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312
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3THM TO)l()J,ecrnoM 06ycnosn11saeTcH )l(aHposoe csoeo6pa311e crnTeii l0fOJI5!.
Y Hero HeT TeopeTH'-leCKHX pa60T B CTpOro Hay'-IHOM CMbl-
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313
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(143) .
TeneKnec Htt4ero KOHKpeTHoro He coo6maeT o caMoii AnKttHoe,
He paccKa3bTBaeT o ee H3MeHe 11 cBoeii ccope c HeJO. Ero MOHOJior cp11Kc11pyeT TOJJbKO ITCHXOJTOrwrecKoe COCT051HIIe JOHOillII. Ka)KJ(Oe BbICKa3bIBaHIIe B HeM -
3MOUIIOHaJibHOe BOCKJTHJJ,aHHe, rrepeJ(aJOll(ee
BbICillHH JI:yrneBH:&IH HaKaJI. CrroBo 3JI:ec& cpyHKu110H11pyeT KaK xyJI:O)KeCTBeHHOe, o6pa3y51 MeTacpopII'IeCKIIe CO'IeTaHII51. H
OHII He rrpOCTO
rrpeo6naJI:aI:OT B T eKcTe, C03JI:aBa51 3cpcpeKT xyJI:O)KeCTBeHHOH B:&Ipa3HTeJI:&HOCTII, HO KOHCTPYIIPYJOT rrnacTII'IecKIIH o6pa3. H3o6pa)KaeMoe
o6ocTpeHHOe rrepe)KIIBaHHe cocTaBJJ51eT JI:OMIIHaHTY xapaKTepa TeneKJieca, II03TOMY ero pe'Ib, COCT051Ill,a51 II3 TPOITOB 11 pIITOpII'IeCKIIX cpIIryp , c caMoro Ha4aJTa Bbl3bIBaeT Oll(yll(eH11e BbICilleH CTeneH11 nc11xoJIOrII'IeCKOrO HaIIp51)KeHII51.
B
06m1Ke IlrrarnHa BOCC03JI:aeTC5! JI:pyra5!, HO TO)Ke npe,llen1Ho a6co-
rrJOT113HpoBaHHa51 JI:OM11HaHTa -
npeJI:CTaBrreHIIe o cpmmcocpe Boo6Ill,e:
«CBeT CbIIIaJIC51 pOCKOillHbIM BO)lOIIaJ(QM qpe3 CMerroe ornepCT11e B KyIIOJie Ha MyJI:per.i:a 11 o6JIIIBaJI ero Cl15!HHeM ; Ka3aJIOCb , B Ka)KJ(OH BJI:OXHOBeHHOH 'IepTe JJHUa ero CBeT11Jiac1 M1ICJib II BbICOKIIe 'IYBCTBa>>
(144). B
3TOH rropTpeTHOH 3apIICOBKe aKJJ,eHrnpoBaH&I TOn&Ko JI:YXOB-
H11e CBOHCTBa JllI4HOCTH cpttnococpa B caMbIX o6ll(IIX II TpaJ(IIJJ,IIOHHO
ycTOH'IHBbIX orrpeJ(eJJeHII51X: «BJI:OXHOBeHH1Ie qepTbl JIHUa>>, ((BbJCOKIIe
'IYBCTBa». 3To He pa3BepHyToe o6pa3HOe OIIHCaHIIe IIHJI:HBIIJI:yaJibHbIX
314
A. B. CaMblutKUHa. PaHHUe 3cmemu•1ec1<ue onb1.l17bl H.B. I'ozoJlfl
qepT xapaKTepa, a C)l(aTa5! 3MOUHOHaJibHO-OUeHoqHa5! xapaKTepHCTHKa
BbICOKoro HHTem 1eKTa, csoH:crneHHoro qmnococpy KaK raKoBoMy. OTseqa51 TeneKnecy, TinaTOH yTBep)l(naeT 6o)l(eCTBeHttoe npottcxo)l(,11_eH11e
)l(ettW:HHbI KaK BbIClllee 6naro tt mo6oBb KaK np1106w:etttte K seqHoCTH.
TIO cyw:ecrny 3TO He )J,HaJior, a rrepCOHHcp11UHpOBaHHOe npOTHBOITOCTaBJietttte A BYX cp11nococpcKHX rro3HUHH , ttMel:Ow:ee JIHlllb BHiJ.11MOCTb
crropa.
Pa3peIIIett11eM 3 Toro crropa (ttJI11 rrepcom1cp11uHposaHHoro rrpOTHBopeqtt5!) cJiy)l(HT no5!BJiett11e AnKHHOH. Otta tte npo113Hoc11T H11 cJioBa.
f'oroJib noKa3bmaeT JIHIIIb caMo nei1crn11e KpacOTbI , OKa3bma10w:eH:c5!
BbIIIIe 11 CHJlbHee BCex JIOr.11qecK11 y6e)J,HTeJlbHbJX aprYMeHTOB.
)K11BOITHCHa5! rropTpeTHa5! MHHHaTl:Opa C03)],aeT nnacnP-JeCKHH o6pa3 KpaCOTbl )J,eByIIIKH: «MpaMopHa5! pyKa, CKB03b KOTOpyIO CBeT.11Jl.11Cb
rony6h1e )l(HJibI, rroJIHhie He6ecttoi1: aMBpo31111, cBo6onHo yAep)l(.11Banach
B B03,llyxe; CTpOHHa5!, rrepeB11Ta5! aJiblMH neHTaM11 ITOH0)1(115! Hora B 06Ha)l(eHHOM, ocnerr11TeJibHOM 6JieCKe, c6poCHB peBH11BYl:O o6yBb, BbICTYfll1Jia BrrepeA 11, Ka3anocb, He Tporana rrpe3peHHOH 3eMJI11; BbJCOKa5!,
6o)l(eCTBeHHa5! rpynb KOJie6anacb BCTpeBO)l(eHHblMH B3)],0XaM.11, H rroJiyrrpHKpbIBIIIa5! )],Ba rrp03pa'IHbie o6JiaKa rrepceH: one)l()J,a TperreTana H
rra)J,aJia pocKOWHbIMH, )l(HBorr11cHbIMH J111Hl15!MH Ha rroMOCT
< ... >
He-
6pe)l(HO OTKHHyTble Ha3an, TeMHbie, KaK B)J,OXHOBeHHa5! HOqb, JIOKOHbl
Ha)J,BHraJlHCb Ha JlHJieHHOe qeJIO ee 11 JII1Jll1C5! cyMpa'IHblM KaCKa)J,OM Ha
6n11crnTeJibHb1e rrneYa < ...
»> (146- 147). KaK BH)J,HM, rropTpeT AJIK11Ho11
TO)l(e JlHWeH KaKHX-Jl1160 HH)J,11BH)J,yaJlbHbIX qepT: HHqero HeJlb35! CKa3aTb 0 TOM, KaKOB co6crneHHO ee KOHKpeTHblH o6Jil1K. Tip11 3 TOM O'IeHb
IIOKa3aTeJlbHa Cl1CTeMa xy)J,O)l(eCTBeHHbIX 3f111TeTOB: OHl1 o6pa3yIOT BbIpa3HTeJibHYl:O raMMY TOH'IaH:nmx HJOaHCOB, C03)],al0ll(l1X Heo6XO)J,11MOe
)J,Jl5! aBTOpa ueJIOCTHOe rrpe)J,CTaBJieH11e 06 onyxoTBOpeHHOH KpacoTe.
TipeKpacHoe He 11ccnenyeTC5! B nor11qecK11x KaTerop1rnx, a sonnow:aeTc5! B xyiJ.O)l(ecrneHHOM o6pa3e. On11caH11e repo11HH 3aKaHLJHBaeTC5l
KpaTKHM YKa3aHHeM: « B
113YMJiett1111, B 6naroroBett11H noseprnyJIC5!
lOHOIIIa K HOraM ropAOH KpacaB11UbI, 11 )l(apKa5! CJie3a CKJlOHl1BIIIeHC5!
tta)J, HMM rroJiy6ornH11 KaHyna Ha ero rrbrna1:0w:11e w:eK11»
(147).
TaK, no-
6e)J,oi1 AnK11Ho11, 3aBepwaeTc5! cuettKa 11 BMecTe c HeIO cTaTb5!.
315
/1cmopUR u K)lllbmypa. BbtnycK 15
(! 5)
QqeBl1,ll,HO, qTo no:n11Ka :noi1 CBOeo6pa.3HOH Cl..(eHKl1 poMaHTHqeCKaH. IlOBbTUJeHHaH 3MOl..(110HaJlbHOCTb pe'-111 , BbICOKl1H cnor, Cl1CTeMa
TponoB,
C03,[(aIOUJ,11X
cy6beKTl1BHYIO
nacpoCHOCTb BblCKa3hJBaHl1H -
ceMaHT11KY
CJlOB,
yc11neHHaH
Bee 3Tl1 Tpa;::i:l11..(110HHO ycTOH'Il1Bbie
aTp116yTbl poMaHTl1'IeCKOro CTl1J1H 5!BJ151IOTCH onpe,ll,eJ151!0UJ,11M11 noKa3aTeJTHM11 ,ll,aHHOH xy,ll,o)!(ecrneHHOH c11cTeMbJ. XapaKTepb1 cse;::i:eHhI
K 3MOl..\110HairbHbIM ;::i:oM11HaHTaM. TaK, B TeneKJJece rrpeo6na,ll,aeT no pb!B CTpaCTH, B BbJCUJeH CTeneHl1 r11nep6omn11poBaHHhIH aBTOpoM;
BHyTpeHHee COCTOHHl1e ero ynO,ll,06JJeHO pm6yUJeBaBUJl1MC51 CTl1Xl1HM ,
qTo BnOJTHe COOTBeTCTByeT 0611..(eMy poMaHTWieCKOMY 33,[(3Hl1!0 -
co-
3,ll,aTb o6pa.3 He11CTOBCTBYIOUJ,eH CTpaCTl1 . Ilo3TOMY Mb! 'Il1TaeM: «rna3a
ero K11;::i:an11 rrnaMH; 110 meKaM 6ywesan rro)l{ap , 11 ,ll,pO)!(aw,11e ry6h1
nepecKa3hrnan11 MBTe)l{HYIO 6yp!O pacTep3aHHOH ;::i:ywm>
(143). 3rn
xapaKTep11CTl1Ka ,ll,yweBHOro caMoqyscTBHH repoH HBJlHeTCH aBTOpCKHM pe3!0Me, 11 CMbJCJTOBbie aK[JeHTbl B HeH o6pa.3ylOT TO )Ke poMaHT11qecKoe rrpe;::i:cTasneH11e , KaKoe co;::i:ep)l{anoch 11 B pelf11 TeneKneca.
I1
KOnop11T 3rrox11 poMaHT11qecK11 ycnoBeH. OH TOJlhKO 03HaqeH HeKo-
TOphlM11 )l,eTaJ151Ml1 BHenrnero CBOHCTBa 11 npe;::i:CTaBJleH pH,ll,OM 06w,e113BeCTHblX ,ll,pestterpeqecK11x 11MeH 113 06nacT11 M11cponor1111, cp11nococp1111 , 11cKyccrna.
Ho B CTpyKType ;::i:11anora O,ll,HOBpeMeHHO co'IeTa!OTCH 11,ll,e11 xy;::i:o)!(eCTBeHHaH 11 cp11nococpcKaB. Y)l{e caMo Ha.3BaH11e CTaThl1 Ha» -
«)]{eHw,H-
orrpe;::i:eneHO peaJJhHblM COOTHOUJeHl1eM 3Tl1X ,ll,BYX rrnaHOB .
c 0)1,HOH CTOpO Hbl, )!(eHUJ,11Ha, 0 KOTopoi1 11)1,eT pe'Ib B CTaTbe, -
AJTKl1-
HOH , B03nI06neHHaH TeneKneca . Ee rrose;::i:eH11e 11 Bbl3Bano YYBCTBO
mesa 11 peBHOCTl1 y IOHOWl1 . Ho 3TOT KOHKpeTHhIH cpaKT 113MeHbI 11
peBHOCTb KaK ero CJ1e,ll,CTBl1e npe;::i:cTaBJJHIOT CBOeo6pa3HYIO 3aBH3KY
cp11nococpcKOH
)l,11CKYCC l111
0
TOM,
KaKOBa
113HaqaJJhHaH
CYUIHOCTb
)l{eHll..(11HbI 11 HBJJBeTCB JJl1 JJI060Bb 6naroM )l,JJJI 'IeJJOBeKa. 0Ka.3bJBaeTCH,
qTo TeneKnec He TOJJhKO poMaHTw1ecK11i1 T11rr BnI06neH HOro : 3MO IJl10HaJJbHaH ,ll,OM11HaHTa ero xapaKTepa 11MeeT eme 11 qrnnococpcK11i1 orreHOK. IlopbIB CTpaCTl1 KaK CTl1Xl1HHOH 3MO[JIIl1 -
3TO onpe,ll,eJJeHHbIH
cp11nococpcKHi1 3HaK, yKa:JbJBaIOw,11!1 Ha qyscrneHHoe socnp11H11e ;::i:e.HCTB11TeJJbHOCT11.
316
A . B. Ca.MblutKUHa. PaHHue 3cmemw1ecKue onbtmbl H. B. I'o20J1J1
Ta )Ke B3a11Moo6ycJIOBJJeHHOCTh q:nrnococpcKoro 11 xy,LJ,O)!(eCTBeHHOro CMblCJIOB HBmieTCH rnaBHOH oco6eHHOCTbIO 11 ,L1,pyr11x xapaKTepoBH)leH . IlJiaTOH npoT11BonocraBJieH TeneKnecy KaK My)lpbIM crnp11K
6e3paccy)lHOMY Ilbl11KOMY IOHOWe 11 B TO )Ke BpeMH -
KaK My)lpOCTb
cpHJIOCOQJCKOrO IIOCTl1)!(eHl1H MHpa orpaHH4eHHOCTl1 4YBCTBeHHOro 3MIIHp114eCKOfO 3Hamrn.
C
3TOH ueJibIO 11 ,LJ,atta poMattrn11ecKaH aHTHTe3a. EcJIH pe411 Tene-
Kneca -
«6ypH», )lb!XaHHe -
ero o6JIHK -
«OfOHh»
(144), TO pe% IlJiaToHa 11 BeCb
144). TeM caMbTM co3,LJ,aeTcH
«BhICOKoe pa3Mh1w11ett11e» (
cp1111ococpcKoe npoT11BocTOHH11e . HaKoHeu, AJIKl1HOH BonnomaeT 11,LJ,eIO
KpaCOTbl. 11MeHHO II03TOMY TaK nnaCTI14eCKI1 Bblpa3HTeJJeH ee o6JIHK.
Otta npeKpacHa KaK B03JJI06JJeHHaH TeJieKneca, 11 B Hett )Ke «npopb1Ba1111cb rop)lble )lBH)!(eHHH 6oroIIO)l06HOH )lYWH>>
(146),
TO eCTb 3Ta
)leBywKa HBJJHeTCH O)lHOBpeMeHHO I1 cp1111ococpcKl1M OJII1UeTBopeHI1eM
6eccMepTHOH KpaCOTbl, 4TO BIIOJJHe COOTBeTCTByeT yl.JeHHIO IlnaTOHa
0 He6ecHOM npoHCXO)!()leHHH )lyw11 .
«lfoem>-nepcotta)!(H B CTaThe pacnonaraIOTCH TaK, 4TO cp11JiococpcKoe CO,L1,ep)!(att11e TeKCTa pacKpbIBaeTCH IIOCTeneHHO, 4epe3 )lB.II)!(eHHe, cMetty CTa)lHtt.
8
eme tte pac411etteHHOM e)lHHCTBe cp11JiococpcKoro
.11 xy,LJ,O)!(eCTBettttoro IIO)lXO.ll.OB 11 B03HHKaeT ::1cTeT114ecKaH TeMa. Otta
He cymecTByeT KaK caMOCTOHTeJJbHaH I1 3aBepweHHaH, a npe)lCTaBJIHeT
IIOHCK, pa3BepHyTOe pa3Mb!WJieH11e. <I>1111ococpcKOe CO)lep)!(aH11e HBJJHeTCH BttyTpeHHeH OCHOBOH 11 apryMeHTaUHeif 3CTeT11l.JeCKOH II0311UI1I1
B npouecce ee CTaHOBJJeHHH.
c TeM 4T06bI onpe)leJJHTb ee KOHKpeTHblH
CMbICJJ, paCCMOTp11M Ka)!(.IJ.YIO .113 cp11JiococpcKHX CTa)lHH B HX IIOCJie)lOBaTeJJbHOH CMeHe.
B
peq11 TeneKneca 6o)!(eCTBeHHoe npo11cxO)!()lett.11e )!(eHru;11ttbl np11-
3HaeTCH He 611aroM, a IIpOKJIHT11eM tte6ec. Ilo,LJ,o6HhlH BblBO)l C)leJJaH Ha
octtoBatt.1111 3Mn11p114.ecKoro onhna: Te11eK11ecy H3Mett1111a AnKHHOH,
cne,LJ,oBaTeJibHO , Bee )!(eHru;HHhT IIO)l06HbI eii , 11 IlnaToH ttenpaB, yTBep)!()laH B CBOeM yqeHl111 mo60Bb K rrpeKpaCHOMY: «HeT, Y4.HTeJJb ! TBOH
6o)!(eCTBeHHaH My)lpOCTb eme MJJa)leHeU B TI03HaHI1I1 6ecKOHe4HOH
6e3)lHhI KOBapttoro cep,LJ,ua. HeT, HeT! 11 TeHb CBHpenoro onhna He 06XBaTbIBana CBeTJJblX Mb!CJJeif TBOl1X , Thi He 3Haewb )!(eHIU;.IIHbI»
(143).
317
11cmopu5l u KYJlbmypa. BblnycK 15 ( 15)
<Dm10cocpcKa5l My,!J,pOCTh, 3Ham1e c ,l],aHHOH T04Kl1 3peHl15l 6ecCHJibHbI
rrepe,!J, peaJihHhIM cpaKTOM, OIIhITOM. Ho IIHTepectto, 4TO caMo IIOH5lTIIe
«OIIbITa>> II «cpaKTa» TpaKTyeTC5l 3,1],eCh poMaHTH4eCKl1 -
TO)J(,l],eCTBeH-
HO «OIIhITY cep,l],l.1,a». «0IThIT», c IT0311ll,11H KOToporo TeneKrrec OTp11u,aeT yLieHIIe IlrrarnHa o mo6s11 KaK cpe,!J,crne rrp1106meH115l K Be4HOH 6orono,!J,o6Hoi1 KpacoTe )J(eHIU11HhI, -
3TO, B cyll(HOCTl1, era co6cTBeHHa5l
cy6oeKTIIBHa5l 011,eHKa, 6e3y,!J,ep)J(HbIH rropbIB CTpacTII, HM4eM He C,1],ep)J(J1BaeMOH 3Mo11,1111. TaK11M o6pa3oM, Ha 3TOH nepsoi1 CTa,!J,MII ¢11nococpcKa5l II,l],e5l BbICTyrraeT KaK M,l],e5l 4YBCTBeHHOro II03HaHH5l, OCMbICJieHHa5l poMaHTH4eCKl1 ll a,lJ,eKBaTHa5l cy6oeKTIIBH0-3M011,IIOHaJibHOMY
socnp115lTl110 ,!J,ei1crn11TeJihHOCT11.
B
3TOH, poMaHT!14eCKl1 Tpa,1],1111,110H-
HOH TpaKTOBKe 3Ta M,!J,e5l 11 o6pa3yeT nepsotta4arrhHOe 3CTeT!14ecKoe
rrpe,1],CTaBJieH11e 0 BOCIIpII5ITIIII II cyll(HOCTll npeKpaCHOro.
BTopa5l cTa,!J,M5l B03HMKaeT 11 KaK orrposep)J(eH11e M,!J,eII TeneKneca
0 ry6I1TeJibHOM ,l],J15l )],yum 4eJIOBeKa B03,l],eHCTBIIII KpacOTbI )J(eHill,IIHhI,
11 KaK OTpIIll,aHIIe 3M011,IIOHaJibHOro crroco6a B II03HaHIIl1 ¢11nococpCKOH 11cTIIHhI. Pe4b IlrraToHa 3aH11MaeT 11,eHTpanhHOe MecTo He TOJihKO
no csoeMy noJio)J(eHMIO B cTpyKType TeKcTa 11 He TOJihKO no o6oeMy.
HMeHHO B Hett co,1],ep)J(IITC5l o6cT05lTeJihHO apryMeHT11posaHHa5l rro311Tl1BHa5l cpIIJIOCOcpCKa5l KOH11,enll,115l. 06pall(eH11e roroJI5l K IJnaTOHY He
cnyqaHHO, XOT5l B xy,!J,O)J(eCTBeHHOM BOCC03,l],aHIIll ero HeT 4epT KOHKpeTHOro 11CTOpII4eCKOro JIIIll,a. roroJih, pa3MbIWJI5l5l Ha)], rrpIIpO,!J,OH
II,lJ,eaJibHOro, ,!J,YXOBHOro, o6pamaeTC5l K IlrraTOHY KaK K o6merrpII3HaHHOMY asrnp11TeTHOMY IICT04H11Ky. Y4eH11e IlrraTOHa 6hrno nepsoi1
B 11CTOp1111 ¢11nococp11II 3aBepweHHOH M,lJ,eaJIIICTII4eCKOH Cl1CTeMOH.
Ero Teop115l II03HaHII5l yrnep)J(,!J,arra MIIP IIO,!J,JIIIHHoro 6bITII5l B ccpepe
3arrpe,1],eJibHOro cymecTBOBaHl15l Be4HblX 11 HeII3MeHHbJX 11,l],eH, OTpa)J(eHIIeM KOTOpbIX 5lBJI5leTC5l BeCb 06beKTHhIH Beill,eCTBeHHhIH M11p. roroJih
B 3TOM yqeHIIl1 60JibWe BCero, ecTeCTBeHHO, ormpaeTC5l Ha 3CTeTII4eCKYIO KOHll,eIIJJ,11!0, nocrre,lJ,OBaTeJibHO 11 Cl1CTeMaTH4eCKl1 l13JIO)J(eHHYIO
IlrraTOHOM B ,l],IIarrorax «IlHp» 11 «<De,!J,p». B Hl1X OH OTCTal1BaeT CBepx4YBCTBeHHyIO, II,l],eaJibHYIO rrp11po,!J,y rrpeKpaCHoro, C4IITa5l ,!J,ywy OT6rrecKOM Be4HbIX II,l],eH, TaK KaK «BC5lKa5l 4eJ10Be4eCKa5l ,!J,ywa ITO csoeii
rrpIIpo,!J,e 6hrnana c03ep11,aTeJihHII11,ei1 rro,l],JIMHHO cymero»
318
[5].
