that is
specialized for heat generation;
stores are important sources of heat
durning hibernation
7.
Bull Trout
once more widespread native trout
in mountain parks
-part of Char family
-require water temp below 13
degrees + clean gravel beds, drop
pools+ interconnected water ways
for spawning
8.
Burrowing
can modify
hydrological
properties of soils
-provides shelter for
other alpine species
-create unique microecosystems-high
altitude insects can
live
9.
countercurrent heat exchange
heat conservation
arteries that carry
warm blood to
extremities run
parallel/in close
proximity to veins
that return blood to
the trunk of the body
causes heat to be
transferred to cooler
blood -less heat lost
to environment
10.
Darker coloration (polymorphism)
absorb more solar
radiative heat
i.e.)ectothermic
insects
-reducing their
albedo by sun
basking
ie) Colias/sulphur
butterflies
-can raise body temp
enough to allow
flight
11.
Decreasing the diameter of blood
vessels to conserve heat is referred
to as _________ .
vasoconstriction
12.
During the last century, Rocky
Mountain lakes were extensively
stocked with sport-fish to promote
recreational fishing. What effects
did these introductions have on
these mountain lake ecosystems?
-Contributed to the
loss of over 90% of
mountain yellowlegged frog
populations
-Rapid consumption
of large, conspicuous
zooplankton
-Contributed to
reductions of native
fish populations
13.
ectotherms
animals that primarily regulate their
templates using external sources of
heat
-amphibians, reptiles,
fish,invertebrates
14.
endotherms
create most of heat from their
metabolic processes
-birds/mammals
15.
Evaporative cooling
sweating/panting
16.
Fur and feathers
insulate by trapping a blanket of
warm air near the skin-hollow
hairs/feathers amplify this
-reduce convective cooling
17.
heat conservation
...
18.
Heat exchange
surfaces
accelerate heat loss through
specialized appendages-ears
-have high surface area w/many
blood vessels, lightly insulated
-smaller surface area than animals in
warmer climates
19.
heat regulation
...
20.
Hibernacula
marmot burrows for hibernating
-September-April/May
-insulate with dry plant material
21.
Hibernation
adaptation that saves every by
reducing activity levels
long-term torpor
heart rate/breathing reduced
animals establish a new lower temp.
limit -regulated by negative
feedback
-usually in mammals- ectotherms
over-winter
22.
How are marmots
adapted to alpine
environments?
They huddle together in social
groups during hibernation
23.
How is the
Ptarmigans adapted
to alpine
environments?
their feet are covered in feathers in
the winter
24.
How is the Yak
adapted to alpine
environments?
They have a large heart and large
lungs
25.
Increased surface
area
i.e.) wing span of high elevation
flying insects- can cope better with
thinner air in high altitudes
26.
Involuntarily raising the hair on the
surface of the skin, a process that
may create a boundary layer of
insulating air, is called __________.
Piloerection
27.
Marmot
14 species worldwide
large rodents in
squirrel family-expert
hibernators
-cycle through long
periods of torporbrief bouts of
wakefulness
-recovery periods=
increased
metabolism
-rely on fat to survive
-occupy the
subalpine belt
-dig burrows and eat
alpine vegetation
28.
Marmot-Europe
successful
introduction in the
Pyrenees in 1948
-causing damage and
unbalancing the
ecosystem
-act as vectors of
diseases; plague
29.
Marmot-Social Behaviour
huddling together in
a family over winters
-reduces heat loss
-detect danger
w/high pitched
whistles to alert
others
30.
Mountain lakes
most are naturally
fish-less
-dominated by large,
endemic
zooplanktonpigments protect
them from UV
radiation
-95% of lakes did not
contain fish until they
were stocked in 20th
C.(Canada)
-
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
over-wintering
panting
physiological adaptations
piloerection
ectotherms
-some use supercooling
at high altitudes
-some produce unique
carbohydrates to prevent
freezing
-some can survive with
ice formation in tissues
i.e.) New Zealand alpine
cockroach
active process in which
animals produce air
currents to remove water
across respiratory system
surfaces
involuntary, passive
response that are
internally regulated
heat conservation
-raising fur to increase
barrier of war air
providing insulation
-involuntary reflex caused
by muscle contractions
near skin surface
(goosebumps in humans)
The process of removing heat
from the arteries before the
blood in them reaches the
extremities is called
_________________.
Countercurrent heat
exchange
Ptarmigan-Behavioural
adaptations
sedentary lifestyle
preserves energy
-eat snow to get water
-roost on snow banks to
keep warm
-bathe in snow to keep
cool
37.
Removing a source for
nucleation allows water to
undergo which process?
supercooling
38.
Shivering to raise body
temperature is one example of
thermogenesis
39.
specialized hooves
goats/yaks
allow safe and efficient navigation
on steep rocky terrain
hard outer edge w/ soft inner pad
for cushioning when jumping
structure helps grip and resist slips
40.
stocky appearance
smaller surface areas helps retain
body heat
-short appendages relative to
similar animals in lower elevations
i.e.) Pikas- live high in Asian and NA
Mountains ; smaller ears/limbs vs.
rabbits
41.
sweating
passive process relying on air
currents to remove water secreted
by sweat glands onto skin
42.
thermogenesis
amplification of internal heat
production under cold conditions
1) shivering -skeletal muscles
contracting
2) non-shivering - release of a
hormone that increases metabolic
rate (mammals)
43.