J11060Bh
A. B. Ca.MblutKUHa. PaH!me 3cmemu~ecKue onbtmbt H. B. I'o20RR
no6y:>KJJ,aeT JJ,ywy senoM1rnaTb o esoeM npe6brnam111 B 3anpeJJ,enbHOM
M11pe 11 TeM eaMbIM enoeo6eTsyeT np1106mett1110 qenoseKa K 11JJ,ee seqHOH, 6o:>KeeTBeHHOH KpaeOTbl. B TpaKTOBKe rorom1 yqem1e IlnaTOHa
0 npeKpaeHOM , eoxpaHIDI eooTBeTeTBHe 11eTOlJHHKY, nonyqaeT HOBbJe
eoJJ,ep:>KaTeJibHbJe OTTeHKII II, 6naroJJ,apH eMemeHIIIO aKI.J,eHTOB, OTHIO)J,b
He HBJIHeTeH npOeTOH KOIIIIeH OpIIrIIHana. TeopIDI IJnaTOHa )J,JIH foroJIH -
He 6e3yeJIOBHOe 11 OKOHqaTeJibHO HaH)J,eHHOe pewem1e IIeTIIHbI,
a qmnoeocpeKaH oeHOBa )J,JIH 3eTeT11qeeK11x IIOl1eKOB, TBopqeeKIIX pa3JJ,YMIIH. Y)l(e e eaMoro Haqana B peq11 roroneseKoro I11rnT0Ha omyTHMhI
oeo6hie aKI.J,eHTbl, BHOeHmIIe HOBOe B npeJJ,eTaBJieH11e 0 np11poJJ,e JII06Bl1 , B TpaKTOBKY 11)],eaJibHOro. IlpaBJJ,a, 3TO HOBOe noKa eme eymeeTByeT B TepMIIHax 11 nOHHTIIHX, xapaKTepHbJX )J,JIH IIJiaTOHOBeKOH cp11noeocpeKOH e11eTeMbI. TaK, roroneseKIIH IlnaTOH, o6pamaHeh K TeneKneey,
eneJJ,yIOIUIIM o6pa30M BeKphIBaeT 6e3paeeyJJ,eTBO ero II03111..(IIH: «3HaIO,
TbI xoqewh rosop11Th MHe 06 113MeHe AnKHHOH . Tso11 rna3a 6brnH eaM11
eBH)J,eTeJIHMH
< ... > HO 6bIJil1 Jil1 OHl1 eBl1)J,eTeJIHMH TBOIIX eo6eTBeHHbIX
MHTe:>KHbIX )J,BH)l(eHHH, eosepwaBWHXeH B TO speMH BO rny611He JJ,YWII
rnoei1? BbieMOTpen nII ThI ttanepeJJ, ee6H? He seeb n11 6yttT eTpaeTett
KIInen B rJia3aX TBOIIX? a KOr)J,a eTpaeTl1 Y3HaBaJil1 11eT11tty?»
(144).
3a-
6ny)l(JJ,eHIIe TeneKneea, no MHeHHIO IInaToHa, eoeTOHT B TOM, qTo OH
nonaraeTeH TOJibKO Ha eo6eTBeHHbJH OnhIT, Ha TO, qTO BII)J,eJIH ero rna3a, a He ;::i:yxosHoe 3peH11e; 11eT11Ha no3HaeTeH TOJibKO B npoueeee eo3epuaH11H 11 HHTenneKTyanhHhIX pa3MbmrneH11i1, a eTpaeT11, ne)l(am11e
B oeHOBe HHJJ:l1Bl1JJ:yaJibHOro «OIIbITa>> qenoseKa, ow1160lJHbl 11 spe)J,Hbl.
IlpII 3TOM «CTpaeT11» KaK nyn, n03HaHl1H IIeTl1HbI, OTp11uaeMblH 3;::i:eeh,
BOBee He TO)l():(eeTBeHHbI TOMy, KaK IIOHl1MaJI qyseTBeHHblH OIIblT ;::i:ei1eTBHTeJibHbIH IlnaTOH. L(nH Hero OH 03HaqaJI II03HaHHe MHpa e IIOMOIUbIO opraHOB qyseTB 11 np113HasaneH HeeosepweHHblM Ha OeHOBaHHII
Toro, qTo see MaTep11anbHhie o6beKThI -
JIHWb KOIIl1II <rn;::i:ei1». KoHe'l-
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IloneMH'IeeKHH MOMeHT 3):(eeh B03HHKaeT ITO OTHOWeHHIO K poMaHTHlJeeKOMY MbJWJieHHIO. Be;::i:b, no eyT11 JJ,ena, XOTH eme II B IIJiaHe
cp1rnoeocpeKOM, a He xy)J,O)l(eeTBeHHOM 11 e n03111..l,11H 11JJ,ean11eT11'leeKHX,
319
11cmopim u Kynbmypa. BbinycK 15 (I 5)
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KaK
e.[(HHCTBeHHOH
peaJibHO-
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COMHeHl1IO, 1160 OH He crroco6eH np11BeCTH K D03HaHMJO 11CTHHbl, .[(aTb
sepHoe npeL\CTaBJJeHtte o np11po.[(e npeKpacttorn . 3rn n p11Hu11n11aJibHO
Ba)l(HbIH MOMeHT B CTaTbe, TaK KaK OH CBM.[\eTeJibCTByeT 0 TOM , LJ:TO
fOI'OJib B nepHO.[( CBOern TBOpYeCKOI'O CTaHOBJieHMH, XOTH 11 llleJI B pyCJie poMaHTH3Ma, HO y)l(e c caMoro HaYaJia He yKJia.[(bIBaJJcH ueJittKOM
B paMKl1 poMaHTl1YeCKOH 3 CTeTHKl1.
MoTl1BbI <j:>11Jioco<j:>cKorn yqeH11H IlJiaTOHa, sorne.[(rn11e B cTaTblO
forom1 , CJiy)l(aT .[(JIH apiYMeHTaUHH 3 CTeTHLJ:eCKOH KOHUeDUI-111 , B KOTOpoH rrpe)l(.[(e scex L\pyrnx KaTerop11ii <j:>opMttpyeTCH KaTeropIDI 3CTernYecKorn 11,[(eana. IlJJaToH BHyrnaeT TeneKJiecy B03MO)l(HOCTb nocTtt)l(eHl15! npeKpaCHOI'O B Jll06Btt K )l(eHW11He , TaK KaK «OHa D033HH ! OHa
MbICJib, a Mb! TOJibKO BOIIJIOWeHHe ee B .[\eHCTBl1TeJibHOCTH»
( I 45).
3cTeT11YeCKHH DOl1CK 3.[\eCb cosepIIIaeTCH B eme Hepa3.[(e JlbHOH CJil1THOCTH <j:>m10co<j:>cKoro H xy.[(o)l(ecrneHHoro coL1ep)l(aH115! .
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B
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rrptto6perneT 3eMHbie H oc51 3aeMb1e <j:>opMbI.
B
cymHocT11 , MbICJib IlJia-
ToHa 06 11.[(e5!X 11 HX <j:>opMax, 06 H.[(eaJlbHOM , OTpa)l(eH11eM KOTOporo
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11HOe TOJIKOBaHtte: H.[\eaJibHOe npOHBJI5!eTCH
fOI'OJIH
B npeKpaCHbIX LJ:epTax
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B Bew.ecrno 11 o6JieKaeTC5! B ocH3aeMOCTb cy)l(.[(ett11e o
KaprnHe -
oHa MY)l(LJ:ttHa» (
145). Pac-
o6pa3Hoe no.[(TBep)l(.[(ett11e <j:>1rnoco<j:>cKoi1
MbICJIH, pacKpbIBaJOmeii 3CTeTHLJ:eCKl1H CMbICJI Bcero BblCKa3b!BaHl15! .
113
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He '-ITO HHOe, KaK
c11MBOJI11YeCKH sr,rpa)l(eHHoe nott5!Tl1e 3CTeT11LJ.ecKoro 11,[(eana. Otto
eme He np1106peJIO YeTKOH 3 aBepIIIeHHOCTH, He BbIKpttcTaJIJIH30Banocb
320
A. B.
CGMbllUKUHa. PaHHUe 3Cmemu'lecKue onblnlbl
H. B.
I'ozo!lfl
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11 IT03TOMY rrpmrnmreTC51. B yc110BHOH poMaHTJ1lieCKOH cpopMe. «)KeHIll,HHa» CI1MBOJII131IpyeT II)leIO rrp01I3Be)leHmI; ITO MhICJIII [Oro.JUI -
3TO
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OCTaJIC51 HeBhlpa31IMhIH, He!13rJia)lIIMhIH crre,n: HeBHHHOro MJia)leHqecTBa, r,n:e Bee pomrna»
(146).
BOT 3TO ecTecrneHHOe II uerrocTHOe e,n:1rn-
CTB0 qeJIOBel.J:eCKOH ,n:yw11 II eCTb 6eCCMepTHa51 H)le51 xy,n:om:HIIKa, CTpeM.sI:Ill,eroc.s1 «Bhlpa31ITh 6om:eCTBO B CaMOM Belll,eCTBe», «BOIIJIOTIITh
B Mym:qlIHe m:eHill,IIHY»
o6oraTIIB
(146), TO eCTh peaml30BaTh 6eCITJIOTHYIO II)leIO,
6eccMepTHhIM
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co,n:epm:aHIIeM
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KaK H3Haqan&HOM cocTO.sIHIIII 6hITII.sI:. TaKOB cpIInococpcK0-3CTeTIIY:ecKIIH HTOr crropa IlnaToHa c TeneKJiecoM.
IIo.s1BrreHIIe ArrKIIHOII rrpephrnaeT paccy)f(,n:eH11e IIrraTOHa. Kam:eTc.s1:,
ee KpacoTa rro,n:TBepm:,n:aeT 11,n:e10 BeqHoli m:eHCTBeHHOCTII. Ho Ha caMOM ,n:erre ArrKIIHO.sI: He 51BJI5leTC51 IIJIJIIOCTpau11eH K cp1IrrococpcKIIM
cym:,n:eHII.sIM IlJlaTOHa. 3To elll,e O)llIH, 3aBepwa10m11tt 3Tarr B pa3BIITIIII
3CTeTIIqecKOH KOHLl,eITLl,IIII rororreBCKOH CTaTbII. PaHhille Mhl ym:e OTMel.J:aJ111 csoeo6pa31Ie cp1IHaJihHoro 3ITII30,n:a: ArrKHHO.sI He npo1I3HOCIIT HII
crroBa, O)lHaKo IIMeHHO ee rro.s1Brremre pa3pewaeT crrop . CaMa KpacoTa
)leBylllKII OKa3bIBaeT 3CTeTIIl.J:eCKOe B03)leHCTBIIe, pe3yJihTaT KOToporo
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yrro,n:o6rr.s1:rrach ITrraTOHOM 6eccMepTHOH ,n:yxoBHOH 11,n:ee, cylll,ecrny10mett 6eCIIJIOTHO II IIOCTIIraeMOH C03HaHIIeM rrplI C03epuaHIIII ee KpacoThl. A BOT ym:e B AnKIIHOe cpII31IYecKoe II )lyxoBHoe rapMOHHY:eCKII
cylll,ecrny10T B uerrocTHOM e,n:IIHCTBe. TaKIIM o6pa30M, B cp11Ha11e CTaThII pa3pewaeTC51 II CHl1MaeTC51 rrpOTIIBOpeYIIe Mem:,n:y II)leeH. npeKpacHoro II rrrracT1IqecK1IM ee B&1pam:eH1IeM.
06mecp11nococpCKoe, crreu11a11hHO 3CTeTIIY:ecKoe II xy,n:om:ecrnettttoe
co,n:ep)f(aH1Ie cymecrnylDT B paccMmp1IBaeMoli crnThe foron.s1 B elll,e
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321
l1cmopw1 u KYJZbmypa. BbtnycK 15 (J 5)
He TeM, lJTO roroJib HaMepeHHO CTpeMl1JIC5! COe.[\11Hl1Tb B O.[\HOM TeKCTe
11 11ccJie.L10BaH11e np11po.L1hI 3CTeT11<JecKoro 11.[\eaJia, 11 qrnnococpcKoe
06ocH0Batt11e ero CYliJHOCTl1 , 11 BOCC03.L1aH11e ero B ueJIOCTHOM xy.L10JKeCTBeHHOM o6pa3e. IlO,L\06HblM Cl1HKpeTl13M 5!BJI5!eTC51 KaK pa3 CJie.[\CTBl1 eM TeopeTl1lJeCKOM Henp051CHeHHOCTl1 npo6JieMbl .[\JI5! caMoro aBTOpa.
3TO OTHIO.[\b He OC06eHHOCTb TBOp<JeCKOfO CTaHOBJieHl15! roroJI5!. BC5!Kl1M 6oJibllIOM XY.L\OJKHl1K npoX0.[\11T B CBOeM CTaHOBJieHl111 qepe3 3Tan
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caMoro nynr; nepBbie OTKpbITH5! eCTh B TO JKe speM5! tt tta1160Jiee np11HIIHnttaJibHh1e OTKpblTI15!.
B
3TOM OTHOllleHHH TOT cpaKT, LITO B CBOei1
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3
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He TOJibKO
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322
A. B. Ca.MbllUKUHa. PaHHue :x memu'lecKue onbllnbl H. B. Toconfl.
HaI.Jano ee 11pe.ncTaBJ15!eT co6oJi TO)Ke CIJ,eHKy, HO 110.nqepKHYTO 6n1TOBoro 11natta. B naBKe KH11ro11po.naBIJ,a 11.neT 6oJiKa51. pac11po.na)Ka HOBOH KH11r11, 11 110Ky11aTen11 06cy)K.na10T ee .nocTOl1HCTBa. Beeb 3IIl1301\
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OT,D,aBanocb
co Bcex cTopoH. "l:ho, 6aTIOIIIKa, I.JHrnn11 Eopuca fo.nyHoBa, tteT? Hy,
HHI.Jero )Ke Bbl He Y11Tan11 xopoIIIero", Henh 3a11b1xaBIIIeJic51. KBa.npaTHOH ¢11rype
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11 T. .n.
(148).
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KaK arrorl1'IHOe cy)K,D,eH11e BBl11\Y IIOJIHettIIIero OTCYTCTBl151. BHyTpeHHl1X
CB5!3eH, 110CJ1e,D,OBaTeJibHbIX 11epexo,D,OB, CMb!CJIOBOH 3aBepIIIeHHOCTH,
3BY'Il1T KOM11qecK11. KoM113M yc11rr11BaeTC5!. TeM, 'ITO IIepe611Ba10m11e
11 cMeH5!!01Ul1e .npyr .npyra ronoca BeCbMa Heo6bJYHO oxapaKTep113oBaHbl aBTOpOM. 06rra.naTeJI51.Ml1 HX 5!BJI5!IOTC51. TO «Ko¢ettHa5! lUHHeJ1b)), TO
<<3aIIbIXaBIIIa51.C51. KBa.npaTHa51. ¢11rypa», TO «TOJICTeHbKl1H Ky6HK c BeceJiblMl1 rna3KaMl1)) HJil1 )Ke CeHTl1MeHTaJibHbIH «CeHaTCKl1H p5!6'!11K»
(148-149).
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<JeCKHH 3¢¢eKT: BO-IIepBblX, CHH)KaeT, o6ecIJ,eHHBaeT CMbICJI caMoro
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O'IeB11,D,Ha. MM co3.naeTC5! npe.ncrnBnea11e 06 o6meM ypoBHe TaK Ha3blBaeMoro pacXO)Kero 'll1TaTeJibCKOro MHeHl151..
***** Ilp0113Be,D,eH11e 11C-
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xorn OHO 11 IIOTp51.CJIO 11X 1\YIIIl1, Bbl3Barro B Hl1X I.JYBCTBO BOCTOpra. TaKOB OCTpo rrorreM11<JeCKl1H CMbICJI 3TOH 6blTOBOH CIJ,eHKH, B KOTOpOH
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323
11cmopim u Kyllb mypa. 8b1.nycK 15 (15)
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KpacOTy npttpOJJ.bI 11 pOM3HTl14eCKl1 npeo6p a3yf0 w,H e BeCb o6Jil1K ropoJJ,a:
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324
A. B. CaMblUlKUHa. PaHHue 3cm em.u<1ecKu e onbtmbt H. B. I'ownfl
KaK BCeHapo,D,HO cy,D,5!T 11 TOJIKYlOT 0 D03Te, KOr,D,a npeH115! HX B03,ll,bIMaIOT 6ypIO ll 3arreH11BIIIHeC5! ycTa ropnaH5!T Ha TOp)K.lllll,aX BO rny611He ,D,ym11 csoeH:: He CB5!TOTaTCTBO JIJ1 3T07»
,D,y~rnIO
(150). Ily6nwrnoe
06cy)K.,D,em1e BeJIHKHX rrpOI13Be,D,eHllH rrpll3HaeTC5! CB5!TOTaTCTBeHHhIM, Koma OHO rpy6o, nourno BTopraeTc5! B Mllp npeKpacHoro. 0,D,HaKO 3,D,ecb ocy)l{,D,aeTC5! He npocTo onpe,D,eneHHa5! 411TaTenbcKa5! 11n11
KpllTJ14eCKa5! cpe,D,a 6e3,D,YXOBHhI X ofarnaTeJieH.
B
TpaKTOBKe roroJI5!,
HecoH3MepHMOCTh caMoro rrpoH3Be,D,emrn c ero HCTOJIKOBaHHeM nepepacTaeT B rno6aJibHbJH KOHcj.JJillKT, poMaHTH'IeCKH DOHHMaeMblH KaK
HeB03MO)K.HOCTh Bbipa3llTh CJIOBaM11 qyscTBa, BHywaeMhie rrpoll3Be,D,eHHeM, 11 ,D,a)l{e cna6oe no,D,0611e MblCJIH 11cKmKaeTc5!, orpy6n5!eTc5!
B np11BbllfHhlX 3ByKax: «BeccHJihHbi e! OHH OT qacToro DOBTOpeHJ15!
JIIO,ll,hMH rr0Tep51n11 ,D,a)l{e 6e,D,Hoe co6cTBeHHoe 3HalfeHHe»
(150).
TeM
6onee llCKYCCTBO, Cl:JllTaeT forOJih, He IIO,D,,D,aeTC5! Hl1KaKOMY paU,110HaJibHOMy, norH4eCKOMY aHamny.
KaK 11 s crnTbe «)Kem1.111Ha», B « Bop11ce fo,D,yttose» ,D,yxosHoe rroHHMaeTc5! KaK TpaHCU,eH,D,eHTHOe 6eccMepn1e ,D,Yillll, HaX0,1l,5!W,eHC5!
B Hepa3peWHMOM npOTHBOpe4HH c 3eMHhJM KOHe4HhlM y,1l,eJ10M )l(J13HH
qenoseKa. 3ti:ech 3TO rrpoT11sope'rne 3aocTpeHo eme pe3l:Je KaK a6coJIIOTHa5! rrpOTllBOIIOJ10)K.HOCTh «Me)K.,D,y ,D,BYM5! spa)K.,D,YIOII.\11Ml1 rrp11po,D,aMll "lenoseKa»
(150).
Ha3Hal:JeHHe 11cKyccrna B TOM 11 3 aKJIIOl:JaeTc5!,
"ITO OHO rrp11M11p5!eT o6e 3Tl1 np11pO,D,hI qe11oseKa. 3TO sm1rneJ\rna51
J1TOrOBa5! MhlCJih BCeH CTaTbl1, 0 3Ha4aIOW,a5!, qTo forOJih, IIOKa3bIBa5!
cysepeHHOCTb ,D,yxOBHOH 11 MaTep11aJ1hHOH cy6crnHI.J,llH 11 llX ll3BeqHoe
rrp OTl1B06opcTBO, He y ,1l,OBJ1eTBOp5!eTC5! TOJlbKO KOHCTaTaU,HeH 3Toro
rrpoT11sope'1115!.
B
3TOM rrp05!BJI5!eTc5! CJIO)K.HOCTh, ,D,BoH:crneHHOCTh ro-
roneBCKOH II03111I,lll1. OH He TOJibKO He OTKa3bJBaeTC5! OT poMaHTHYeCKOH
KOHU,ellU,H11, HO, HarrpOTl1B, ew,e 6onee yKpyrrHeHHO o6Ha)K.aeT rpaHH
poMaHT11qecKoro a6comoTa B HCTOJIKOBaHlll1 np11po,D, E>1 qenoseKa.
HoBhIH 11 npHHI..(HDllMbHhlH MOMeHT, pacKpbrnaI:OW,llH csoeo6pa311e
TBOplfeCKl1X HCKaHHH foroJI5!, y)l(e He COBITa,1l,aIOW,I1X C Tpa,D,111I,ll0HHOH
poMaHTlllfeCKOH 3CTeTllKOH, B03HHKaeT, KOr,D,a OH o6paw,aeTC5! K J1CKycCTBy, Bl1,1l,5! B IIOCJie,1l,HeM BbIXO,ll, 113 Tpar11'1eCKOro rrpOTI1BOpeqll5£, KOTOpoe rrpe0,1l,OJ1esaeTC5! B CHHTe3e cy6neKTllBHOH ll 06beKTllBHOH CTOpOH
325
11cmopwt u KY!l bmypa. BbtnycK l 5 (J 5)
'-lenoBe'-!eCKOH )l(J13Hl1: «KaK ,ll,p0)1(11T, KaK CTOHeT 6ecCl1JlbHOe 3eMHOe,
noKa see He conbeTc.H B .nyxosHoe Mope < ...
»>( 150). B 11cKyccrne '-!e-
noseK o6perneT csoe 6eccMepT11e, TaK KaK OHO ocso60)1(.naeT qenoseKa
OT OKOB BCero «Bblpa311MOro 11 KOHe'-IHOro» ( 150), TO eCTb OT orpaHl14eHHOro npe.nenoM 4enose4ecKoi1 )1(113HH co6cTBeHHoro 3eMHoro onb1Ta, 11 np1106maeT K nOCTl1)1(eHHIO KOCMOCa , p a3pyrna.H rpam!Ubl Me)Kn:y
6ecKOHe4HOH .UYXOBHOH CyUJ,HOCTblO 11 3eM HbIM, KOHe'-IHblM ee Bblpa)KeHtteM. 2J:ei1CTBl1e HCKYCCTBa orpoMHO, Hl1 c 4eM He c paBHHMO, Be,IJ,b OHO,
no Mh1cn11 foron.H, paCKpbrnaeT '-lenoseKy 6eccMepTHoe co.uep)KaH11e ero
.nyw11 , o6be,IJ,ttH.HeT B pon:crneHHOM coI03e scex nocT11rH)'Bw11x ero sen 11K11i1 CMblCJl. 3MOUMOHaJlb HOe nepe)l(ttBaH11e, CTaHOB.HCb Bceo6m11M ,
nocT11rneT rnpMOHttlO MMp03,IJ,aH11.H. Ilpownoe 11 HacTo.Hw,ee cymecrnyIOT B OJJ:HOH Hepa3pblBHOH CB51311, KOTOpa.H TOJlbKO B HCKyccrne OC03HaeTC51 '-lenoseKoM, ocso60.n11sw11MC.H OT y3Kttx rpaH11u 11Hn11s11.nyaiihHOro cymecrnosamu1. ABTOpCKa.H KJl.HTBa, KOTOpOH 3aKaH '-111BaeTC51 TeKCT
CTaThM, .HBJrneTc.H np.HMbIM npon:on)l(emieM tt 3asepwem1eM pe•m II011 1111opa.
B HeH n:aeTc.H
o6eT scema cnen:osan, BbICOKMM 11.ueanaM 11cKyc-
CTBa, He 113MeH.HTb CBOeH MMCCMH B yro.uy 3rol1CTl1 '-leCKMM 11HTepecaM
noTpe6ttTenei1. TaK, B poMaHT114eCKl1 ycnOBHOH rpopMe foronh n:eKnap11pyeT O.UHH M3 Ba)KHettWHX npMHUMCTOB CBOeH TBOp'-leCKOH n0311 Ul111 .
Ec1111 B CTaTbe «)l(eH WHHa» rorOJlb 11ccnenoBaJI cywttOCTb 3CTeTM4eCKOro 11.neana, TO 3,Uech -
onpen:en.HeT CKphlTblH MeXaHl13M B03,IJ,eHCT-
BH51 MCKyCCTBa Ha .uywy 4eJlOBeKa. AHaJll13 3Tl1X n:syx CTaTeH .naeT B03MO)KH0CTb BCKpblTb npo6neMaTHKY 11 xapaKTep 3CTeTtt'-leCKl1X MCKaHHH
paHHero roro1rn, onpen:en11sw11x Hanpasnett11e ero nocnen:y10mero pa3Bl1TH.H, TeopeTH'-leCKMe npe,IJ,nOCblJJKM TBOp'-leCKOro MeTOJJ:a fOroJJ.H B ero
11HJJ:l1BHJJ:yaJJbHOM CBOeo6pa3 1111.
IlpHMe1.famrn
* Bnepsb1e ony6m1KosaHo:
H3)"-!HbJH c6o pH11K.] Bbm.
Ilpo6neMbI Mernna 11 )l(aHpa: [Me)l(BY30BCKl1H
4. -ToMcK: Jfan- so TfY, 1977. C. 33-43 .
** Bonpocy 0 COOTHO!lleHl111 peaJJ l13M3 11 pOM3HTl13M3 B TBOp4eCTBe foroJHI CTOCB51UJ,eHa cneu11aJlbH351 MOHOrpaqrn51: [ 4).
*** Coxpatt.51eM naT11posKy forom1.
326
A. B.
C aM bl!UKUHa. PaHHue 3cm e mu'leCKue onbtl11 bl
H. B.
I'o20!lJ1
** ** 3necb H narree B KpyrJihIX CK06Kax YKa3hIBaIOTCll crpaHHUhl no [ 1].
***** Henh3ll He yBrrneTh B 3TOM 3ITH3one rrpenBocxmueHHll CTPYKTYPhI
«TeaTpanbttoro pa3be3JJ,a».
JlrrTeparypa
1. I'ozofl b H.B. IIonttoe co6patt11e co'urnem1i1: [B 14 T.]. - [M.; JI.]: lfan BO AH CCCP, 1952. T. VIII.
2. BoumOJI06CKQfl 3. JI. , CmenaH06 A. H. H.B. roronh: CeM11HapHH . - JI.,
1962.
3. I'unnuy c B. B. OT IIyll!K11Ha n o EnoKa. M.; JI. , 1966.
4. Kany noea <P. 3. HeKOTOpble oco6eHHOCTl1 peaJIH3Ma H . B. rorOJill:
(0 COOTHOll!eHl1H peaJil1CTWieCKOro 11 poMaHT11qecKoro HaqaJI B 3CTeTHKe H
TBOp'-!ecrne ITHCaTeJill). - TOMCK, 1962.
5. Ilflamon. Coq .: B 3 T. - M., 1970. T. 2. C. 185- 186.
6. Cmenanoe A.H. foronh - Kp11T11K 11 rry6n11u11cT // I'o20J1 b H B . Co6p.
CO'-! .: B 7 T. - M., 1967. T. 6. C. 513- 531.
11cmopuR u K)'Rbmypa. BbinycK
15 (15)
A. B. CaMblmKuua
<1>"1flOCO<l>CK0·"1CTOP"14ECK"1E "1CTOK"1
TBOP4ECKoro METO,QA H. B. roron~·
1
ITepBa». nonoB1rna 1830-x ro.n:oB -
nep110.n: Heo6b1Yaf'.rno HHTeH-
Cl1BHbIX 11,n:eHHbIX H TBOpLJeCKl1X HCKaHl1H foromr, neptto.n: CTaHOBJieHHH Bcex OCHOBHbIX np11Hl_\11IIOB ero xy,n:o:>KeCTBeHHOfO MeTo,n:a.
B 3aMbicnax 11 HaLJ11HaH115Ix Mono.n:oro n11caTem1 nopa:>KaeT npe:>K.n:e
BCero Macwrn6HOCTb 11 MHOroo6pa311e :>KaHpOB KaK 6enneTpHCTl14eCKOro, TaK 11 ttayYHo-ny6n111_\11cTw1ecKoro xapaKTepa. Ha nepBoIH
B3rIT5IJl: Ka:>KyTC5I COBepmeHHO He CB5I3aHHbIMl1 Me:>K,n:y co6oi1 xy,n:o:>KeCTBeHHbJe l_\11KJibI «BeYepoB Ha xyTOpe 6Jil13 Ll:ttKaHbKl1» 11 «M11propo.n:a»,
c o,n:HOH CTOpOHbl, 11 CTaTbl1 H Ha6pOCKl1 no npo6neMaM sceo6mei1
11CTOp1111 H reorpacjm11, qmnococjm11 11CKYCCTBa 11 OT,n:eJibHbIX 5IBJieHl1H
coBpeMeHHOro 11cKyccTBa, yKpa11HcKoro cponoKJiopa 11 «l1crnp1111 Manopocc1111» - c .n:pyroi1. CTpeM11TeJI0HhI nepexo.n:o1 foron». OT o,n:Horo
3aMhICJla K .n:pyroMy: OT Manopocc11H:cKHX IIOBeCTeH K neTep6yprCKl1M,
OT <J.:>11nococpcKO-l1CTOpw1ecKOH npo6neMaTl1Kl1 K 3CTeTl14eCKOH, OT Ha411HaHl1H 11 Ha6pOCKOB np0113Be,n:eHl1H 11CTOp114eCKOro xapaKTepa K 3aMbICJiaM 3no6o,n:HeBHbIX KOMe.n:11i1. Beco 3TOT 3Tan paHttero TBOp4ecTBa
[oro115I BeHY.aJDT «PeB113op» 11 nepBbie rnaBbl «MepTBbJX .n:yurn.
Epocaiow;a5Ic». B rna3a necTporn 11 pmo6weHHOCTh xy,n:o:>KecTBeHHOro 11 ny6JI111.]HCTl14eCKOfO TBOpYeCTBa J0r0Jl5I 3TOro BpeMeHl1 5IBl1JiaCb
O,n:HOH 113 np114HH, OCJlO:>KHl1BWHX IIOHl1MaH11e xapaKTepa 3BOJIJDl_\11 11
n11caTeJl». 11 ee 11CTOKOB. ITp11 3TOM .n:o Cl1X nop OCTaeTC5I cnopHblM
328
A. B. CaMblUIKUHa. <Punoco¢icKo-ucmopu1JecKue ucmoKu m eop<Jecmea H. B. I'ozonfl
H ,ll,O KOHua He pa3peweHH.hIM TaKOM cyw:ecTBeHHbIM Borrpoc, KaK CBH3b
rrpHHUHIIOB roroJJeBCKOfO KpHTHLfeCKOfO peaJJH3Ma c ero 3CTeTW!eCKHM
H,LJ,eaJJOM. B 3TOM sonpoce no Tpa,ll,HUMH rnaBHoe BHHMaHHe y,LJ,eJJHeTcH
IIpOTl1BOpeqMHM Me)l(,LJ,y xy,ll,O)l(eCTBeHHblM TBOpLfeCTBOM roromr H ero
MHpOB033peHHeM, HHaqe fOBOpH -
Me)l(,ll,y nporpeCCHBHOM HarrpaBJJeH -
HOCTblO nepsoro H KOHcepsan!BHblM xapaKTepoM BTOporo. TaKOM IIO,ll,XO.[( c caMOfO Haqana CTaJJ B03M0)1(Hb!M IlOTOMy, LfTO xy.[(O)l(eCTBeHHbie
rrpOH3Be.[(emrn H rry6JJHUHCTMKa 6b!JJH IIOHHTbl KaK .[(Be pa3JlHLfHbJe,
opraHMLfeCKH He CBH3aHHbJe ,ll,pyr c .[(pyroM H,LJ,eOJlOrM4eCKMe CHCTeMbl,
a He KaK .[(Be B3aHMOo6ycnOBJleHHbie H B3aHMOCBH3aHHbie LfaCTH e.[(HHOro uenoro.
11 rnKoro po.[(a no,LJ,XO,ll, Bee eme
He npeo,LJ,oneH. XapaKTepHbJe orro-
JJOCKH HMeHHO Il0.[(06HOfO pa3.[(eJleHM.5l roroJIH Ha «Xy,ll,O)l(HHKa» H
«MblCJJHTeJJH» BCTpeqaIOTCH, HarrpHMep, B cpaBHHTeJJbHO He.[(aBHeM
CTaTbe H .
n.
CTenaHOBa, IIOCBHl.l.(eHHOM rnopqecrny roroJJH H B ci:rny
)l(aHpa CBOero KaK 6b! IIO.[(BO,ll,HIUeM HTOr MHOroJieTHHM H3blCKaHHHM
11ccne.[(0BaTenei1 B 3TOM o6nacrn. BoT LfTO 3.[(ecb cKa3aHo o rrpHLfHHe
KpH3HCa roronH: «KaK xy.[(O)l(HHK, BCeM cepmi:eM CBH3aHHbIM c Hapo.[(OM, OH IlOKa3aJJ qy.[(OBHl.l.(HYIO CHCTeMy yrHeTeHMH , pa3JJO)KeHHe H
tj:>aJiblllb scero rocrro.[(CTByiomero o6mecrna. Ho OH caM ttcrryrancH
3TOM )l(eCTOKOM npaB.[(bl H H3MeHHJl co6CTBeHHOMY reHHIO, IIb!TaHCb
HaMTH BblXO.[( B npH3bIBe K rraTpHapxaJibHblM OTHOllleHMHM, B rrpOB03rna!lleHHH rrpHMHpemrn scex COCJIOBHM H B penHrH03 HOM YTOIIHH» .
**
.[(yMaeTCH, YTO CJIO)l(HB!lleeCH rrpe.[(CTaBJleHHe 0 roroJJe, C03.[(aB!lleM
CBOH BeJJH'!aMlllHe xy.[(O)KeCTBeHHbJe rrpOH3Be,LJ,eHMH 6y.[(TO 6b! B 3HallJ1TeJJ bHOM CTerreHH He3aBHCHMO OT CBOeM o6mecTBeHHOM II03HUHH, a TO
H BOrrpeKH ei1, Tpe6yeT cepbe3HOfO nepeCMOTpa. Xorn B CBOe BpeMH
eme
H. r
. l..JepHbJ!lleBCKHM IIHCaJJ 0 3aKOHOMepHOM H e.[(HHOM xapaKTepe
3BOJllOUHH roroJlH H KaK XY.[(O)l(HHKa, H KaK Mb!CJlHTeJJH, 3Ta IIp06JleMa
ocrneTcH O.[(HOM H3 caMbIX HenpoHcHeHHbIX. Me)l(.[(y TeM 6e3 pe!lleHHH
ee HeJlb3H HM 4eTKO H HCHO rrpe.[(CTaBHTb ce6e cymHOCTb peanHCTHYeCKHX
OTKpb!THM IIHCaTem, HH ITOHHTb H 06bHCHHTb ero MeCTO B HCTOpHKOmrTeparypHOM rrpouecce. He cnyqaJ1Ho B rrocne,LJ,Hee speMH B03HHKJJa
TeH,LJ,eHLl,HH «IIepeCMOTpeTb» rorom H «3aTIHCaTb» ero B pOMaHTHKH
329
11cmopuR u KYHbmypa. B bmycK 15 (15)
111111 )Ke, B Jl)'11WeM cJiylJae , np113HaTb HaJI11lJHe TOJlbKO HeKOTOpb!X pea JlHCTHlJeCKl1X 3JleMeHTOB B ero no cymecTBY poMaHTl1lJeCKOM TBOp lJeCTBe (cM.:
[23], [16], [11 ]).
MHCCHhIX peweHl1H -
IIp11lJHHa TaKl1X CTpaHHh!X 11 KOMnpo-
B He)lOCTaTOlJHOH pa3pa60TaHHOCTl1 Bo n poca 06
11CTOKax 11 rryT51 X cjJopM11posaH115! KaK MHpOB033peHl151 , TaK H TBOplJeCKOro MeTo.na forOJ151 , B He51CHOCTl1 DOH11Ma Hl151 11.nei1Horo nacpoca 11
e)J,11HCTBa, np11 BCeM MHOroo6pa3Hl1, paHHl1X xy.no)!{eCTBeHHh!X 11 ny6Jll1Ll,11CTl1lJeCKl1X HalJ11HaHHH n11caTeJl5! .
IIocneJJ:H11e pa6oThI o forone KaK pa3 CB11.neTeJJhCTsy10T o Heo6xo.n11 MOCT11 sepHyThC51 K 11cTOlJH11KaM 3BOJifOu1111 xy.no)!{Hl1Ka 11 npocne.n11Th
Ha116onee 3aKOHOMepHhi e MOMeHThJ 3Toro npouecca . TaK , n llOL\OTBopHhJH no.nxoJJ: K JJ:aHHOH npo6neMe HaMelJeH B crnThe
E. A . CM11pHosoi1 ,
paccMaTp11BaIOWett COOTHOUleH11e o6wecTBeHHOH 11 3CTeTl1lJeCKOH no311L!,1111 foro1rn. CyTh ee no.nxo.na COCTOl1T B TOM , lJT06hI «OTKa3aTbC51
OT 6hnyf0w11x
npe.ncrns11em1i1 o
npeBpaweH1111 forom1 -.neM0KpaTa
B foron51 - peaKu,110Hepa 11 paccMaTp11BaTb "cuen11eH11e" npoT11BopelJ11 BhJX roroneBCKl1X H)J,eH B 11X HepaCT0p)!{11MOM e.n11 HCTBe»
[22].
0.nHaKO
np11 BCett y6e.D.11TeJlhHOCTl1 3TOro Te311ca 11 MHOrHX KOHKpeTHhlX Ha6JifOJJ:eHl1H npo6neMa e)J,11HCTBa foroJ151 -
XYJlO)!{Hl1Ka 11 MhlCJll1TeJI51
ocTaeTC51 Bce- TaKH He pe w eHHoi1 11cc11e.nosaTeJJhH11uei1.
B
pe3y11hTaTe
113JIHUIHei:i B .naHHOM c11ylJae KaTeropHlJHOCTl1 aBTO p a CTaTbl1 o6mecTBeHH0-3 CTeTHlJeCKa51 D0311Ll,1151 foroJI51 , HalJHHa51 C cepeJJ:l1HbJ
30-X ro -
.D.OB, He CTOJlhKO opra H11lJeCKH 3aKOHOMepHO BblpacTaeT 113 6011ee paHHl1X ero H)J,eH, CKOJlhKO OKa3bJBaeTC51 11M npOTl1BODOCTaBJieHHOH, .na
eme B 11a116011ee n pHHLl,11DHaJlbHhIX CBOl1X DOJlO)!{eHH51X. 3)],eCh cne.nyeT
BC IT OMHHTh cnpaBe)lJll1BOe 3aMelJaH11e
r.
A.
fyKOBCKOro 0 TOM, l!TO
«Xy.D.O)!{eCTBeHHOe TBOplJ eCTBO foroJI51 51BJI51eT KapT11HY B JJ:aHHOM OTHOWemrn 11CKJlfOlJHTeJlhHYIO, KapT11HY MrHOBeHHOro C03peBaHl151, He06hilJaHHO 6hICTporo useTeH115!
< .. .>
OH He JJ:B11ranc51 OT o.nHoro npo113-
Be.D.eH115! K L\pyroMy, HO KaK 6bl B eJJ:l1HOM .D.Jl51WeMC51 MrHOBeHl111 o6H51Jl
cpa3y BCJO cyMMY CBOHX XY.D.O)!{eCTBeHHhJX 11.D.ett, 11 3aTeM, rrOpbIBaM11
6poca51Ch TO K O)lHOMY 3aMblCJJy, TO K JlpyroMy, BHOBh B03Bp ama51Ch
K paHHl1M 11 TYT )Ke JJ:Opa6aTbJBa51 HOBbie, OH npe)J,CTaJJ HCTOplrn pa30M
Beeb, BO BCeM CBOeM BeJ111lJJ111))
330
[8].
A. B. Ca.MblUlKUNa. C/>unococjJcKo-ucmoputtecKue ucmoKu meopttecmea H. B. I'o201m
.D:ei1cTBl1TeJihHO, Me)l{,[(y paHHl1M 11 3peJihIM 3TaIIaMl1 TBOpqecTBa
roromr TPY,L\HO rrposeeTl1 rpaHHI.(y y)l(e BBl1,L\Y 11X xpOHOJIOrrrqeeKOH
6Jil130eTl1, II04Tl1 O,[\HOBpeMeHHOeTH e03,[\aHml rrtteaTeJieM 60JihIIIl1HeTBa eBOHX IIp0113Be,[(eHHH. B uenoM ,[\Jl51 roroJI51 xapaKTepHa yernfiqttBOeTh oeHOBOTIOJiaraIOIUHX rrpttHUl1IlOB ero 11,[leHHO-Xy,L\O)!(eeTBeHHOH
II03 l1Q1111, sepHOeTb 3Tl1M rrp11HU:l1IlaM BO see rrepttO,[\hI ero TBopqeeKOH
,L\e51TeJihHOeTtt. KoHeqHo, TaKa51 yeTofiq11soeTh sosee He 03HaqaeT, qTo
roronh 40-x rQ,[\OB TO)!(,[(eeTBeH foroJIIO 30- x rQ,[\OB . Ho pa3JIW!1151
Me)l(,[ly Hl1Ml1 51BJI51IOTe51 pe3yJihTaTOM He 3aMeHhl 0 ,1:\HOH l1,[\eHH0- 3eTeT l1qecKOH CHeTeMhl ,L\pyrott,
di
rrpOTl1BOIIOJIO)!(HOH, a Jll111Ih ee pa3Bl1-
Tl1eM , yrny6nem1eM 11 Bee 6onee HaeTOHLfl1BhlM11 rro11eKaM11 HOBhIX
erroeo6os BOIIJIOIII,eHl151 Tex eaMb!X rrp11HU11IIOB, KOTOphie roroJih Ha!IIeJI B Haqan e esoero T BopqeeKoro rryT11 11 KOTOphIM OH ene,ll,oBan Ha
rrporn)l(eHl111 seen )!(l13Hl1 . CaM foron h 3TO IIOHl1MaJI 11 rr11can 06
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s Moei1 TeeHoi1 KBapT11pe, 6 JJ 113KOH K 4epn aKy! Bae HHKTO He 3HaeT.
Bae BHOBh onyeKalO Ha JlHO n yw11 n o HOBoro npo6y)f(.UeH115! , Korn a Bbl
11eTOprHeTeeb e 60JJbWeJO eHJJOIO H He noeMeeT yeT05!Tb 6eeeTbIJlHa5!
n ep3oeTb y4eHoro HeBe)K11, yqetta5! 11 HeyqeHa5! 4epHb, Beern a eornawa10wa51e51 ny6JJ11Ka
< ... »> (X, 378).
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n yxoBHOe n oeTOHH11e eoBpeMeHHOro xyLI,O)f(HHKa. B He6oJJhWOH peueH31111 « KapT11Hbl MHpa, 11Jl11 TioJJe3HOe 11 np115ITHOe 4TeHHe JlJ15! IOHOweeTBa», Han11eaHHOH B
1836
rony JlJ15! «COBpeMeHH HKa», forOJlb
epaBHHBaeT ypoBeHb LIYXOBHOH )f(l13HH
XVIll
BeKa 11 eoBpeMeHHOH
eMy 3nox11 . BeebMa Jl l060nbJTHbl BbIBOJlbJ , K KOTOpbJM OH npHXOJlHT.
B
xvm BeKe roenon ernoBaJia YM03p11TeJl bHa51 MbleJlb, 11 Teop115!, npo-
H11KHyTa5! Ha311.UaTeJlbHblMH 11.ueHMH, 6hrna naJJeKa OT HaeyLU,HblX noTpe6HOeTei1 )f(H3Hl1. «TaKoH pa3JlOP Teop1111 e npaKTl1Koi1 6bIJ1 noBeeMeeTeH B KOHUe
18 ernneTH5!» (Vlll, 204).