Thermoregulation
process that allow animals to
maintain body temperatures
-controlled by negative feedback
system (like a thermostat)
-achieved by ectotherms and
endotherms
44.
Thermoregulation is
based on what kind of
a feedback system?
Negative
45.
Torpor
a state of low metabolic rate and
decreased body temp
46.
ungulates
goats/sheep/yak
have multi-chambered stomachs=
increased amount of nutrients
extracted-reduces food searching
time
-can re-chew and digest food later
on
47.
unique alpine
adaptations
large hearts/lungs, more blood
cells to carry O2
i.e.) Llamas in Andes - highest
concentration of red blood cells of
all mammals
48.
vasoconstriction
heat conservation
at low temps, blood vessels
near skin decrease in
diameter
-reduces amount of heat
brought to surface of the
body
-restricts heat transfer to the
environment
-reason why people are pale
when cold
49.
Which are examples of
adaptations possessed by
an alpine animal?
-increased red blood cell
count
-Multiple-chambered
stomachs
-specialized hoofs
50.
Which is NOT an example of
an adaptation possessed by
an alpine animal?
large litter size
51.
Which of the following is
NOT a behavioural
adaptation to survive in the
alpine climate?
To increase activity during
periods of extreme
conditions
52.
white-tailed ptarmigan
smallest grouse in NA
-only bird in NA to reside
permanently in alpine zones
-change colour seasonally camouflage against
predators year round
Winter
-white feathers extend to
cover feet for extra
insulation/ less heat loss /act
as snow shoes
-can thermoregulate with fat
layers accumulated for
winter
53.
Yak
-cope with cold mostly by
conserving heat
-have a thick fleece of course
outer hair
-undercoat of fine down
-accumulates layer of
subcutaneous fat prior to
winter-helps conserve heat +
energy reserve
-thick skin; non functional
sweat glands
54.
YakAdaptations
to low O2- large chest with 14-15 pairs of
thoracic ribs
-larger lungs
-large heart
-large rumen- grazing on a mixed diet
Mountains Lesson 12
Study online at quizlet.com/_6gqern
1.
The effect of fires in
wildlife varies according
to...?
Intensity and duration of fire
Season of burning
Ecosystem that is burned
2.
The ocean tends to
_____climate change
Moderate
3.
To study responses of
alpine plants to climate
change, what 4 things are
required?
Reliable historical records
Repeated observations
Consistent field methods
Taxonomy
4.
Water vapour is treated as
an_______ of climate change
Amplifier
5.
What are prescribed fires?
small, contained, intentionallyset surface fires to make sure
the forest burns how they want
to
6.
What are some of the
implications of fire
suppression?
Decreased habitat diversity
Increases possibility of insect
outbreaks
Potential for future high
intensity fire events
7.
What are the current
concentrations of CO2 in
the atmosphere?
400 parts per million
8.
What are the leading
indicators of climate
change in the mountains?
Glaciers
9.
What efforts contributed
to the reintroduction of
plains bison?
Prescribed burn program
Maintaining healthy population
of predators (wolves and
grizzly bears)
Reduce elk population
10.
What factors influence the
rate and trajectory of
change for alpine
habitats?
Nitrogen deposition, land use,
invasive species, ski
development and
overexploitation
11.
What feeds super
volcanoes?
Magma chambers
12.
What is climate change?
Any significant change in the
measure of climate lasting for
an extended period of time
13.
What is the greenhouse
effect?
Gasses act like a blanket
around the earth, trapping
energy in the atmosphere and
culturing it to warm.
14.
What
mechanisms
contribute to
elevation
dependent
warming?
Snow albedo and surface feedbacks, water
vapour changes and latent heat release,
surface heat loss and temperature change
and aerosols
15.
What other
factors
influence
temperature?
Atmospheric dust and volcanic eruptions
16.
What's a super
volcano?
A volcano that when it erupts, it erupts
more than a thousand cubic kilometres of
rock (really rare large volume)
- there's never been one recorded in human
history.
17.
What's the
GLORIA
project?
An international long term monitoring
program and site based network for
monitoring high mountain vegetation's and
its biological diversity.
18.
What's the
main reason
bison originally
disappeared?
Overhunting
19.
What's the
mountain
legacy
project?
Long term study of landscape, ecological
and cultural change in mountainous regions
of western Canada - based on an extensive
collection of historical survey images
conducted
20.
What's the
mountain
partnership?
A UN voluntary alliance partner dedicated
to improving the lives of mountain peoples
and protecting mountain environments
21.
What's the
Paris
agreement?
A global agreement on the reduction of
climate change which represented a
consensus of the representatives of 196
countries.
It calls for zero anthropogenic greenhouse
gas emissions to be reached, and limit the
temperature increase to 1.5 degrees.
22.
What
technique do
they use for
the fires?
Helitorch: fly over and drop gelatinized
fuel onto the forest floor to create a mosaic
of burned forest
23.
When was the
last
documented
super volcano
eruption?
74,000 years ago in present day Lake Toba
24.
Where's the best habitat for bison?
Vermillion lakes in bow valley
Recently, they've gone north to panther river valley