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oeBOl1JlO 11ne11 KaHTa, illeJ1Jll1Hra 11 rereJJ51 , eTaJla nOH5ITHa <<Heo6XOJlHMOeTb BOTIJlOWeHHH Be51KOH MbJeJJH npaKTl14eeKl1»
(VTII , 204). B
Teo-
p1111. eoBpeMemroe 4enose4eerno HaXOJll1T 0605IeHem1e eMhiena esoero
eyweernosaH115! 11 o6peneT B03MO)f(HOeTb npeJlBH,ll,eTb xon esoero pa3BHTl15!. «H BOT y)f(e HeToprrn nOKa3bIBaeT YMaM eoen m1eH11e e cjmJJoeocp11ei1 11 o6pa3yeT BeJJHKOe 3,ll,aHHe»
(Vlf[, 205). fio MHeHHIO foroJJ 5! ,
pOJlb HeKyeeTBa B 3TOM en11HeTBe npaKTf.1LJeeK.11-n ei1eTBeHHa5!: (()KHBOH
342
A. B. CaMbllUKUHa. c/Jw1ocorjJcKo-uc1110pu'1ecKue ucmoKu 111eop<1ecmea H. 8. To20nJ1
npHMep Cl1JlbHee paccy)l{.ueH11H, 11 HHKor.ua MbICJib He Ka)l{eTCH HaM TaK
BblCOKa, TaK nopa:rnTeJibHO BblCOKa, TaK ornyw 11TeJibHa CB011M BeJll1lfHeM, KaK Kor.ua o6JielfeHa OHa BH.UHMOtt Q:>opMOtt, Kor.ua pa3pewaeTCH
npe.u HaM11 )l{l1BblM, 3HaKOMb!M MHpOM , Kor.ua OHa, MO)l{HO CKa3aTb,
411TaeTCH ):(YXOBHb!Ml1 HaWl1MH rna3aMl1 H3 ueJloro C03,[(aHHH no:na»
(VIII,
204- 205). Ilo3T B w11pOKOM CMbICJie CJlOBa -
npOB03BeCTHT1K
11 nponose,[(Hl1K sen11K11x 11CTl1H. YMeJlo HCIIOJih3YH B03MO)!(HOCTl1 11cKyccrna, OH cnoco6eH aKTHBHO BTOpraTbCH B .uyxOBHb!H Mttp 4HTaTeJleH, noTpHCTl1 ero .uo OCHOBaHHH, OTKpb!Tb no.u BHeIIIHl1M11 noKpOBaMH
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3CTeTtt4eCKOH KOHUerrum1 forOJrn, OCHOBaHHOH Ha ero cj:>HJlOcoQ:>cKOlfCTOp11qecKHX B033peHl1HX.
K 3TOMY
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Ha nyn1 ero yMcrneHHOro 11 .uyxosHoro nporpecca.
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lfCTOp114eCKHe 113hICKaHl1H 11 nOCTpOeHl1H MOJIO.UOfO JOroJJH HBJlHIOTCH Ba)!(HOH sexo.11 ero TBOp4eCKOro caMoorrpe.ueJieHl1H, B OCHOBHOM
11 rnaBHOM 06ycnasJl11sa10T csoeo6pa311e ero xy.uo)l{ecTsemwro MeTo.ua, npe)!(.ue scero 11,[(ettHhIH naQ:>oc oueHKlf cospeMeHHOCT11 .11 cneu,11cptt.CJecK11i1 xapaKTep 11.ueana.
B
3TOM CMbJCJle pa6oTa foroJJH tta.u
cTaThHMl1 11 oqep1<aM11 «Apa6eco1<» no npasy MO)l{eT 6hITb Ha3BaHa Jla6oparnp11ei1 ero rnopqecKoi1 MhlCJll1 .
B
CTaTbe «0 11perro.uasaH1111 sceo6UJ,ei1 11cToptt.11» (1834) forOJlb
onpe,[(eJIHeT uentt 11 3a.uaq11 ttcTop11qecKoro tt.ccne.uosaH11H, 11Me10m11e,
c ero T04Kl1 3peHHH, )l{l1BOH, .uei1cTBeHHblH CMhICJI .UIIH cospeMeHHOCTlf .
0.uHaKo caMoe cywecTBeHHoe s :no.Ii cTaThe -
He caMH no ce6e 11cTo-
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XOTH HeCOMHeHHO 11 TO, l.JTO co6CTBeHHO npoQ:>eccttoHaJibHbJH yposeHb
343
Hcmopwi u KYJ1bmypa. BbtnycK 15 (15)
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.nocnnKeHIDIM Hay1u1. C.
A.
BeHrepoB, npoaHaJI11311poBaBw11i1. cocTOH-
m1e HayK11 Tex JJeT, rrp11weJI K BblBO.Ll)', 'ITO «OJJ:HOro np11paBHHBamrn
foroJIH K THny cpedHe20 rrpocpeccopa Ha'laJia 30-x lOJJ:OB MaJIO», OH
«no TeM 3aL(a4aM, KOTOpb!e ce6e CTaBHJI, CTOHJI HeCOMHeHHO Bb!We
O'leHb MHOr11X 113 CBOHX )'HHBepCHTeTCKHX TOBapm11ei1.» [3].
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(VIII, 26).
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ero He Ha )'3Kocne1111aJihHhIX npo6JieMax tta)'KH o6bHCH5leTcH, KaK y)!(e
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B
pycJie 3Toro ttosoro .LlBH)l(eHHH cTaHOBHTCH snonHe nottHTHoi1.
3aHHTepeCOBaH HOCT b MOJIO.Ll010 foroJIH cp11JIOCOcjlCKHMl1 IIp06JieMaM11
BCeMHpHOtt 11crnp1111. ,lJ;ocTaT04HO o6paTHThC5l I< HeKOTOpbIM xapaKTepHhlM BbICKa3hrnaHHHM B.
r. E emrncKoro Ha Ty )Ke TeMy, 'lT06b1 y6e)J,HTh-
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344
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MHOrHX ero eTaTb51.X 30-x - HaYana 40-x ronos BeTpeYalOTe51. cpopMyJIHpOBKH, eosepweHHO aHaJTOrJiqHbie roroJTeBeKHM. 11 :no He eey1-i:ai1Hoe
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seeMttpHoi1 tteTopttH, o6meYenoseYeeKoro
JI
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ea. Een11HeK11i1 rroYTH noenoBHO eosrranaeT e foroneM, noK33hIBa51.
en11HeTBO pona YeJTOBeYeeKoro, B KOTOpOM «Ka)l()l,blH Hapon Bb!pa)l(aeT
eo6oH. ontty KaKy10-H116yL1h eTopotty )l(H3Htt YenoseYeerna» [2: I, 28].
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xonttTh K cpaKTaM ,n:ei1eTBHTeJibHOeTH e TOL!KH 3pemu1 HX 11eTop11qeeKOH
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e npyroM ponerneHHhIMH y1aM11, B 6eerropHnKe 51.BJUfeTe51. eTporni1 rrop51.L\OK,
B pa3Hoo6pa31111 e)J,HHeTBO < ...»> [2: IV, 591]. BHyTpeHHee exoneT-
so HeTOpHYeeKHX B033peHHH neJlHHeKOro H fOrQJ151. HeeOMHeHHO: BelOny TO )l(e cpttJlOeocpeKO- HeTOp11'IeeKOe BH.ll,eHHe MHpa .H YeJlOBeYeeTBa,
TOT )Ke notteK np051.BJleH.H51. seeo6ru,ero H 3aKOHOMepttoro B craeTHOM,
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345
11cmopuH u KYJ/b111ypa. 8bll1YCK 15 (15)
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3 Ta
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[2: I, 298].
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346
A. B. CaMbtUtKu11a. <JJw1oco<fJcKo-ucmopu4ecKue ucmoKu meop4ecmea H B. To20J1R.
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xapaKTep 3 aMbICJia HTOrosoro C03D.aHl15! foroJI5l. -
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B ero coq11HeH1111 « npeJJ.CTaJJ KaK 6bl HeBOJibHO Beeb pycCKl1H qeJIOBeK,
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npenMyruecTBeHHO nepen npyrHMH HaponaMH, H co BCeM MHO)KeCTBOM
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(VIII, 442). B
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fOrQJlb
H306pa311Tb pyccKoro 4eJlOBeKa co BCeMl1 ero JJ.OCTOl1HCTBaMl1 11 HeD.OCTaTKaMH, HMeHHO c 3TOH TOqK11 3peHI1H TIOKa3aTb HaCT05!IUee 11 6y)lyruee Pocc1111. Ilo ero TBepD.oMy y6e)KJJ.eHJJIO, D.JJ5! Toro , qrn6h1 npo6yD.HTh B CBOHX COOTe4eCTBeHHI1Kax HaU,HOHaJJbHOe caMOC03HaHI1e ,
pyccKa5! no33H5l. D.OJJ)KHa «Bhipa3HTb pyccKorn 4eJioBeKa snoJIHe» «B TOM UOeOJle, B KaKOM OH JJ.OJI)KeH 6hJTb» , H «B TOH Oe ttCln6UlneJlbHO C-
mu,
B KaKoi1 OH HbIHe ecn»> (VIII,
404). Csoeo6pa3I1eM
cjrn n oco<PcKo -
JJCTop11YecKorn IIO)lXOD.a K o6ruecTBeHHblM npo6neMaM KpenOCTH11qeCKOH Pocc111111 nyrnM ee pa3BHTI15l. o6ycnosneH CHMBOJll14eCKHH CMbJCJl
Ha3BaHHH «MepTBbIX D.YW». KaK n11weT
E. H.
KynpeHHOBa, B o6pa3ax
HJJqTO)KHblX repoeB CBOett TI03MhJ roronb «"BbICTaBJIHeT Ha BCeHaponHhi e oq11" To 11JI11 D.pyrne
ucKa:J1Ce1-me
6naropoD.HhJX 06rueqeJI0BeqecK11x
CBOHCTB xapaKTepa HG"lfUOHaJlbH020, onyTaHHOro "Tl1HOH MeJloqei1",
HCKa)KeHHe, KOTopoe y611BaeT B CBOeM HOCHTeJle BC5!KOe L(OCT011HCTBO
1..JenoBeKa 11 fpa)!(JJ.aH11Ha, npeBparuaeT ero B o6ruecrneHHO n HpascTBeHHO "MepTBYIO", a T04Hee CKa3aTb -
OMepTBeJiyIO "eyrny"»
[13].
347
J1c111opuJ1 u KYfl bmypa. 8b111ycK 15 (1 5)
3TO TIOKa3 blBaeT, 4TO 1orOJJb-XY)l0)1(Hl1K Mbl CJ111T B KaTerop115!X 06Ll(eHau110HaJlbHblX 11 06Ll(eYenose4ecK11x.
A
cne)losaTeJJbHO, np11Hu11nb1
ero qmnococpcK0-11CTOpH4eCKOro M11pOB033peHl151 HeH36e)l(H0 )l0Jl)l(Hbl
6bIJJH cpopM11posaTb B ero xy)lO)l(eCTBeHHOM MblWJJ eHl111 KOHuenu1110
)leHCTBl1TeJJ bHOCTl1
11
4eJJOBe4eCKoro xapaKTepa,
HHbJMl1
CJJOBaMH ,
CTaTb np11Hu11naM11 xyJlO)l(eCTBeHHOH T11n113auM11 .
Heo6X0)111MO YT04HHTb, B KaKOM OTHOWeHl1M HaXOt:(l1JJC51 rorOJlb
K ycTaHOBHBWeHC51 11 30-e rO)lbl T pa)111UH11 6enJJeTp11 3al~l1H 11CTOp1111.
TaK,
B . B.
f11nn11yc, OTMeYaH oTcyT CTBHe pe3K11x rpatt11u Me)l()ly He-
KOTOpb1M11 xy)lO)l(eCTBeHHblMI1 np0113Be)leHM51Ml1 n11caTen H 11 ero )f(e
11CTOp114eCKl1Ml1 CTaTbHMl1 , n11weT 0 TOM , 4.TO « Ha C03)1am1e 11CT0p1111
OH (foroJJb. -
A. C.)
CMOTpen (B COOTBeTCTBl111 c 06bJ4HbJMl1 npen-
CTaBJJeHl151Ml1 ero speMeHH) KaK Ha Tpy)l He TOJlbKO Hay4HbIH , HO 11 xy)lO)l(eCTBeHHbJH , KaK Ha 3JleMeHT "cnosecHOCTl1", CaMaH 11CTOp1151 BOCnpMHl1Manacb np11 3TOM KaK npaMaT11YeCKl1H CJO)f(eT, 11CTOp114eCKHe
)le51TeJJH KaK n paMaTl14eCKJ.-te xapaKTepbl , 11CTOp114eCKaH o6CTaHOBKa
KaK MaTep11an J1J151 Konop11rnb1x 11306pa)!(eHHH »
[6,
c.
88].
Hccne)lo -
saTeJJ b cnpase)lJJHBO ycMaTp11saeT B CTpeMJJeHHM K 6enneip113 auM11
«yc11JJeH11e 11CTOp114eCKOro caMOC03HaHMH»
[6,
c.
89]
cospeMeHHl1KOB
[orOJJH TIO)l BJJl151HMeM peBOJJIOUHOHHblX C06b!Tl1H 11 11neonor11YeCKI1X
C)lBHroB 3TIOXl1 . 0)lHaKO 3)1eCb 3aTpOHyTa OJ:(Ha CTOpOHa .[leJJa. lOrOJJb
He TOJlbKO CJJen yeT Tpa)l11U1111, OH cyw,eCTBeHHO ee npeo6pa30BbIBaeT.
6y)leT TOL1Hee M npaBHJlbHee CKa3aTb, 4TO forOJJb Mll(eT M o6peTaeT
B 11CTOp1111 He CTOJlbKO « CJO)l(eTHbl H MaTep11am>, CKOJlbJ<O HOBble B03M0)1(H0CTl1
xy)lO)l(eCTBeHHOro OCM bJCJJeHl1H
cospeMeHHOCTM,
HOBbte
peweH 1151 3JJ060)lHeBHblX 06Ll(eCTBeHHblX npo6neM.
[oronb TpaKTyeT CJ11151HMe qmnococpCK0-11CTOp114eCK11X
11 3 CTeTl1Ye-
CKl1X np11Hu11nos B TOM )l(e )lyxe, 4TO 11 6eJJ l1HCKl1H , KOTOpblH TaK n11caJ1 0 cyw,HOCTM HOBoro HanpaBJleHH51 B 11CKYCCTBe: « 0Ha (11CTOp114eCKaH 11CTl1Ha. -
A . C.)
COCT Ol1T He B sepHOM 113J1 0)l\eHl111 cpaKTOB ,
a sepHoM 11306pa)f(ett1111 pa3s11nu1 4en ose4ecKoro n yxa B TOH 11n 11 ,L1pyroi1 3noxe. 3 )1eCb HCKYCCTBO cosna)laeT c ttayKoIO; MCTOpHK )leJJaeTCH
xy)lO)!(HHKOM 11 xy)lO)!(HHK -
11cTop111<0M»
[2: I,
134].
B oueHKe Een11tt-
CKoro, TIO)lJlHHHbl H HCTOp113M 0 3 Ha4aeT TIOHHMaHHe e)lMHCTBa pa3B11Tl1H
348
A. 8 . Ca.MblU1Ku11a. <P1.u10copcKo-ucmopu 'lecKu e ucmoKu meop'lecm ea H. 8. To20J1fl
qeJJOBeqeCTBa, XOT51 ew.e 11 npe.ncTaBJI51eMoro HM 11.nea1111cT114eCKl1 , HO
llOCTl1rHyToro y)Ke Bero o6oeKTl1BHOtt .n11a11eKTHKe. 11MeHHO OHa 51BJJ51eTC51 peanbHblM OCHOBaHHeM HCTOp11qeCKOtt 11CTl1HbI, a CJ1e):(OBaTeJ1bHO,
11 npaKTHKH 11CKYCCTBa, KOTOpoe np113BaHO BOCllpOH3B0):(11Tb .nei1cTBHTeJ1bHOCTb. TonbKO B :noH: CB513 11 cyw.eCTByeT Hepa3pb1BHOe B3aHMO.nei1cTBl1e 11cTop11Ka H xy.no)KHHKa. XyiJ:O)KeCTBeHHOe TBOp'Iecrno npoHHKaeTC51 HCTOp111IeCKl1M Bl1.[(eHHeM o6w.ecT BeHHOtt :>KH3Hl1.
llcTOp113M TaKOro THrra 11 6blJ1 CBOttCT BeH TBOplJeCKOMy C03HaHHlO
foro115!. Tio3TOMY caM n11caTeJ1b np11.nasa11 nepsocTeneHHOe 3HaqeH11e
1-mee CHHTe3 a 00331111 11 l1CTOp 1111 -
O.[(HOtt 113 ueHTpanbHblX 11.nei1 ero
11cTop11qecK11x cTaTei1 11 04epKOB .
B
paccMoTpeHHOH Bbillle CTaTbe
« 0 npeno):(aBaHHH Bceo6w.eH: HCTop1111» 3Ta tt):(e51 o6perneT oqeprnHH51
e.n11Hoi1 11 se11 11qecTBeHHOi1 xy.no:>KeCTBeHHOtt 3nonew.
B
rroH11MaHH11
forOJ151 , rrpe.ncTaBl1Tb MHp « B TOM )Ke KOJ10CCaJ1bHOM BeJ1H'IHI1, B KaKOM
OH 51BJ151J1C51» , llOKa3aTb ero <<HerrpeMeHHO )KJ1BblM» -
03Haqano C03-
.naTb xy.no:>KeCTBeHHbJtt o6pa3 MHpa no 3aKOHaM o6oeKTl1BHOH 11CTOp11'leCKOtt J10rHKl1, KaKOtt OHa Toma npe.ncTaBJ151J1aCb .
B
cTaTbe « illneuep , M111111ep 11 fep.nep» , o603pesa51 3ac11yrn Tpex
BbI):(alOW.HXC51
npe.[(CTaB11Te11ett
npoCBeTl1TeJ1bCKOH
MblCJ111,
foroJ1b
rrpHXO.[(HT K 3aKJ1IOLieHHlO , 4TO, XOT51 Ka:>K.[(blH !13 HHX CT051J1 y HCTOKOB
HOBOro llOHl1MaHl151 BCeMHpHOtt l1CTop1111, ee 3):(aHHe ew.e npe):(CTOHT
nocTpo11Tb. TBop'IeCKOe soo6pa)KeHHe llOiJ:CKa3bIBaeT rr11caTe1110 TaKoi1
THll YHHBepcaJ1bHOro CO'lHHemrn c M11poo6oeMJ1IOW.eH Cl1CTeMOH , KOTO pbIH 6bI coe):(HHl1J1 B ce6e KOHuemyanbHOCTb 11 <!JaKT11qecKy10 T04HOCTb : «MHe Ka)KeTC51 , qTo ecm-r 6bl rny6oKOCTb pe3yJ1bTaTOB fep):(epa,
HHCXOiJ:5lllll1X AO caMoro Ha4ana qenoseqecTBa, coemrn11Tb c 6b1CTpb1M,
orHeHHbIM B3r1151.[(0M lllneuepa 11 113bICKaTeJ1bHOlO, pacToponHOIO MyiJ:POCTl1lO M 111111epa, Tor.na 6hI BbIWeJJ TaKOH 11CT0p11K, KOTOpblH 6bJ MOr
HallHCaTb Bceo6my10 I1CTOp11!0))
(VIII, 89).
0.nHaKO nnaHbl forom1
rrpocn1pa10Tca .nanbwe rpaH11u cyry6o HayqHoro no3HaH11a. P51.[(0M
11 HapaBHe c 11MeHaMl1 KpynHeHllIHX 11CTOp11KOB CT051T B CTaTbe 11MeHa
llleKcnttpa, lllttnnepa,
B.
CKorra. Tio3TbI CTOJ1b )Ke o6a3 aTeJ1bHhI 11
He3aMeHMMbl .[(1151 C03):(aHH51 BCe06beMJ1lOUlero 11CTOp.111.JeCKOro coq1-rneHM5!, KaK H TBOpUbl HOBOH 11CTOp111.JeCKOH HayKM. 06pamemre K 3TMM
349
f.1cmopuH u KJl!lb111Jlpa. B binycK I 5 ( I 5)
xyJJ,O)l(Hl1KaM npHo6peTaeT B KOHTeKCTe ero CTaTbH KaK 6bl CHMBOJ1 11LJeCKOe o603 HaL1eH11e OCHOBHblX rrp113 HaKOB WHpOKoro 3 ITHL!eCKOro rroseCTBOBaHH5!.
Y
illH JIIIepa forQJib BbIJJ,eJI5!eT «JJ,paMaTl1LJeCKl1H HHTepec
scero TBopeHH5!» , y B. CKOTTa -
«3aH11MaTeJi bHO CTh paccKa3a» H
« YMeH11e 3aMeL!aTb CaMbJe TO HKH e OTieHKl1», y illeKcm1pa -
« HC-
KYCCTBO p a3B HBaTb KpynHble LJepTbl xa paKTe poB B TeCHhlX r paHmiax»
(VIII , 89).
B ee 3TH OT06paHHbJe roroneM MOMeHThl .ll,OJI)l(Hbl )"-laCTBO -
BaTb B C03JJ,aHHl1 CBOeo6pa3HOH 11 rpaH JJ,1103HOH l1CTOp11LJeCKOH 3 non e 11 ,
np11 JJ,aBa5! TeM C3Mb1M ee 11CTHHaM HeOTp a311MY fO y6emneJi bHOCT b 11
scfO nonHOTY )1(113HeHHOCTH. TaK B nocTaHOBKe roroJI5! rrpo6neMa c11H Te3a n033 HH 11 11cTo p1111 npernop5! e TC5! B xyumKecrneHHblH np11Hu11n
3 non ei1HOCT11 ,
onpeJJ,eJI5!fOWHH
Macwrn6
T sopqecrna
H
no3 HU11f0
COBpeMeHHOro xyJJ,O)l(Hl1Ka .
B
uenoM 3TOT np11Hu11n Bb1pa)l(aJI xapaKTepHhIH ,um1 30-x ro,uos
ITO.ll,XO.ll, K Ha cywHblM BOnpocaM JJ,e HCTBJ1TeJibHOCTl1 , BhITeKafOIJ.(11H 113
o6wepoMaHTl1LJeCKOro nOHl1MaHl15! l1CTOL!Hl1KOB o6weqen oB eLJeCKOro
11 Ha U110H aJib HOro nporpecca, HO BMeCTe C TeM fOfOJlb Kp11TW!eCKl1
oueH11BaeT O.ll,HO 113 nOJI O:>KeHl1H 3TOH poMaHT HLJeCKOH KOHue nu1111 .
C soeo6pa311e 11.ll,eH HO-TBOpL!eCKOH fl03 11l.\1111 roroJI5! OWYTl1MO np05!Bm1eTC5! B OTHOWeHl111 K cjmnococpcK0-11CTOp11'l.eCKOMY yqeHl1fO fepJJ,epa. flo ero MHeHl1fO, B COLll1HeHl15!X repJJ,epa TIOJIYLll1 J1 11 3asepwem1oe
sonnoweH11e 5!BJie H115! 11JJ,eaJibHOro nopa.ll,Ka. «OH Bl1A11T y)l(e cosepweHHO A YXOBHbIMl1 rIIa3aMl1 .
y
Hero BJiaJJ,bJLfeCTBO 11JJ,e l1 BOBCe norno-
w:aeT oC5!3aTeJib H&1 e cpoprvtbl. Be3JJ,e OH Bl1.ll, HT OJJ,Horo LJ eno seKa KaK
npeJJ,crnB11TeJI 5! scero LJenose<iecrna»
(VJII, 88).
B
fepAepe foron &
BbIJJ,eJI5!eT oco6bJe KaLJeCTBa 11CTOpl1 LJeCKOro MbIWJieHl15! -
np11op11TeT
11,ue11 , pO.ll,OBblX n OH5!Tl1H Ha)], M HOroo6pa3HeM 3M n11p11LJe CK.HX cpaKTOB.
Hy)lrno cKa3aTb, LJTO K Torvty spervteH11 o6wenpH3HaHHoi1 3acnyroi1 fep JJ,ep a C411TaJiaCb p a3 pa6oT aHHa5! HM Teopm1 opra HHLleCKOfO p a3B l1T l15! ,
cornac HO KOTOpOH qeJIOBeK eCTb 3a KOHOMepHoe npO,lIOJI)l(emie p a3B l1Tl15! np11pO.ll,bl. lleJIOBeLleCKl1H pO.ll, npOXO.ll,.HT B CBOeM .ll,BH)l(eHHl1 p5!.ll,
no cneJJ,oBaTeJI &HbIX cTyrreHei1. U enb rrocTyrraTeIIbHOro JJ,BH)l{eH115! rep JJ,ep Bl1.ll,11T BO BCeCT OpOHHeM ocymecTBJieHHH 11,ue11 ryMaHJ13Ma. « OH
( YenoseK. -
350
A. C.)
JJ,OJI)l(eH npoi1T 11 t.tepe3 pa3Hbie
603pacmbt,
scerJJ,a
A. B. CaMblULKUHa. <Pu11 ococjJcKo-ucmopw1ecKue ucmoKu meop<1ecmea H. B. I'o2011fl
HBHO B nocmy name!lbHOJ\1 L\BH)Kemn1 ! O nHo cmpeMneHue HerrpepbIBHO
cnenyeT 3 a n pyrnM! »
[4,
c.
279].
En11Hcrno uen11 3aJJ O)KeHo B caMoi1
np11pone qeJIOBeKa. « fYMaHHOCTb -
ueJib 'IeJIOBeqecKOH 11p11pOL\bl ,
11 L\JI5l :nol1 uemr 6or nepen an B Haurn pyK11 Harny co6crneHHYIO cynh6y» [ 4, c .
269].
0T'leTJII1BO Bblpa)l(eHHbIM L(eMOKpaTHt:leCKl1M xapaKTe-
pOM l1CTOp11qeCKoro YHHBepcamnMa o6b5ICH5leTC51 BJ1f151Hl1e repn epa
Ha pycCKyIO HHTeJIJIHreHUHIO 30-x r0L\OB, L(J151 KOTOpOH , l1 L(Jl51 foroJI51
B TOM q11cne, ero « l1ne11 K qrnnocoqm11 11cTop1111 'IeJIOBe 4eCTBa» c Tan 11
OL\Hl1M 113 caMblX aBTOp11TeTHbIX l1CT04Hl1KOB. 8
*
foroml 11p11BJleKaeT TpaKTOBKa fepnepOM IIpI1pOL\ HOH CYW,HOCTJ1
qeJlOBeKa, eMy 6JII130K HHTepec y'IeHoro K «eCTeCTBeHHbJM» o6w,eqeJIOBe4eCKJ1M l1 HaUHOHaJibHblM HaqaJiaM 6hITI151 qeJIOBeqeCTBa KaK
rrepB03JleM eHTaM BCeH ero )Kl13HeL(e51TeJibHOCTI1 B npOWJIOM, HaCT051 IIJeM l1 6ynyrn,eM. I111caTeJJb oco6eHHO BHHMaTeJibHO OCTaHaBJif1BaeTC51
Ha TOH 4aCTI1 yqeHl151 BeJIHKOro rrpocBeTHTeJI51, B KOTOpOH n aHO l10H51 Tl1e 06 ttcTop114ecKoM 11neane . Cornactto BhIL\BirnyToH 11M K0Huenu1111 nporpecca, fepnep 11ccnenyeT, KaKHM rrpencTOH T cTaTh 'IenoseKy,
l1 HIIJeT IIOL\TBep)KL1,eHf151 CBOeH 11n ee TOJlbKO B npenen ax BOCXOL\5IW,ero
p5IL1,a. ,[(JJ5I 3TOro 113 co6bITI1H BCeMHpHOH l1CTOp1111 OH OT611paeT l1 aHaJll13HpyeT l1CKJlfO'If1TeJibHO KOJIOCCaJJ bHble l1 B03 BbIWeH Hhie, OCB06o)KL(a51 HX OT cpaKTOB o6bweHHOH 11 npaKTJ14eCKI1 MHOrOJlf1KOH neHCTBl1TeJlbHOCTI1 . TaKoi1 paKypc rropTpeTHhIX xapaKTep11cTHK 11crnptt'IeCK11x
ne51Tenei1 npen cTaBJl5IJIC51 foronIO , rrp11 BCeM ero rrpeKJIOHeH1111 rrepen
fepnepOM , 51BHO HeL(OCTaTOl.fHbIM. Ilo Bbipa)l(eHf1IO forOJI51, fepnep «Mynpeu B rro3HaHttl1 11nean bHoro qenoseKa 11 4eJioseqecTsa, HO MJlaneHeu B IT03 HaHJ1l1 'IeJJO BeKa»
(VIII, 88), T.
e. l1CTOpl14eCKJ1 KOHKpeTHO-
ro l1HL\l1Bl1L\YYMa. roron eBCKOe npeL1,CTaBJieH11e 0 3Ha4eHJ111 11CTOpf13Ma
fepnepa He06bJ4aHHO f1HTepeCHO IIOTOMy, LfTO conep)KI1T, B cywHOCTH, oueHKY poMaHT11qecKoro C03HaHl151 l1 OL\HOBpeMeHHO CBHL(eTeJJbCTByeT o csoeo6pa31111 MbIIIIJieH115l caMoro n11caTeJI5l . foronh crrpasen n11so ycMaTp11BaeT B HeKOTOpbIX MOMeHTax l1CTOpH4eCKOH Cl1CTeMbl
fepnepa 4epTbI BhICOKoro poMaHTl1 3Ma. HeMeUKHtt MbJCJJ11TeJih nei1cTBttTeJihH O 6hJJl OL\HHM 113 KpyrrHhIX rrpen rnecTBeHHHKOB 11cTop113Ma
poMaHTI14eCKOro THna, 4eMy He npOTHBOpel.fHJJ OCHOBH OH KOMTIJJeKC
351
11cmopuH u KYJ1bmypa. BbmycK I 5 (15)
ero rrpocBeTHTeJibCKHX H.I(eil..
B
yqeHHH fep.I(epa, Bbipa:mmnero 3aBep-
wa10mtti1 3Tan 3noxH IlpocBew,eH1rn, nonyqHJIH qmnococpcKoe 060CHOBaHHe cpOJibKJIOpHble HCKaHmI poMaHTHKOB, OTKpbIBlllHX rrpoo6pa3
6y.I(yw,11x o6mecrneHHbIX 11.I(eaJIOB B HCTOKax HapOL\HOH KYJibTYPbI.
foroJib IIOJIHOCTbfO cornaceH c rep.I(epOBCKOH TpaKTOBKOH 11neaJibHOro qeJioBeKa, KaK11M TOT cTaHeT B xone 11cTop11qecKoro rrporpecca,
HO OH y)!(e BHL\HT .I(aJibllle He TOJibKO fep.I(epa, HO H poMaHTHKOB.
B
ero
HHTepnpeTaUHH fep.I(ep MJia.I(eWieCKH HeOIIbITeH B II03HaHHl1 peaJibHOH rrp03bl )!(113Hl1, 113 KOTOpoH: npo113pacTaeT BCe «BbICOKOe 11 rrpeKpaCHOe». OueHKa HHL\HBH.I(yanbHOro BKJia.I(a fepnepa B HayKy o6oeKTHBHO nepepacTaeT y forom1 B OU,eHKY poMaHTl14eCKOro 11CTOp113Ma
KaK TaKOBOro c ero cna6bIMl1 11 Cl1JlbHblMl1 CTOpOHaM!1. Ilo MblCJil1 forom1, 3TOT HCTOpH3M HaCTOJibKO )Ke MorymecTBeH B IIOCTH)!(eHHH 3aKOHOB o6mei1: rapMOHHH M11p03L(aHJUI 11 np11pOL\HblX 3aL(aTKOB qeJIOBeKa,
HaCKOJJbKO OH 6eCIIOM01lleH B IIOCTH)!(eHl111 KOHKpeTHOfO XO.I(a l1CTOp1111
H ero pearrbHbIX rrponrnopeq11i1:.
0TJJl1411TeJJbHa5! oco6eHHOCTb rororreBCKOro 11CT0p113Ma np05!BHJJaCb
B TOM, 'ITO, CJieL\y5! fepnepy 11 poMaHTl1KaM B IIOHJ1MaHl111 xapaKTepa
o6we4eJJOBe'leCKOfO pa3Bl1Tl15! H HCTO'IHHKOB ero , OH CTpeMJ1TC5! o6HaPY)!(l1Tb 11cTopw1ecKyfO 3aKoHoMepHoCTb 11. 11.nean 6yL\ymero B caMoH:
.I(eHCTBHTeJibHOCTH, B 6y.I(HJ1qHOM TeqeHHl1 )!(113HM, a He B OTBJie4eHl111
OT ee HH3KOH 11 IIOWJIOH np03bl, KaK TO 6bIJJO rrp11H5!TO y poMaHTl1KOB.
TaKa5! oco6eHHOCTb socnp115!Tl15! 11 nepeocMbicrreHH.5! poMaHT11qecKoro
11CTOpl13Ma OT'leTJIHBO Bblpa311JJaCb B TBOp4eCKl1X IIOHCKax 11 TBOp'leCKOM caMoorrpe.I(eJJeHHH IIHCaTeilll. EcJIH roroneBCKHH MaCWTa6 3IIOrrei1:HOCTH, 0 KOTOpOM fOBOp11JIOCb Bbillle KaK 0 L(l1.aIIa30He ero rnopqeCKOH MbICJJH, BOCXOL\HT K poMaHTW!eCKOH Tpa.I(HU1111 c xapaKTepHbIM
L\IT5! 30-x ronoB arrocpeo30M 11cTop11qecKoro ytt11BepcaJIH3Ma, TO rrepe-
OCMbICrrem1e npHHUHIIOB poMaHTJ1qecKOH MeTOL\OJIOfl111 rrp11BeJIO IIHCaTeilll K oco6oro pona xyn o)!(ecrneHHoi1 nernmnau11.11 cou11arrbHo-6bnoBbIX KapTHH L(eHCTBHTeJJbHOCTH, C03L(aIOIIIHX TOT xyL(O)!(eCTBeHHblH
3cpcpeKT, CBOeo6pa311e KOTOporo, ITO CJIOBaM foroJI5!, ToqHo IIO.I(MeTHJJ
IlywKIIH: «OH MHe fOBOpHrr BCerna, l.JTO eme HM y OL(HOro ru1caTeJI5!
He 6brno 3Toro napa BbICTaBJJ5!Tb TaK 5!pKo nownocTh )!(113HH, YMeTb
352
A. B. Ca.MblUIKUHa. c/JuJ1ococjJcKo-ucmopu4ecKue ucmoKu mBOp4ecmea H. B. I'o20J1J1
oqepn!Tb B TaKOH CHJie IIOlllJIOCTb nownoro qeJIOBeKa, qT06bl BCH Ta
MeJIO'lb, KOTopaH ycKOJib3aeT OT rn33, MeJibKHyna 6bl KpynHO B rn33a
BCeM»
(VIII, 292).
Xy,!l,O)!(eCTBeHHbIH 3cpcpeKT TaKOH IIOTpHCaIOIIIeH
CHJibl Mor B03HHKHYTb HMeHHO IIOTOMy, qTo BCHKaH xy,!l,O)!(eCTBeHHaH
JJ,eTaJib, M11KpocKom1qecK11 MaJiaH sen11q11Ha, BCHKaH qepToqKa roronescKoro o6p33a np1106peTana c11MBon11qecKoe 1Haqett11e, Bb1pa)!(aH qepe3
06bJqHoe 11 BCeM 3HaKOMOe BCIO rnyforny «HeCTpOeHl151» COBpeMeHHOH
n11caTeJIIO )!(113Hl1 KaK B Ha!IHOHaJibHOM, TaK H 06II.1,e'!eJIOBe'!eCKOM MaCWTa6e.
4
foroneBCKa51 HHTepnpeTa!IHH COBpeMeHHOCTH HaXO,!l,11TC51 B TeCHOH
CB51311 c ero 061IIHMH QJHJIOCOQJCKO-HCTOpH'!eCKl1MH B033peHl151MH H BblpacrneT 113 ero p33MbIIIIJieHHH 0 )!(11BOTBOpHbIX, C03HJJ,aTeJibHblX c11nax
06meM11posoro nporpecca. Bo scex 11cTop11qecK11x cTaTbHX 11 oqepKax,
HaIIHCaHHblX B nepBOH IIOJIOBl1He 30- x roJJ,OB H IIOMemeHHblX B c6opH11Ke «Apa6eCKl1», HeCMOTp51 Ha necTpory npo6JieM 11 HeOJJ,HOp0,!1,HOCTb
MaTep11ana, 06pa1UeH11e K p33HbIM 3IIOXaM HCTOpHU YeJIOBeqecrna,
cymecTsyeT onpe,!1,eJieHHaH BttyTpeHHHH cooTHeceHHocTb. foronb noBCIOLlY OJJ,yweBJieH 0,!1,HOH uenblO -
OTbICKaTb B npOlllJIOM 11 YK33aTb
COBpeMeHHl1KaM Ha ecTeCTBeHHO-HCTOpH'!eCKUe 11CTO'IHl1KH 06II.1,eCTBeHHOro p33BHTHH. TeM caMbTM 3TH CTaTbl1 y6e,I1,11TeJibHO CBH,!1,eTeJibCTBYIOT 0 TOM, Ha KaKOM cpyHJJ,aMeHTe cp11nococpcKO-l1CTOpHYeCKl1X tt,!l,eH
Bb1pacrneT npo6neMaT11Ka xyJJ,O)!(ecrneHHoro rnopqecrna foronH. TaK,
xy,!l,O)!(eCTBeHHaH KOH!IeIIUl151 Hau110HaJibHO- l1CTOpH'leCKOro CBOeo6pa3l151 Pocc1111 tt nyTeH ee p33Bl1THH BOCXO,!l,HT K cpttnococpcKo- 11cTopuqecKoi1 11,!l,ee B03paCTHOH 3BOJIIOUl111 lfeJIOBe'leCTBa. 3Ta MbICJib Jie)!(ttT
B octtose cTaTbtt foronH
«0
cpe,!1,HHX seKax». B
xapaKTep111yeTCH B coorneTcTB1111 c
Hett cpe,I1,HeBeKOBhe
cp11noco<jJcKttM onpe,!1,eneH11eM,
yno,I1,06JIHIOIIIl1M 11CTOpuqeCKyIO 3BOJIIOUHIO qenoseqecTBa B03paCTHbIM
113MeHeHttHM, csoi1cTBeHHbIM JII06hIM )!(11BbIM opraHtt3MaM. B11,I1,11Mo,
Ha116onee rny6oKoe B03JJ,ei1crn11e Ha foronH oKa3ano <jJ11nococpcKo11cTop11qecKoe y"leHHe fep,!1,epa c ero 11JJ,eei1 oprattttqecKoro p33BHTUH,
TaK KaK cpe,!1,Htte BeKa, B TpaKTOBKe foronH, 6yJJ,yq11 Heo6XO,!l,UMb!M
353
H cmop w1 u KY!l bmypa. 8bll1ycK
15 (! 5)
3SeHOM s uen11 HenpepbISHbIX 11eTop114ee1G1x npeo6pa30BaHHH , OTHOe51Te51 K npowJioMy, KaK lOHOeTb K .neTeTsy, a K 6y.nyw,eMy -
KaK K 300-
xe so3My)KaJJoeT11 11 3penoeT11. HMeHHO s TaKOM opraHw-JeeKOM npo113paCTaH11.11 npe.neTaeT y fep.nepa e.n.11HeTBO qen ose4eeKoro po.na: «Beeb
)f(J.13HeHHbIH nyTb YeJl OSeKa S03paeT -
enJJOWHOe npeBpaw,eH11e; Ka)K.UbIH
OT.UeJJbHblH ero 301130.U, 11 TaK Beeb po.n qeJIOBeYeCKl1H Ha-
XO.U11TeH s eoeTOHHl111 HenpepbISHOH MernMopcp03bl» [4, e. 229].9*
0 TOM , HaCKOJibKO xapaKTepHbIM 6biJJO n o.no6Hoe TIOHl1MaH11e HeTop11 4eeKoro npoueeea s Poce.1111 30--40-x ro.nos, MO)KHO, s 4aeTHoern ,
cy.n11Tb no Heo.nHoKpaTHbIM Sb1eKa3bIBaH115!M .5en11HeKoro. llenoseqeeKoe o6meeTSO, n11ean OH , «pa3Sl1SaeTe51 He MeXaH11YeeK.11 , HO .U l1HaM11YeeK11 , T. e. eo6eTseHHOIO eaMO.lleHTeJlbHOeTHIO )!{113HeHHOH e.HJlbJ , eoeTaSJJHIOU(eH ero eywHoeTh, He Ype3 HaJJ11naH11e 11epowem1e113SHe, HO
SHyTpeHHO (11MMaHeHTHO) 113 caMoro ee6H , opraHH4eeKl1 , KaK .nepeso
113 3epHa» [2: Ill , e. 338 ].
B ernThe foronH epe.nHeseKOsbe oeMbJeJJ5leTe51 I<aK nepexo.nHoe coeTOHH11e 4eJJoseqeeTBa , 11 neeTpoe MHO)KeeTBO pa3HOpO,UHbJ X eo6blTl1H
o6bHeHHeTeH qepTaMl1 IOHoweeKOH nopb! , B KOTopyio TOJibKO 4.TO OHO
seTymrno. XaoTl14HOeTb «MOJJ O.llbIX seKOB» 3aKOHOMepHa 11 ueJJeeoo6pa3Ha, TaK KaK Bbrpa)KaeT nel1XOJ10f11IO IOHOeTtt, -
no forOJJIO, 3TO
rnaseI-1eTsyiom11li sHyTpeHHtttt Heps epe.nHeseKOSb51 . Oeo6eHHoern
3TOH ne11XOJ10rHl1, no MbieJl11 foroJJH , onpe.neJJ HIOT l(eJJOeTHbIH 06JlMK
3nox11 , paeKpbIBaJOwei1eH s .neHHl15IX «11enOJJl1HeKOH, 004Tl1 y_y.ueeHOH
OTsar11» 11 B eo6bJT1151X eTOJlb )Ke «KOJJoeeaJJbHbIX» M «He06blKHOBeH HbIX». )J,eenOTl14.eeKa51 BJJaeTb nanbl, KpeeTOBble ITOXO.[(hl , pbiuapeTSO,
HaYlJHble OTKpbJTl151 , TOprOBJI51 -
see 3Tl1 11 .npyrtte 4.epTbI 3nOXH eT051T
y foroJJ51 B O.UHOM p51.Uy, eosMeUJ,a51eb no np11Hu11ny nettXOJlOfHYeeKOH
06wHOeT11 B HepacY.JJeHeHHbIH so3paeTHOH KOMnneKe. To, 4TO e 110311u11.H noeJJe.nyiow11x BeKOB, 11JJ11 B03My)KaJJoro so3paeTa, Ka)KeTe51
He06b5leHI1MblM JJ H6o ttppauttoHaJlbHbIM , s esoe speMH HMeJJ O rny6oqai1w11i1 eMbleJJ 11 no.U4HHHJJOeb 3aKoHaM opraH11qeeKoro poem.
l1MeHHO !lOTOMY forOJl b 11 y.neJJ HeT oeo6oe SHHMami:e HeT04HHKaM
nporpeeea, 4.TO B npOWJIOM KOpeH51Te51 nepBOHaY.aJJ a eospeMeHHOH
)!{113Hl1 M peaJibHble B03MO)f(HOeTH 6y.nymero ee o6 HO BJleHJ151.
354
c 3Tl1Ml1
A. B. Ca.MblutKUHa. c/Ji1J1ococjJcKo-ucmopu'lecKue ucmoKu meop'!ecmea H . B. I'o20J1J1
cp1rnoeocpeKO-HeTOp11qeeKl1MH H)::(e51MI1 roroJUI eB513aHO ero rrporpaMMHOe Tpe6osam1e, o6paw,eHHoe K xy)IO)f(Hl1KY 11 cpopMyn11pyeMoe KaK
He06X0)],11MOeTb Bbipa:>KeHl151 « H)],el1 uen oro».
06 «H)],ee uenoro» rorOJib yrrOMHHaeT no pa3HbIM IIOBO)],aM BO MHOr11x eTaTb51X e6opHHKa «Apa6eeKH», BB0)],51 '.H O IIOH51THe Ka )!()],blH pa3
B HOBhIH Kpyr rrpo6neM 11 e ero IIOMOlll,hIO eMbIKa5! B e)].11HYIO eo)],ep:a<aTeJihHYIO ecpepy cpm10eocpeKoe, 11eTOpI1'-1eeKoe 11 xy)],O)!(eeTBeHHOe II03Ham1e. EenH «uenoe» 03HaqaeT y roroJrn Bee qeJIOBeqeeTBO BO see
rrepHO)],bl ero eyw,eeTBOBaHH51, TOr)],a TO Ha3HaqeH11e, KOTOpoe OHO BbIIIOJIH51eT, ene)Iy51 esoei1 eeTeeTBeHHOH rrp11po)Ie B XO)],e « B03paeTHOH»
3BOJIIOIJ,HH, H eCTb IIO)Ipa3yMeBaeMa51 fororreM H)],e51 BCeMHpHOH HCTOp1111. B coorneTeTBHH e 3THM )],aeTC5! TpaKTOBKa «H)IeH» epe)].HeBeKosoro o6w,ecrna: « Bna)],bJqeeTBO O)IHOH Mh1cn11 ofo,eMrreT see Hapo)IhI»
(VIII, 18). XapaKTepHO,
qTQ eaMa :na «11)],e5!» no JJOfl1Ke roroJJ51 IIOHl1-
MaeTe51 KaK ne11xonor11qecKoe coeT051HHe. 0Ha Bbipa:>KaeTC51 B np11eyw,ei1: JII0)],51M epe)],HeBeKOBh51 O)],ep)J(11MOeTl1 rny6oKOH sepoi1, BO BCeo6w,eM ycTpeMneHHH K ((qy)],eCHOMy», Bhl3BaHHOMY 00Tpe6HOCT51MH
IOHOH, «KI1115illl,eH OTBaroJO» )KJ13Hl1.
Ha 3THX rrpe)],eTaBJieHH5!X eTpOHTe51 3 eTenrqeeKa51 KOHUeIILJ,1151 roroJI51. 11.CKYeeTBO, ITO y6e)!()],eHHIO rr11eaTeJI5!, BoenpOH3BO)],HT eyrn:ttoeTHYJO « H)],elO uen oro» TaKHM o6pa30M, qTO Bbipa)j(aeT, B Mepy CBOHX
B03MO:>KHOeTeH, )],Be eTopOHhl qen oseqeeKOH :>Kl13HH: 11)],ean&HylO , BHeBpeMeHHYIO -
T. e . TOT 11eTop11qeeKHll H)],ean, K KOTOpOMY B3bJBaIOT
Ta51W,Hee51 B rrp11po)],e qenoBeKa CKJIOHHOCTH H erroeo6HOCTl1 K CaMOcosepweHeTBOBaHl1IO, M eospeMeHHYIO -
T. e.
zy, KOTopa51 paeKpbrnaeT
rnaBHOe eo)Iep:>KaH11e ,D,aHHOro 11eTop11qeeKoro MOMeHTa B uen ocTHOM
ne11xonor11qeeKOM 06n11Ke o6w,eeTBa Bero seeMHpHOM 11JIH Hau110HaJibHOM eM&IeJie.
ilp051BJieHHeM TaKOro HeKyeeTBa 5!BJI51eTe51 )IJI51 roron 5! epe)],HeBeKOBa51 )!(11BOIIl1Cb 11 apx11TeKTypa. Ben 11qeeTBeHH&1e, eTpOttHhJe 3)],aHl151
fOTH4eeKOH apx11TeKTypbl e BhIT51HYThIMl1, KaK 6&1 neT5llll,HMI1 K He6y
Jil1Hl151MH, npOT51HYThlMl1 «HeeKOHlJaeMO B BbIIIIHHy», 51BHJIHeh 11MeHHO
B TY rropy, KOr)],a «Bepa, rrnaMeHHa51 , )!(apKa51 sepa, yeTpeMJI51Jia see
M&1en11, see YMhI, Bee )Iei1crn1151 K O)IHOMy, Korna xy.JIO)!(Hl1K BhIIIIe M
355
J1cmopuR u KY!lbmypa. Bbll1ycK 15 ( 15)
BhIWe CTpeMl1JIC5l B03Hecrn C03,Uam-1e CBOe K He6y»
« .uyxOBHOe HeBOJihHO rrpOHl1KaeT BCe»
(VTII, 11 ).
(Vlll, 56),
Kor.ua
3.uech COBfla,UalOT
o6e ¢YHKU1111 HCKYCCTBa: B03HOC5IJUHeC5l BBblCb JIHHHl1 cpe.utteBeKOBOM
apx1neKTyph1 Bhrpa:>1<a10T soo6iue rrp11cyw,ee YeJJoBeKy cTpeMJiem1e
K rapMOHH'leCKOH 11.ueaJlhHOH 3aBepweHHOCTl1 (BHeBpeMeHHaH cj:>yHKU115I) 11 BMeCTe c TeM -
OCHOBHYIO TeH,UeHU11IO « IOHOWeCKOH» rrophl
)!(113Hl1 'leJJ OBeYeCTBa (KOHKpeTHO- HCTOpuqecKa5l cj:>yHKU1151).
TaKaH
rny6oKo
n JIO.UOTBOpHaH 3 CTeTM'lecKa5l
f103HU115I, cY11TaeT
roroJih, .uocTyntta JJ11Wh seJI11K11M TBopuaM , coe.uumrnw11M « B ce6e
11 cj:>HJIOCOcjla, 11II03Ta , 11 11CT0p11Ka». 0HH « BhIIIhITaJIH rrp11po.uy H YeJJOBeKa, rrpott11KJJ11 M11Hyswee 11 np03peJJ11 6y.uymee»
(Vlll, 78). BHeMJJH
11X II033Hl1, ttapo.u flOCT11raeT B Hett COKpOBeHHhlH CMhICJJ CBOero cyiueCTBOBaH115l.
3Ta )!(e roroJJeBCKa5l KOHUeIIU115I, CTp05Ill.(a5IC5l Ha e.u11HCTBe 3CTeTl1YeCKl1X 11 l1CTOp11YeCKHX np11HU11IIOB, JJe)!(HT B OCHOBe 11HTepnpeTaU11H
IIywKHHa KaK HaUHOHaJlhHOro f103 Ta. Otta 113JIO)!(eHa roroJieM B CTaThe
« HecKOJihKO cnos o IIylllKMHe», TO)!(e sxo.uHmei1 B c6opHHK « Apa6ecK11» . CaMa Jll1YHOCTh IIylllKl1Ha CB5!3hIBaJiaCh y roroJI5l c rrpe.uCTaBJleHHeM 0 HaUHOHaJihHOM 11.ueane, KOHKpeTHhlM 11 peaJihHblM BOilJlOl.l.(em1eM KOTOporo 5IBJJ51eTC5l BeJIHKHK II03 T. «Ilp11 HMeHH IIywKHHa TOTYac
oceHHeT MhICJi b o pyccKoM Hau110HaJi bHOM no3Te
< ... >
IIywK11H ecTh
5IBJieH11e qpe3BbIYaHHOe 11 , MO)!(eT 6btTh, e,U11HCTBeHHOe 5IBJieHHe pycCKOro .uyxa: 3TO pyCCKHH 'leJIOBeK B ero pa3BHTl111 , B KaKOM OH , MO)!(eT
6hnh, HBHTCH Ype3 .usecrn JieT»
(VIII, 50).
B TpaKTOBKe roromr IIylllKHH B BhlCilleM CTefleHl1 Hau110HaJleH, TaK
KaK B HeM BODJIOTHJJl1Cb B OYHl.l.(eHHOM l1 6ecrrp11MeCHOM BH,Ue cymHOCTHhie CBOHCTBa HaUHOHaJihHOro xapaKTepa, a 3Ha'll1T, H 3p11MhlH
o6JJHK BCeH Haumr -
B ee l1CTOp11YeCKl1 3aKOHOMepHOM .UBH)!(eHHH
K 6y.uymeMy. 3T11M11 e ro oco6ettHocrnM11 orrpe.uemreTc5l .UJJ51 roroJJH
11 co.uep)!(amre no33HH IIywK11tta, 11 ee Henpexo.uHmee 3HaYett11e .UJJH
pyccKOH Jil1TepaTyphl , «DOTOMy YTO HCTl1HHa51 ttau110HaJihHOCTb COCTOHT tte B orr11catt1111 capacj:>aHa, HO B caMOM .uyxe ttapo.ua. IIo3 T .ua)!(e
MO)!(eT 6bITb 11 Tor.ua HaUHOHaJieH, Kor.ua OflHCbJBaeT COBepweHHO
CTOpOHHHK MHp, HO rJI51.U11T Ha Hero rJia3aMH CBOeM HaUHOHaJihHOH
356
A. B. Ca.Mbl!UKUHa. <PuJ1oco(jJcKo-ucm opu'!eCKue uc moKu m6op'iecm6a H. B. To20J1R
CTHXHH, rna:iaMH BCero Hapo.ua, Kor.ua qyBCTByeT H rOBOpHT TaK, qTo
cooTeYeCTBeHHHKaM ero Ka:IB:eTCH , 6y.uTo :no YyBcrnyIOT 11 rosopHT ott11
caMH»
(VIII, 51~52).
TaK B pa3Mh1wneH11Hx o npo6neMax cjrnnocoqrn11 11cTopHH B03Hl1KaIOT y fOroJlH Ha116onee np11HU:11IlHaJ1bHhle Bb!BO)lbl 0 CYII.lHOCTH HCKyCCTBa. 3TO Ilp011CXO)ll1T OTTOfO, YTO B qJHJlOCOcjmH HCTOp11H fOroJlb, KaK
H BCe nepe)lOBhie JIIO)ll1 ero BpeMeHl1, m11eT H HaXO)lHT TeopeT11YeCKHH
11CTOYHl1K .ueMOKpaT11qecKOH o6mecTBeHHOH 1103HU:HH 11 HOBOfO 3 CTeTHqecKoro
H)leaJia.
Bee
qrnnococpcKO-l1CTOpw1ecKHe
H)leH
roronH
npe)lCTa I-OT BO B3aHM006ycnOBJ1eHHb!X c11enneHJ1HX 11 CBH3HX, rrpH)laBaH TeM caMhIM e.u11ttcTBO H u,enocTHOCTh ero Kottuenu:1111 . MbICJlh
o B03pacTHOH 3 BOJIIOIIHH LJenoBeYeCTBa onpe.uem1eT pewett11e rrpo611eMhI Hau,110HaJihHOro xapaKTepa, TaK KaK opraHHYeCKOe pa3BHTHe YeJlOBeYeCTBa COBepwaeTCH nyTeM caMOBbUIBJleHHH MHOIB:eCTBa HaU:HOHaJlbH b.IX HH)lHBH)lyaJihHOCTeH. 06~eyenoBeYeCKaR )lyWa npOHBJlHeTCH
11 KOHKpeTH3HpyeT CH B peaJlhHOM IlCHXOJIOrHYeCKOM 6bJTl1H Hau:1m.
10
*
5
Cneu:11aJ1bHO npo6neMe HaU:HOHaJlhttoro xapaKTepa B ee cp1111ococpcKoM acneKTe nocBHII.leH oyepK «An-MaMytt» . Ka:ianocb 6b1, B tteM
ocsemaeTCH oqeHb YaCTHaH TeMa -
.uaeTCH KpaTKaR xapaKTepHCTHKa
Jil1YHOCTl1 11 )leHTeJlhHOCTH O)lHOro 113 npaBHTeneH. apa6CKOfO xan11cpaTa, a raIOKe attan113 rrp11LJ11H yna.uKa rocy.uapcrna, TOJlhKO YTO rrepe)l(HBwero CBOH pacu:BeT. 0.uHaKO, KaK 3TO Boo6w,e CBOHCTBeHHO roroJIIO,
<<HmymeMy B 6bIJ10M, npowe.uweM )l(HBhIX ypoKOB )lJIH HaCTOHII.lero»
(VIII, 479),
KOHKpeTHaH 11CTOpHYecKaH TeMa HaCbll.I.J,aeTCH noyY11TeJ1b-
HblMH )lJlH COBpeMeHHOCTH cettTeHU:HHM11 H nepepacTaeT B npo6neMy
nepBOCTerreHHOH Ba)l(H0CTl1 )lJlH IlOHHMaHHH HaU:HOHaJlbHOro pa3BHTHH
PoccH11.
0 HaU:HOHaJihHOM xapaKTepe BOCTOqHOH HapO,llHOCTl1 foroJlh C006ll.laeT HeMHOfO 11 TOJlhKO TO, YTO B o6~eM IIJiaHe CBl'!)leTeJlbCTByeT 0 ero
pe3KOM OTJIHYJ111 OT o6meesponeH.cKOro THIIa. HcTOYHl1K CTpeM11TeJihHOfO pacu:sern apa6cKoH. KYJl hTYPhI 11 rocy.uapcrnettttocrn HaKa HyHe
357
Hcmopw1 u Kynbmypa. Bb1nycK 15 (15)
npasnemrn: An-MaMytta rorom, BH)lHT B rapMOHHJ{ 11 IIOJIHOTe caMOBbipa)KeHH51 11CKOHHbfX qepT HaJ.~HOHaJibHOro xapaKTepa. «Ero )lOCeJie
tte6bIBaJibie B HCTOpHH qeJioBeYeCTBa CTl1Xl1l1 BCITbIXHYJIH 6oraTo, 51pKO,
CTpaHHO H coseprneHHO OpHrnHaJihHO))
(VIII, 79).
Cy)lh6a An-MaMyHa pttcyeTC51 roroJJeM B Tparw-1eCKOM acrreKTe.
Bocco3)laBalI ero 06n11K, nttcaTeJih orremreT B03BhIWeHHhie csoifcrna
'.H OH n11qttocTH. Heo6b1KttoseHHO rnnaHTJIHBhIH, sceCTopotttte o6pa3osattHhIH, YeJIOBeK TOHKOro 11 6naropO)lHOro o6pa3a Mb!CJieH , OH )KHJJ
O)lHOH scenornowa10weif CTpaCTbIO: «OH 6bJJJ BJil06JieH B HayKy l1
BJJl06JieH cosepweHHO 6eCKOpbICTHO < ... > He )lyMa51 0 ee 11eJIH l1 npttMeHe HHH»
(VIII, 77).
l.UeJlpO ITOKpOBl1TeJihCTBY51 yqeHb!M BCeB03MO)f(HbfX
WKOJI, B oco6eHHOCTl1 6naroBOJ151 K rrpOCJiaBJieHHb!M My)lpe11aM fpeJIHH,
An-MaMyH 3a)lyMaJI npeo6pa3oBaTh secb cTpoif ttauttottaJibHOH KYJihTYPhI, HCKopett11Tb cyesep11e H cpattaTH3M B cooTeYeCTBeHHHKax H «ynoTpe6mrn BCe crnpaHH51 BBeCTH B CBOe rocy)lapCTBO '.HOT qy)K)lblH )lOTOJie
rpeqecKHH Mttp»
(VIII, 77).
B roronescKoM ocsernett1111 pecpopMa npe-
KpacHo)lynrnoro Kanttcpa y)Ke B 3aM hICJie 6brna yTonttYHa, B c11ny csoero
BOJilOHTap11cTCKOro xapaKTepa H HeCMOTp51 Ha TO, qyo 6hrna Bhl3BaHa
HCKpeHHeH 03a6oqeHHOCThlO cy)lh6oi1 rrpe6bJBaIOrnl1X B HeBe)KeCTBe
IIO)l)laHHbJX. roroJih rrpeB03HOCHT JJHYHbie )lOCTOHHCTBa An-MaMyHa,
CTpeM51Ch y6e)ll1Th B 6eCITJlO)lHOCTl1 caMbfX B03BbIIIJeHHh!X ueneif, eCJIH
OHH He COOTBeTCTBYIOT « npttpO)lHhlM ::r neMeHTaM», T. e. BHyTpettHeMy
caM06hITHOMY CKJla)ly HaUHOHaJibHOH )KJ13Hl1.
IloKa HaU1151 C0311)laJiaCb l1 COBepIIJeHCTBOBaJiaCb 113 co6CTBeHHblX
Haqan, OHa COCTaBJJ51Jia MOHOJJHTHh!H o6mecTBeHHbJH oprattl13M, -
no
roroJIIO, KaK 6hI O)lHY 11MMaHeHTHO pa3BHBalOlllYIOC51 JIHqHOCTb. Yrra)lOK rocy)lapcrna, HaCTYITHBW l1H BCJie)lCTBHe HOBOBBe)leHHH An-MaMyHa, Bhl3BaBIIJHX BHyTpeHHHH pa3)l0p 11 Bpa)K)ly, 06b51CH51eTC51 TeM ,
qTo csoifcTBa tta11110HaJibHoro xapaKTepa, He Morymero 6e3pa3JJHYHO BOCITpHHHMaTb 11 ycsa11BaTb qy)l(epO)lHbie 3JieMeHThl, 6oJie3HeHHO
HCKa3HJIHCb,
yTpaTHJIH
C03H)laTeJihHYIO
crroco6HOCTh ,
o6paTHJil1Cb
K pa3pyweHHIO csoeif )Ke CYIUHOCTH, T. e . rropO)lHJIH «OITIT03HUHOHHb!H
»> (VIII, 81).
cpaHarn3M , KOTOpbIH pacTep3aJl Macey < .. .
foroJlb yKa3bTBaeT Ha o6o6w:eHHOe 11 06513aTeJihHOe )lJJ51 Ka)K)lOH HaUHH 3Haqett11e «11crnp11YecKoro y poKa» An - MaMyHa: «OH yrrycTHJI 113
358
A. B. CaMblWKUHa. t:Pun o cocj; c1w-ucmopu~ ecKue ucmoKu meop<1ecmea H. B. I'o20nfl
BH)J,a BeJU1KYfO HCTHHy: '-!TO o6pa3oBaHHe qeprraeTC51 113 caMoro )f(e HapoJJ,a , '-ITO npocsemeHHe HaHOCHOe )J,0Jl)f( H0 6hITb B TaKOH CTeneHl1 3aHMCTBOBaHo, CKOJlbKO MO)f{eT OHO fIOMOraTb co6CTBeHHOMY pa3Bl1Tl1f0 ,
HO '-ITO pa3Bl1BaTbC51 HapOJJ, )J,OJI)l(eH 113 CBOHX )Ke HaLI,110HaJibHblX CTl1 XHH»
(VIII, 79).
Yrny6JieHHhlH 11HTepec rr11caTern1 K l1CTOKaM HaUl10HaJJhHOH )l(J13Hl1
JJ,aJieKo He cJiyqaeH. OH BhI3BaH cepbe3HhIMH pa3MhJWJieHH51MH foroJJ51
0 rrpH'-IHHax HeCOBepweHCTBa COBpeMeHHOH eMy pycCKOH JJ,eHCTBl1TeJibHOCTl1 , nopa)l(eHHOH cou,11aJibHhIMl1 11 HpaBCTBeHHbIM11 HeJJ,yraMl1 .
I111caTeJib y6e)f()J,eH, '-!TO e)J,l1HCTBeHHO rrpaBl1JlhHbIH IIO)J,XO)J, KO BCeM
HaCylUHhlM rrpo6JieMaM -
3 TO OCMhlCJleHl1e cyJJ,h6bI Hau,1111 B ee l1CTO-
pnqecKOH nepcneKT11Be, B ee JJ,BmKeHl1l1 OT npownoro K 6y,uymeMy.
EJiaronoJiyYtte HapoJJ,a 11 npou,BeTaHl1e rocyJJ,apcTBa uem1KoM l1 non HoCThIO 3aBl1C51T OT Toro, KaK pa3BHBaeTC51 Ha!IHOHaJibHblH xapaKTep, npeo6naJJ,afOT Jll1 B HeM rnop 1.JeCKHe 3JieMeHTbl HJIH )Ke OHH 113BpamaIOTC51
B pe3yJihTaTe JIO)l(HOro HanpaBJieHmr, rac51mero H Hei1Tpan113y10mero
HCKOHHYfO 3 Heprn10 Hau,11H.
11MeHHO II03TOMY peweHHe rrpo6neMbT Ha!IHOHaJJbHOro xapaKTepa
B «AJI-MaMyHe» 51.BJl5IeTC51 )J,Jl51 foroJl51 pe3yJibTaTOM II011CKOB B HCTOpHH OTBeTa Ha caMbie cymecTBeHHble BOIIpOCbI pycCKOH JJ,eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTl1 . Ilp113bIBa5I COBpeMeHHHKOB 113 BJle'-lb «HCTOpl14 eCKH H ypoK» H 3
TparnyecKOH cyJJ,h6hI An-MaMytta, n11caTeJJh TeM caMbIM npeJJ,yrrpe)({JJ,an HX o TOH peaJibHOH orracHocT11 , KOTopaJI rroJJ,CTepe raeT Poccl1f0
B 6yJJ,ylLI,eM, eCJIH OHa He o6paTHTC5I K 11CKOHHbIM l1CTO'-IHl1KaM H3LI,110HaJibHOro nporpecca 11 yTpaTHT CBOIO caM06bITHOCTb, CJierro CJleJJ,y51
3arraJJ,HblM HOpMaM )({l13Hl1.
CJJe)J,yeT 3aMeTHTh , '-!TO B CBOHX II03)J, HHX CTaTb51X foroJlb He TOJihKO
orr11panc51 Ha 06m11e rrp11Hu,Hnb1, H 3JIO)({eHHhie HM B oqepKe, HO H npaMO HaCTaHBaJI Ha Hel13MeHHOCTH CBOHX cjrnnococpcKO-l1CTOpHl.[eCKl1X
B3D151)J,OB: «11rrpe)f{)J,e11 Te rrepb 51 6bIJI ysepeH B TOM, '-!TO HY)f{HO OLfeHb
xopowo 11 OlfeHb rny60KO Y3HaTb CBOfO pycCKyIO rrp11poJJ,y H '-ITO TOJlbKO
c IIOMOlUbfO 3T010 3HaHb51 MO)f{HO IIOl.f YBCTBOBaTb , '-ITO HMeHHO cneJJ,yeT
HaM 6paTh 11 3a11MCTBOBaTb 113 EBporrhI , KOTopa51 caMa 3Toro He roBopttT. Mtte Ka3anoch BcerJJ,a, '-ITO npe)l()J,e, qeM BBO)J,HTh '-1To-n1160 Hosoe,
HY)l(HO He KaK- Htt6yJJ,h, HO B KOpHe y 3 HaTh crnpoe
< ... »> (VIII, 436).
359
JfcmopWl u KY!lbmypa. BbmycK 15 (15)
rropo3Hb KmK.n:oro <J:aCTHoro, Tor.n:a OH 6y.n:eT y.n:oBJJeTBopeH BITOJJHe;
I1CTopm1 Hapo.n:a pa306JJaLII1TC5l rrepe.n: HHM B 51.CHOM BeJJH'IHH»
(VIII, 91 ).
cDOJJbKJJOpH3M foroJJ5l opraHHLieCKI1 smrnaeTC5l B BbI3peBaIOW:YIO
y Hero K cepe.n:11He 30-x ro.n:oB qrnnoco¢cKo-HcTOpH'IeCKyIO KOHQenQHIO pa3BHTI15l qerroseqecrna. Hapo.n:Hoe rnopqecrno oco3HaeTc5l fororreM KaK Ta llO.[\JII1HHa5l HCTOpH'IeCKa5l peaJibHOCTb, 6epe)l(H0 xpaHI1Ma5l
B rraM5ITH Hapo,n:Horr, KOTopa5! Bbipa)l(aeT CTPYKTYPY Mna,n:eH<J:ecKoro
C03HaHH5l Hapo.n:a, H,n:eaJJhHhIIT, ew:e He 3aMyTHeHHhIIT rrocne,n:yIOW:HMH
H3MeHeHH5IMH o6m1K HaQHii. cDOJJhKJJOp -
BhICIIIHIT o6pa3eQ B.[\OX-
HOBeHHOro 11CKyccrna, opraHI1LieCKii coe,n:HHHBIIIero B ce6e II03311IO
Ii HCTOpHIO.
***
Pa6oTa foron5l Ha,n: HCTopn'IeCKHMH O'IepKaMtt tt cTaTb51.MH IIIna naparrrrenhHO C03,I(aHHIO llOBeCTeJi, COCTaBI1BlllliX c6opHHKH «Be<J:epoB
Ha xyTope 6n113 ,Zl.ttKaHhKH», «Mnpropo.n:a>>, «Apa6ecoK», H o.n:HoBpeMeHHO c norrhnKaM11 c03,n:aHtt5l cou11an bHorr KOMe,n:n11. By.n:yq11 Bbl3BaHa
IIOTpe6HOCThIO MOJJO.[\Oro rrncaTeJJ5l OCMhlCJIHTh CBOH xy.n:o)l(eCTBeHHbIH MeTO.[\, CTHXHITHO CKJJa.[\bIBaIOW:11HC5l B TBOpLieCKOH rrpaKTHKe, 3Ta
pa6oTa .n:errCTBHTeJJhHO rrpHBeJJa K OC03HaHJUO H o60CHOBaHHIO Hatt6onee cyw:ecTBeHHhIX np11HQHITOB MeTo,n:a, KOTOphIH HMeHHO B TBOp'IeCTBe foroJJ5l rrp1106peTeT Te OT'IeTJJHBhJe OLiepTaHI15l, KOTOpbie .n:a.n:yT
OCHOBaHHe orrpe,n:eJHITb ero KaK KpHTH'IeCKHH peaJJH3M.
PaccMOTpem1e MaTep11ana 11cTopttLiecK11x wTy,n:nH: foron5l 3acraBJI5leT c.n:enaTh BbIBO.D: 0 TOM, qTo KJJIOLI K o6b5ICHeHIHO xy.n:o)l(eCTBeHHOH
II03HUHH foroJI5l HaX0.[\11TC5l B Bhipa6oTaHHOH HM ¢nrroco¢cK0-11CTOptt'IeCKOH cncTeMe B033peHHH. BhrnBJJeH11e caM06hJTHbIX HauttoHanhHhIX HaqaJJ pyccKOIT )l(I13Hl1 B CBeTe e,n:HHhIX 3aKOHOMepHOCTerr b6ru:e<J:eJIOBe'!eCKOro pa3BI1TI15l CTaHOBI1TC5l rrraBHOIT TBOp'IeCKOH 3a,n:aqerr
rr11caTen5l, orrpe.n:emrnweH: cBoeo6pa311e xy.n:o)l(eCTBeHHOro cnoco6a
H306pa)l(emrn COBpeMeHHOH eMy cou11aJJhHOH ,n:eHCTBHTeJJhHOCTl1 OT
nepBoH KHHrn « Be<J:epoB Ha xyrnpe 6rr113 ,Zl.ttKaHhKI1» .n:o nocrre,n:Hero
rpaH.[\H03HOro
3aMhICJia
«MepTBbIX ,n:yIII» .
362
HaUHOHaJihHO-HCTOpH'IeCKOH
3ITOITeH
-
A. B. CaMbl!UKUHa. (/>imocorjJcKo-ucmopu4ecKue ucmoKu meop4ecmea H. B. ro2011H
IlpttMe'-laHHH
* Brrepsb1e orry6m1KoBaHo: PyccKal! mneparypa. 1976. N2 2. C. 38-58.
** ll,uT. rro: [21].
*** HarrpuMep, B rrucbMe KA. C . .l(amrnescKoMy OT 18 Maprn 1847 rona
B CBl!311 c «BbC6paHHb!Ml1 MeCTaM11 H3 nepen11CKl1 c npy3hl!MH» OH 3aMe'-!aeT:
«Tb! Hl1KaK He CMymaH:cl! 060 MHe ITO nosony MOeH KHHrH H He nyMaH:, '-!TO ll
u36paJJ npyryEO nopory rrucaHuil. ,l(eno y MeHll TO )Ke, KaKoe u 6brno scerna
H 0 KOTOpOM 3aMblUIJJllJI eme B EOHOCTH, XOTl! He rosop11n 0 TOM, '-!YBCTByll
6eccunue csoe Bb1pa)f(aTbCll l!CHO 11 nOHl!THO < ... »> (XIII, 26 l ). 3nech 11 nanee
B KpyrnhlX CK06Kax nalOTCll CCblJIKl1 Ha 113naID1e [1] c YKa3aHl1eM p11MCKHMl1
uucppaM11 TOMa H apa6CKHMH CTpaHHU; see Bh1neneHHl! B UHTaTaX -
aBTOp-
CKHe.
**** Kypcus asTopa.
***** ll,HT. rro: [19, c. 243].
6
* ll,HT. no: [5].
7*
MocKOBCKHH secrn11K. 1827. ll. 5. N2 XX. C. 415. CM. TaK)f(e CTaThl1
H peueH31111 lllesb1pesa: [26], [27] , [28], [29] , [30]. CM. TaK)f(e CTaThEO I1oron11Ha: [18].
8* B CITHCKe KHHf HCTOp11'-!eCKOfO conep)f(aHHl!, nonapeHHblX roroneM
A.
,l(aHHJieBCKOMy, 6bJJJ YKa3aH rpaKTaT repnepa «ldees Sur la philosophie
c.
de I'histoire de l ' humanite» so cppaHUY3CKOM nepesone 3. KuHe (1827). BnonHe B03M0)f(H0, '-!TO rorOJib 1-!HTaJI 3TO CO'-!l1HeH11e 11 B nonnuHHHKe, TaK KaK
s csoeH: CTaThe 06pa111aeT BHHMaHue Ha xapaKTepHbie oco6eHHOCTl1 repneposcKoro CTHJill. KpoMe Toro, 11Me10urnecl! B cTaTbe 3aMe'-!aHHll 06 <rnneanhHOCTH» repnepOBCKHX xapaKTepuCTHK KOHKpeTHblX HCTOpH'-!eCKHX JlH'-!HOCTeH
CBHneTeJJbCTBYlOT 0 3HaKOMCTBe foroJJll C npyrnM C0'-!11HeHHeM fepnepa «IlHCbMaMH nnll noompeHHl! fYMaHHOCTl1», B KOTOpb!X co6paHbl TaKOfO pona
xapaKTep11CTl1KH.
9* CM. 06 3TOM : [10], [7, c. 173- 354].
10
* 3TOT
MOMeHT roroneBCKOH KOHuerruu11 TaK)f(e BOCxonuT K fepnepy,
c TO'-IKl1 3peHHl! KOTOporo HaUHll coxpaHl!eT ce6ll 11 pa3Bl1BaeTCll ycneUIHO, eCJIH
oHa «Bb1pocJJa 113 co6crneHHhIX KOpHeil H om1paeTCl! Ha caMY ce6ll» [ 4, c. 250].
11
* MeMyapHoe
rronrnep)f(neH11e 3Toro CM. B «JlHTepaTypHhlX 11 )f(l1Teil-
cK11x socrroMHHaHHl!X» H. C. TypreHesa [24].
12* 0 rrpenrro'-IT11TenhHOM 3Ha'-!eHHH neceH nepen neTorrucl!MH foronh HeonHoKpaTHO Bh!CKa3bIBaeTCl! B l111CbMax: «Bbl He MO)f(eTe rrpencrnBHTb, KaK
MHe IlOMOraEOT B HCTOp11H neCHH . .l(a)f(e He HCTOp111-1eCKHe, na)f(e noxa6HbJe:
363
l1cmopuJ1 u KY!lbmypa. BbmycK 15 (! 5)
OHM BCC .UalOT no HOBOH 4CpTe B MOIO HCTOpHIO < ...»> (M. A. MaKC11MOBH4Y
OT 9 HOll6pll 1833 ro.ua - X , 284); <« ... > Ka)J(.UbIH 3BYK neCHH MHC roBOpHT )J(HBCC 0 npOTCKWCM, HC)J(CJlH Haw11 Bl!Jlb!C H KOpOTKHC JlCTOnHCH < ... »>
(11. 11. Cpe3HCBCKOMY OT 6 Maprn 1834 ro.ua -
X , 299).
JluTeparyp a
1. I'o20nb H.B. Ilon11oe co6paH11e coY11HeH11i1: [B 14 T.] I AH CCCP; I1H-T
pyc. JlMT. (TiywKHH. )J,oM);
pe.u. H. JT. Mell.\CPllKOB; Pe.u. : B . B . firnn11yc
(3aM. rn. pe.u.), B. A. )J,ecHHl..\KHH, B . 51. KttpnornH, H. JI. Memepl!KOB,
H. K. IlHKCaHOB, 6. M. 3i1xe116aYM. [M. ; JI.]: Vl.3.U-BO AH CCCP, 19371952.
2. Eenu11cKuil B. r. Tion11oe co6patt11e C04HHCHHH: [B 13 T.]. M .: AH CCCP,
1953- 1959.
3. Be112epoe C. A. Il11caTcJl b-rpa)j(.uaH 11H foronb II Be112epoe C. A. Co6paH11e
C0411HCH11H . CD6.: IlpOMCTCH, 1913. T. ll. C. 45-46.
4. I'epiJep l1 r. J;l36paHHb1e coY11HeH11ll. M.; JT.: focn11rn3.uaT, 1959.
5. I'unnuyc B. B. H.B. foro11b B n11CbMax 11 socnoM11HaHH.llX. M.: <l>e.uepauH.ll,
1931. c. 17- 18.
6. I'unnuyc B. B. OT l1ywK11Ha .uo 6noKa. M.; JI.: HayKa, 1966.
7. I'yK06CKUL"i r A. IlywKHH 11 pyccK11e poMaHTHKl1. M .: Xy.umKCCTBCHHall 1111Teparypa, 1965.
8. I'yK06CKUL"i A. Pea11113M forom1. foC1111TI13.UaT, M.; JT., 1959. C. 25.
9. ~eCHUL/KUL"i B. A. 3a.ua411 113Yl.JCHl1ll )J(l13H11 11 TBOp4CCTBa roro11l1 II
H.B. foro11b: MaTep11a11bI 11 HCC11C.UOBaHl1ll. T. 2. M. ; JI.: vb.u. AH CCCP,
1936. c. 5 l , 52.
I 0. )/{up.MyHcKui"i B. M. ){(113Hb 11 rnop4CCTBO fep.uepa II )/{up!v1p1.cKuil B. M.
0•1epK11no11CTOp1111 K11aCCl1 4CCKOH HCMCUKOH 11MTeparypb!. JI.: Xy)lO)J(CCTBCHHall mrrepaTypa, I 972. C. 209- 276.
11 . Kapmaiuoea 11. B. PoMaHTH3M B rnopyecrne H . B. foro11ll II PyccK11H poMaHTH3M. M.: Bb1cwall wKona, 1974.
12. Ky npeJmoea E. H. H.ue11 cou11a11113Ma B pyccKOH 1111Tepa-rype 30-40-x ro.UOB II l1.ue11 cou11amr3Ma B pyccKOH K11acc11YeCKOH n11TepaType. JI.: HayKa,
1969.
13. Ky npeJ111oea E. H. «Meprnh1e .uyw11» H . B. foro11ll: (3aMb1ce1111 ero son110meH11e) 11 PyccKall 1111TepaTypa. 1971. N2 3. C. 67.
14. Mmm JO. PyccKall cjm11ococpcKall 3CTernKa. M .: l1cKyccrno, 1969.
rn.
r
364
A. B. Ca.MblUtKUHa. cPunocoifJcKo-ucmopu ~ecKue ucmoKu meop~ecmea H. B. I'ozonR
15. Haoe;;tcouli H. 11. JI11TeparypttaK Kp11rnKa. 3cTernKa. M. : Xy.uolKecrneHHaK JJ11Teparypa, 1972. C. 391- 392 .
16. HuKO!lJOKUli A. H . K T11noJJorn11 poMaHTHqecKOH nosecT11 // K 11cTop1111
pyccKoro poMaHTl13Ma. M .: HayKa, 1973.
17. flacceK B. B . I1yTeB&1e 3an11cK11 Ba.u11Ma. M., 1834. C. 167, 168.
18. flozoouli M fl. Hcrnp11LJeCK11e acpop113MhI 11 sonpoc&1 II MocK0BcK11i1
secrn11K. 1827. q , I. NQII; q . 6. NQ XXIII.
19. llbtnUli A.H. HcTopHH pyccKOH 3THorpacjmH. CI16., 1890. T. I.
20. Jlbmuli A. H . XapaKTep11cT11K11 JJ11TepaTyptt&rx MHett11i1 OT .UBa.uuaT&Jx no
nKT11.uecKT&rx ro.uos: Hcrnp11qecK11e OLJepK11. 3-e H3.U. CIT6., 1906.
21. PyccK11e n11caTeJJ11. 611061-16JJ11orpacj:>11LJecK11i1 cJJosapb. M .: Tipocsemett11e,
1971. C. 251.
22. C11up11oea E. A. 06wecrneHHaK 11 3CTeT11qecKaK no311u11K forollil B nocJJe.uttee .uecKT11JJeT11e ero lKl13Hl1 // Ocso60.u11TeJJ&Hoe .UB112Kett11e B Pocc1111. B&m. 4. Caparns, 1975. C. 49.
23. Cmena11oe H. JI. PoMaHT11qec1<11i1 M11p forom // K 11crnp1111 pyccKoro poMaHTl13Ma. M.: Hay Ka, 1973.
24. Typ2e11ee 11. C. JI11TepaTyptt&1e 11 lK11Tei1cK11e socnoM11ttaH11K // Typ2e11ee 11. C. ITonHoe co6patt11e coLJ11Hett11i1 11 n11ceM: B 28 T. : Coq11HeHHH:
B 15 T. M.; JI.: HayKa, 1967. T. XIV. C. 69.
25. CfJpUO!leHOep r M. CrnThl1 113 «Apa6eCOK» [KOMMeHTap11i1] // I'020flb H. B.
IToJJHOe co6patt11e coLJ11Hett1-1f!: [B 14 T.]. [M.; JI.]: ].13.u-so AH CCCP, 1952.
T. VTII.
c. n.
26. llleeblpee
Pa3roBop 0 B03MOlKHOCTl1 HaHTl1 e.uHHb!H 3aKOH .ll,Jll! H3l!IUHOro // M ocKOBCKHH secTH11K. 1827. q, 1. N2 I.
27. llleeb1pee
3aMeqaH11e Ha 3aMeLJatt1-1e K. BK3eMCKOro 0 HaLJaJJe pycCKOH no331111 // MocKOBCKHH BecTH11K. 1827. q. 1. NQIII.
28. llleeb1pee C. fl. IlJJattern HaIIIa ... ecTb uen& rop ... (113 fep.uepa) // MocKOBCKHH secTH11K. 1827. q, 4. N2 XIII.
c. n.
c. n.
MaJJOpOCCl1HCK11e neCHl1, 113.UaHHhle M. MaKCl1MOBl1LJeM //
29. llleebtpee
MocKOBCKHH BeCTHl1K. 1827. q. 6. NQxxrn.
30. llleeb1pee
reu cpoH 6 epn11x11Hr eH, lKeJJe3Hal! pyKa. CoLJ. f eTe // MoCKOBCKHH secTHHK. 1828. q, 12. NQ XXI- XXII.
c. n.
!1cmopuR u rynbmypa. BbmycK 15 ( 15)
A. B.
CaMhlUIKHHa
K nP06IlEME roroJlEBCKOro Cl>OilbKilOP"13MA
(,Qsa nma cKaJa HsrnreparypHaR no11eMHKa
B «Be'lepax Ha xyrope 611H3 ,QHKaHbKH»)*
<l>OJihKJIOp 5IBJI5IJIC5! 0)1,HHM 113 cyru:ecTBeHHhlX HCTO'-IHHKOB TBOp'-leCTBa foroJI5! Ha BCeM npOT5I)!(eHHH ero IIHCaTeJihCKOro nyTH. Y)!(e COspeMeHHl1Kl1 foroJI5!, rrpH3HaBa5! rnasuoii oco6euuocThlO L(aposaumr
Ha'-!HHaIOru:ero
xy)J,O)!(HHKa
IOMOp,
BOCXHru:aJIJ1Ch
caM06hITHOCTbIO
«Beqepos», BHL\51 B u11x « n03 Ttt'-leCKHe oqepKH Marropocc1111
Hhie )!(H3HH u oqap0Batt115!»
[7: I, 301).
< ...> norr-
3rnT oco6oro po)J,a IOMop, no
MHeHHIO cospeMeHHOH foroJIIO KpHTHKH, Herrocpe)J,CTBeHHO BOCXO)J,HT
K 4lOJ1hKJJOpy, 6rraro)J,ap5! YeMy «0'-1aposaTeJibHa5! I1033H5! yKpaHHCKOH
HapO)J,HOH )!(H3HH rrpe)J,CTaBJJeHa BO BCeM HeHCTOll1HMOM 6oraTCTBe
pOL\HhIX HeITO)J,)J,eJihHhIX nperrecTeH».
**
1
«Beqepa ua xyrnpe 6rr113 lJ:11KaHhKH» rrpe)J,crnBJI5IIOT co6oi1 ew1ur,1i1
xy)J,O)!(eCTBeHHhlll UHKJI, o6rra)J,a5! ero ua1160JJee ycTOH'IHBhIMH rrpH3HaKaMH , CJIO)!(HBIIIHMl1C5! B npe)J,IIIeCTBYIOIUett JIHTepaType.
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« IIYCTHBWerocH BCJi e,ll, 3a ,ll,pymM11». 3TO MHeH11e, IIOCKOJlbKY OHO
npe,ll,CTaBJIHeT B3rJIH ,ll, 113 «fOCIIO,ll,CKl1X xopoM», OKa3bIBaeTCH HeaBTOpineTHbIM . « Be4epa Ha xyTope 6J1113 .lJ:11KaHbKl1» -
He « MY)Kl1U,KaH»,
a HapO,ll,HaH KHl1ra , 11 CJie,ll,yeT OHa He Jll1TepaTypHOH, KHH)KHOH Tpa,ll,11l.1,1111 , a ycTHOM 11 KOJIJieKTl1BHOH .
CTaJIK11BaH 11 pa3rpaHl14HBaH ,ll,Be TO'IKl1 3peH11H , BhlCMe11BaH O,ll, HY
11 y rnep)K,ll,aH ,ll,pyry10, foroJib ,1J,eMOHCTp11pyeT npHMYIO CBH3b CBOeH
KH11r11 c ycTHblM Hapo,ll,HblM TBOp4eCTBOM. ooJiee Toro , no311u,11H aBTOpa, CKpbrna10merocH 3a naCl14HHKOM, B TOM 11 COCTOl1T, lJT06bI C,ll,eJiaTb
O'IeBH,ll,HblM maBHoe: HapO,ll,HO-II03TH'IeCKOe C03HaHJ1e 3,ll,eCh He BHewtte
HMHTHpyeTCH, a KaK 6bl 113HYTPH TeKCT a -
xy,ll,O)KeCTBeHHO -
BOCC0-
3,ll,aeTCH.
B Py,ll,OM TiatthKe npOHBJIHIOT CH l.fepTbI Hapo,ll,Horo co6ttpaTeJIH 11
xpaH11TeJIH ycTHhIX npe,1J,aH11i1. OH 3an11caJI, o6'be,ll,HHHJI , « BbmycTHJI
B 60JihlllOH CBeT» «CT apHHHbie 11 ,ll,HKOBHHHbie TICTOpTIH », KOTOpbre 113,1],aBHa 6bITYIOT B .lJ:ttKaHbKe 11 paCCKa3blBaIOTCH y Hero, « B naCl14HHKOBOH Jia4y)l(Ke» , npe,ll,npa3,1J, m1qHbIM11 Be4epaMH. He cJiyLJa MHO ero pe4h
BKJ1I04aeT xapaKTepHble o6pa3bl-CI1MBOJlbl , npHCYlll,He cpon bKJlOpHOH
TI03 THKe. 0HH HBJlHIOTCH CBOero po,ll,a ,ll,OMHHaHT aMH 11 B03HHKalOT
BCHKl1H p a3 , KOr,ll,a oco6o 3Ha4HM CMbJCJIOBOH IIO,ll,TeKCT BbICKa3hIBaHJ1H .
TaKOH CHMBOJIJ1l.feCKJ1H CMblCJl 3aKJ110l.falOT B ce6e MOTl1BbI «60JihWOro
CBeTa» , « Ballll1X xopOM» : OHM nepe,ll,alOT CBOHCTBeHHblH HapO,ll,HOMY
C03Hamno crroco6 OI.J,eHKH COCJlOBHblX OTHOWeHHM . .lJ:pyroe Ba)KHOe
CHMBOJil14eCKOe 0606meH11e IIOHBJIHeTCH B KOHU,e « Ilpe,ll,11CJJOBHH» . Py,ll,bIH IlaHbKO rrp11rnaII1aeT 'Il1TaTeJleH K ce6e B roCTI1: « .D:a, BOT 6bIJIO 11
rro3a6h!JI caMoe rnaBHoe: KaK 6y,1J,eTe, rocrro,ll,a, exaTb KO MHe, TO npH-
< .. .> llpo
(I, l 06). B 3TOM
MeXOHbKO 6ep11Te rryTb no CTOJI60BOH ,ll,Opo r e Ha .lJ:11KaHbKY
.lJ:11KaHbKY )Ke , ,1J,yMa10 , Bbl HacJiyII1an11cb B,ll,OBOJlh»
06pameH1111 nac114HHKa K 411TaTeJIHM ,ll,Ba n Ji atta. IIepBbJH 113 HHX -
372
A. B. Ca,wblutKUHa. K npo6J1ewe 2020J1eecK020 rjJoll bKllOpU3.Ma
BHeWHHH -
MOTHBHpOBaH roCTerrpHHMCTBOM npOCTO)l.YWHOro xyTop-
CKoro nacwrn11Ka: OH HaHBHO BepHT B TO, qTo ero L(HKaHhKa He MeHee
H3Becrna, 'leM IleTep6ypr. Brnpoii -
BHyTpeHHHH -
rnrnH rrpocTyrra-
eT no accou,Hall,HH c cpOJJbKJJOpHblM o6pa30M rryTH-)1.0porH, CHMBOJJH3Hpy10W:HM B Hapo.n:HOH IT033HH TeMy cynh6bl. 0TCI-O)l,a, B qaCTHOCTH,
B03HHKaeT B KHHre CHMBOJJHqecKHH CMblCJI o6pa3a L(11KaHhKH. MOTl1B
«CTOJI60BOH n oporm> K HeH , 6y.n:yq11 OCHOBaH Ha aHaJJOrHl1 c cpOJJbKJIOpHbIM, pa3)1.BHraeT rpaHl1U,bl L(HKaHbKl1 )1,0 6ecrrpen eJJhHOCTH, BHOCHT
oco6b1if rrpoCTpaHCTBe HHhIH 11 BpeMeHHOH Macwrn6 . Y)Ke B «Ilpen 11c11osH11» HCITO)l,BOJib BBO)l, 11TC51 rnaBHa51 TeMa U,HKJJa -
TeMa 11CTOpH'le-
CKHX cyn e6 Hapon a, OCMblCJieHHa51 4epe3 cpOJihKJIOp.
B
3TOM
)Ke p51ny accounau,1111
CTOHT 11 TpaHccpopMHposaHHhIH
MOTHB H3 BeCTHOH KOHI.l,OBK11 BOJime6HOH CKa3Kl1 -
«rrHp Ha BeCb
MHp», B03 Hl1Kal-OIIIHH Ha OCHOBe COOTHeCeHHOCTl1 )l.BYX MOMeHTOB:
1)
np11rnaweHH5I peWHTeJihHO Bcex 6e3 H3'b51Tl151 B L(11KaHbKY l1
2) Toro
WHpOKOro xne6ocOJibCTBa, m1pweCTBeHHOro H306HJJl151 11 .ll:OBOJlbCTBa,
KOTOpbie « Bech CBeT» TaM O)KH)l,afOT: «3a TO y)Ke, KaK fIO)KaJiyeTe B roCTH
< ... >
Me.n:y, 11 3a6o)KyCh, ny1.Jwero He ChIW:eTe Ha xyTopax
411CT, KaK cJJe3a , 11JJ11 xpycTaJJb .n:oporoii, YTO 6hrnaeT B cephrax.
< .. .>
A
Ka-
KHMH n11poraM11 HaKOpM11T M051 ctapyxa! lITO TO 3 a m1porH, eCJJl1 6 Bbl
TOJihKO 3Ha1111: caxap, coBepweHHhIH caxap!
no ry6aM , KOr)l,a HalJHeWb eCTb
< ... >
A
Mac110, TaK BOT 11 Te'leT
Ilp11e3)KaHTe TOJibKO, rrpHe3)KaHTe
ITOCKopeii ; a HaKOpMHM TaK, 4TO 6yneTe paCCKa3hJBaTh 11 BCTpe4HOMY 11
rronepe4HOMy»
(I, 107).
(Cp: «H 51 TaM 6brn , Me.n:-n11so n11n ... »). TaKoil
KOHeu, o6tta)KaeT OCHOBHYIO a HTHT e 3y 11 SIBJI51eTC51 anocpe030M L(11KaHbKH, rrpOTHBOITOCTaBJJ eHH-OH IleTep6ypry.
XapaKTepHCTHKa paccKa3qHKOB OT)l.eJi hHhIX rrosecTeii TaK)Ke naeTcH B «Ilpen11c110BHH» 11 npHHa)l,JJe)l(HT Py.n:oMy J1aHbKY, oHa 51BJrne TC51
npo.n:oJJ)l(eH11eM ero noJJeM11K11 c q1-naTeJ15!MH «6onhworo cseTa». 7* Py)1.hIH IlaHbKO Haq11HaeT xapaKTep11CTl1KY pacCKa3L\11KOB TaK: « H TO CKa3aTb, lJTO JIIO)l,H 6hIJil1 BOBCe He npocToro )l,eC51TKa, He KaKHe-H116y)l.b
MY)KJ1KH xyTOp51HCKHe. L(a, MO)KeT, 11HOMy, l1 ITOBhIWe rraCHlJHl1Ka,
cnena1111 6b1 qecTh noceru:eHHeM »
(I, 104).
I1po11cxo.n:11T csoeo6pa3 -
ttoe BhITeCHeHHe pattee HaMeqeHHOH COCJIOBHO-Hepapx11qeCKOH TOlJKH
373
Hcmopufl u KYll bmypa. BbinycK 15 (15)
3pemi51: Bee, qTo B rn33aX «60JibWOro CBeTa» on:Hoo6p33HO J1MeHyeTC5I
«rpy6bIM» H «MY)K.1111,KHM», B rn33ax Pyn:oro IlaHbKa CJIO)l(HO, n:mpcpepeHu11poBaHHO 11 Heon:Ho3HaqHo. B
HyTp11 caMOH .IJ:11KaHbKl1 -
cBeTe 3Toi1 TO'lKl1 3peHH5I -
113-
xapaKTep113yIOTC5I B «Ilpen:11cJJOBHl1» pac-
CKa3'!11Kl1 rrepBOH YaCTJ1 KHl1fl1.
ABTOp11TeTOM 11cKycHoro paccK33'IHKa nOJib3yeTc5I D:b5IK <DoMa fp11rop&eB11Y. Ha Hero rraCl1'IHl1K CCbIJiaeTC5I KaK Ha JJHUO TIOYl1TaeMoe
11 113BeCTHOe He TOJJbKO B .IJ:11KaHbKe: «BOT, Hanp.11Mep, 3HaeTe JJl1 Bbl
L(b5!Ka )J,11KaHbCKOH uepKB11, <DoMy fpHropbeB11Ya? 3x, roJJOBa! llTO 3a
HCTOpI-rn yMeJJ OH ornycKaTb!»
(I, 104) .
.IJ:aJiee IHICl1'IHl1K rrp11BO)J,11T
HeonpoBep)KHMbie, c ero TOYKl1 3peHl15I , )J,OK33aTeJJbCTBa L(OCTOl1HCTBa
3Toro paccK3.3'!11Ka. Ee3 BC5!Koi1 11poH1111 OH coo6ruaeT, 'ITO <DoMa
fp11ropbeBH'I He TaK, KaK npoq11e «MY)Kl1Kl1 xyTOp5IHCKl1e» 11 n:a)Ke
«JJIO,D,II ero 3BaHII5I», 'IHCTHJI carror11 <<JIY'IIIIHM cMaJJ&ueM», YTHpan HOC
«Onp5ITHO CJJO)KeHHbIM 6eJJblM TIJJaTKOM, BbIWHTb!M no BCeM Kpa5IM
KpaCHbIMH Hl1TKaMl1», H «CKJiaL(bTBaJJ ero CHOBa, no o6bJKHOBeHJ1IO,
B n:BeHan:umyIO n:onIO». KoMl13M 3n:ec& B03H11KaeT Bcnen:cTB11e Ha11BHoi1 Bepbl npocTon:ywHoro naCl1'IHHKa B 3Ha'IHTeJilbHOCTb Toro , 0 'IeM
OH roBop11T. A Me)Kn:y TeM oqeBHD:Ho: y)I( ecn11 <DoMa fp11rop&eBH'I cepbe3eH , aKKypaTeH 11 TOYeH B TaKl1X MeJioqax, TO TeM 6oJiee OH cepbe3eH, npaB,D,HB 11 TO'IeH B CBOl1X pacCK33ax. lOMOpHCTII'IeCKHe n:eTaJJH
nopTpern paCCKa3'IHKa coo6maIOT eMy a6coJJlOTHYIO )J,OCTOBepHOCTb.
Eme o n:11H MOMeHT yc11JIHBaeT BneqaTJJeHHe np113HaHH5I <DoMbJ fpII ropbeBH'Ia B CBOett cpe.ue -
aneJJJrnIJ,115! naCH'IHl1Ka K MHeHHIO «BCeH
.IJ:HKaHbKl1»: <« .. .. > y Hae Hl1KTO He CKa)KeT Ha ueJJ OM xyTope
BC5IKOMY H3BeCTHO
< ...>
H11KTO He cKa)KeT TaK)Ke
< ... >
< ... »> (I, 105). B
HO
.IJ:11-
KaHbKe K <DoMe fp11ropbeBHYY OTHOC5ITC5I KaK K JJHUY yBa)l(aeMOMY H
3Ha'I.11TeJJbHOMY.
11 n:eJIO
3,UeCb He B 3BaHHl1 ero, a B ero oco6oM L(OCT0-
11HCTBe. B oueHKe )Kl1TeJJei1 .IJ:HKaH&K11, no 11x 11epapxH'IecK11M npen:cTaBJJeHH5IM, OH CJie,D,CTBl111 -
Bblille MHOr11x 3HaTHblX. BHOBb TI05IBJ15!5!Cb BllO-
B «Ilpen:.11cJIOBl1H» KO BTOpoH: qaCTH KHHrH , -
3TOT )Ke
MOTHB 3aBepWHT xapaKTepHCTHKY paccKa3YHKa: «BOT BaM B npHMep
<DoMa fp11ropbeB11q; Ka)KeTC5I, 11 He 3HaTHbIH qeJJOBeK, a nOCMOTpeTb
Ha Hero: B JJHIJ,e KaKa5I- TO Ba)l(HOCTb Cl15IeT, )la)Ke Korn:a CTaHeT HIOXaTb
374
A. B. CaMbtiu1w1w. K npo6neowe 2020J1e6CK020 rjJOJ1bKJ1opu:JJ11a
o6bIKHOBeHHblM ra6aK, J1 Tor.ua lfYBCTByewb HeBOJibHOe ITOlfTeHHe»
(T, 197). TaK11M o6pa30M, B «Tlpe.UHCJJOBIHl:X» coo6w,eHo caMoe rrraBHOe 0 <DoMe fpI1ropbeBJ1lfe: OH He TOJibKO rrpI1Ha,UJJe)!(J1T M11py ~IfKaHb­
KI1, HO oco6o BbI,UeJieH J1 ITOlfHTaeM 3,UeCb.
Ha rrpornsorrocrasnemrn <DoMe fp11ropbeB11lfy cTpOI1TC51 xapaKTep11cTHKa .upyroro ITOBeCTBOBaTem1 -
MaKapa Ha3apOBJ11-Ia. no HMeHl1
OH Ha3BaH TOJJ bKO pa3. Ho lfHTaTeJIHM Py.UblH TlaHbKO coo6w,aeT rrpo3s11w,e, nonyqeHHOe rOCTeM 113 TlorrTaBbl B ~HKaHbKe: ((JJaHl1lf», JIH60
c xapaKTepHhlM .uo6asrrettHeM -
« naHHlf B ropoxoBOM Kaq:naHe». Ta-
Koe rrp03BI1W,e He cnyqai1HO B ycTax naCJ1lfHJ1Ka H Bbipa)!(aeT OTKpOBeHHYIO HacMellIKY Ha.u 3Tl1M paccKa3lfHKOM. Bo-nepBbIX, OHO ttanoM11HaeT
o «60JJhWOM cseTe», «naHax» 11 TeM caMbJM c6nm1<aeT MaKapa Ha3apoBHlfa c MHpoM, KOHTpacTHhIM ~11KaHbKe, qy)!(.UbIM eii B ~11KaHhKe
OH -
TOJihKO roCTh, np11e3)!(HH 113 TlorrTaBhI. Bo-BTOpblX, Bb1pa)!(em1e
«naHHlf B ropoxosoM KaqnaHe», HaBH3lfHBO ynoTpe6nHeMoe .uanhwe,
BbI3bIBaeT accou11au11f0 c H3BeCTHblM Bbrpa)!(eHHeM « WYT ropOXOBbIH».
3Ta HaMepeHHO BHeCeHHa51 accou11au1151 no.uqepKHYTa KOHUOBKOH BTOporo «Tlpe.u11crroBH5l» . PaccKa3bTBaH o TOM, KaK ocKop6neHHhIH <<naHHlf» noKH.uaeT ~11KaHhKy, Py.UhIH TlaHbKO .uo6asn 51eT:
<«...>
TOJihKO
CJlbJWaJIH Mbl, KaK CTO.Ubexarra K BOpOTaM TeJJe)!(Ka c 3BOHKOM; cen 11
yexam>
(I, 196; cp.:
3BOHKH -
wyrnscK11e 6y6eHL£HK11). MoTHB wyrns-
crna npoxo.u1n qepe3 sc1-0 xapaKTepHCTHKY « naHHlfa» . I1pOHl13Hpy51 Ha.U
HHM , naCHlfHl1K rosop11T: «Hy, TOT y)i(e 6brn TaKOH rraHH'I, lfTO XOTh cei1lfaC ttap51.UHTb B 3ace.uaTeJJH, 11n11 rro.uK0MopH11. nhmarro, nocTaBHT nepe.u co6oro rraneu H, rAA.U51 Ha KOHeQ ero, noi1.ueT paccKa3hIBaTb lfypHo, .ua x11Tpo, KaK B nelfaTHhlX KHH)!(Kax! »
(T, I 05).
BhI-
Ilac11lfHHK .uaeT
nOH51Th, lfTO «naHHlf» pH.UHTC51 s '-IY)!(YJO o.ue)!(.uy, ero 11cTop11H n11weHhJ
)!(J13HH H ITJJOTH, OHH KaK 6bl «BhICOCaHbT H3 naJJhUa» .8
*
Ecrr11 <DoMa fp11ropbes1111 npe.ucrasneH KaK yMeJJbIH pacCKa3lfHK, TO
no KOHTpacTy c Hl1M «naHH'-1» onpe.uerr51eTC5l KaK COlfJ1HHTeJih paccKa308, rro.uo6Hb!X TeM, lfTO BCTpelfalOTCH « B neqaTHblX KHH)!(Kax». llHa'-!e
roBOp51, OH crre.uyeT OTpnuaeMOH B «Ilpe.UHCJJOBI1H» KHl1)!(HOH Tpa.UHL\11H. I1MeHHO Il03TOMY B noylfeHHe «ITaHHlfY» <DoMa fp11ropbeBHt:f
«CJJaBHYJO crrrrerr np11cKa3KY» (CM .:
I, I 05). «Ilp11cKa3Ka>> Ha caMOM
375
15 (15)
Hcmopu5l u KYJZbmypa. BbmycK
nene 5IBJUleTC5I ITO,UJJ11HHblM yKpa11HCKHM Hap0,11,HbIM aHeK,UOTOM 0 IIIKOJJHpe- JJaTblH!.Ql1Ke, npe3peBUleM p0,11,HOH 5I3blK 11 HaK33aHHOM 3a CBOIO
rop,uhIHIO (cp.:
[6 : T. 3.
N~
476)).
TeM caMhIM yc11mrnaeTC5! ouettoq-
HhIH CMbICJJ xapaKTep11CTl1KH 06011x noBeCTBOBaTeJJei1: <l>oMa fp11rophes11q eme pa3 yrnep)KnaeTC51 KaK 11CTl1HHO Hap0,11,HblH paccKa3'!11K 11,
ttarrpOTl1B , c 3TOH )Ke CTOpOHbl OKOH'!aTeJJhHO p33BeH'!l1BaeTC51 « rraHl1'!
113 IloJJTaBhI». KaK s11,11,11M y)Ke 113 «I1pe,11,11cnos11i1», p33rpaH11'!eH11e
ITOBeCTBOBaTeJJeH B nepBOH '!aCTl1 KHl1rl1 Hl1 B Koei:i Mepe He ycJJOBHO:
B03BeJJ11qeH11e 0,11,HOro 11 pa3BeHqaH11e ,upyroro COOTBeTCTByeT OCHOBHOH rroneM11'!ecKoi1: 1a,11,aqe asTopa -
npoT11BorrocTasnett11JO nsyx
M11pOB 11 COOTBeTCTBYIOI.Q11X 11M Tl1ITOB C03HaHl151 , Ka)K,11,blH 113 KOTOpblX
BOCC03,UaeTC51 B U11KJJe 11 COOTHOCl1TC51 JJ1160 c JJl1TepaTypHOH, m160
c
HapO,UHO- IT03Tl1l.JeCKOH Tpan11u11ei1. I1MeHHO 3TY ITOJJeM11'!eCKYJO
pOJJb rrp113BaHbl 11rpaTb KOHTpaCTHble rrp11eMbI CK33a B ITOBecrnx, rrp11 Ha,11,JJe)Kam11x 3 T11M ,UBYM paccKa3'!11KaM.
06pan1M BHl1MaH11e Ha ITOBeCTBOBaTeJJbHYJO Mattepy Ka)K,[J,Oro 113 Hl1X.
2
B
nepsorr qacT11 KH11r11 «natt11qy B ropoxosoM Kaqnatte» rrp11Ha,11,ne-
)KaT ,use nosecT11 -
«Copoq11ttcKa5! HpMapKa» 11 «Mai1cKa51 HOl.Jh» . 0T-
MeTl1M cp33y, '!TO 11X 061.QHOCTb C03,UaeTC5I O'!eBl1,[J,HOH 6JJl130CTblO CIO)KeTHblX MOTl1BOB, KOMn0311U110HHbIX 11 CTl1JJeBblX rrp11eMOB.
B
06011x
np0113Be,UeHl15IX pe'!b 11,11,eT 0 BJJJ06JJeHHOH nape (s «CopO'!l1HCKOH 51pMapKe» -
IIapacKa 11 fp11UhKO, B «MarrcKoi1 HO'!l1» -
faHHa 11 Jies-
Ko ) . Pa3tt11ua B tta'!aJJe 11cTop11i1 11 06p11coBKe 3Tl1X nap TOJJhKO Ta, '!TO
B «COp01ll1HCKOH 51pMapKe» 3 aB513KOi1 5IBJ15IeTC51 BCTpeqa rrapy6Ka 11
,ueBylliKl1 , a B «MaHCKOH HO'!l1)) 3TOT MOMeHT orrymeH . 06m11e MOTl1Bbl CJO)KeTa -
rrpen51TCTBl151 K 6paKy 11 npeo,uoneH11e 11x.
B
«Copoq11H-
CKOH 51pMapKe» 6paKy rrponrno,uei1crnyeT 3JJ aH Ma'!exa, B «Mai1cKoi1
Hoq11» -
oTeu napy6Ka. Ilpen51TCTBl151 ycTpaH51JOTC51 6naro,uapH BMe-
rnaTeJJbcrny nOMOI.QHHKOB repoeB (B «CopO'!l1HCKOH 51pMapKe» raH, s «Mai1cKoi1 HO'!l1» -
naHHOLJK11).
B CJO)KeTht
TOH 11 ,upyroi1 nose-
CTl1 BBO,[J,5ITC51 npe,uaHH51 (s « CopO'!l1HCKOH HpMapKe» -
376
UbJ-
0 KpacHOtt
A. 8.
K
Cw1b1tt1Kt1Ha.
CBHTKe, B «MaHCKOH HOYH» -
npo6J1 ei11e 2020J1e6CK020 ¢o!lbK!IOpU3J11a
0 naHHO':lKe), H, nepenneTaHCb c MOTHBa-
MH npe)l.att11i1., 3TH CJO)l(eTbI 3asepwa10TCH 6naronony1rnoi1. pa3BH3KOH.
,Uei1.CTB!1e B 06e11x noBeCTHX pa3BHBaeTC5! CTpeMHTeJibHO Be'lepa tt HO'lH -
B TeYeHtte
tt pmsopa,nrnaeTcH KaK secenoe TeaTpamf3oBaHHoe
npe)l.crnsnetttte. 0Ho CTpOHTCH Ha 'lepe)l.osaHHtt tt 6b1CTpoi1. cMeHe
cu,eH-)l.Hanoros, B KOTOpblX yqacTBYlOT 0)1.HOTHOHbie KOMHYeCKtte nepCOHa)l(H. TaKOBhI B «CopoYHHCKoi1. HpMapKe» X1rnpH H qepeBHK, IlonoBHY,
KyM ; B « Mai1.CKOH
HOYH» HM aHaJIOrHYHbI CBOHYeHttU,a H foJIOBa,
nhHHbIH KaneHHK, BttHOKyp. Bee OHH HBJ1HIOTC51 sapHaU,115!MH onpe)l.eJieHHblX KOMe)l.HHHbIX aMnJiya:
3noi1.
6a6b1, 06Mattyrnro My)J(a, Hesep-
Hoi1. )l(eHhl , IIpocTaKa, EoJITyHa, illyT a . CueHbI c 3THMtt nepcoHa)J(aM11
CTp051TC51 Ha MOTHBax KOMHYeCKOH CCOpbl , nepe6paHKl1 , np51TaHb5!, nyTaHHl\bl , nepenonoxa, YTO BhI3BaHo n nyTH51MH qepTOBll.lHHhI 11 npo)l.eJIKaMH U,h.JraH (s «CopOYHHCKOH 5!pMapKe») HJIH napy6KOB (B «Mai1.CKOH
HOYH»). Co6cTBeHttaH peYh paccKa3YHKa s 3THX cuettax cse)l.etta )l.O
MHHHMyMa.
Ott
JlHWh
KOpOTKttMH
penJIHKaMtt ,
HanoMHHaJOmHMH
)l.paMaTyprn':leCKHe peMapKH, KOMMeHT11pyeT XOL( L(eHCTBH51, KOTOpoe
pms11saeTc5! KaK 6b1 caMOCTOHTeJihHO. PaccKa3'lHK OKa3hIBaeTC51 s noJlO)J(eHHtt Ha6JIJO)l.aTeJ151, OilHCb!BaJOmero 3penHme, KOTOpoe npOHCXO)l.HT y Hero Ha rnmax. CMblCJl HcnoJib30BaHHOro foroJieM npHeMa O'leBH)l.eH: paccKa3YHK OT)l,eJleH OT 3TOro Mttpa, OH CMOT pHT Ha Hero co
CTOpOHbl.
0TCTpaHeHHOCTb paCCKa3YHKa OT p11cyeMoro HM Mttpa onpeL(eJ151eT
csoeo6pmtte ero nosecrnosaTeJihttoi1. MaHephL IlocKOJlbKY peYh <<naHHYa» OOYTH ycTpaHeHa H3 co6CTBeHHO CIO)l(eTHOro pacCKa3a, OHa CTaHOBHTC51 TeM 6oJiee Ba)l(HOH B on11caHl15!X . On11caHH5! BpeMeHH )l.eHCTBl151, o6cTaHOBKH, npttpOL\bl 11 MeCTHOCTM npe)l.IIIeCTBYIOT KOMHYeCKHM
cu,ettaM . HMeHHO B HHX npoHBJI5!JOTC51 oco6eHHOCTH cKma, npttHaL(ne)!(amero «naHHYY H3 IlonTaBhr».
«CopOYHHCKaH 51pMapKa» OTKphrnaeTC51 KapTHHOH Manopocc11i1..cKOro JleTHero OOJ1L(H51: « KaK ynoHTeJieH, KaK pocKoweH JleTHHH )l,eHb
B MaIIopocc1111! KaK TOMHTeJJbHO-)J(apKH Te qacb1, KOrL(a non)l.eHh 6neI1IeT B THWHHe H 3HOe, l1 rony6oi1, HeH3MepHMbIH OKeaH, CJJa)l.OCTpacTHbIM KynoJIOM HarHyBWHHC5! Ha)], 3eMJielO, Ka)!(eTC51 , 3acHyJl , sech
377
I1cmopw1 u KY!lbmypa. BbznycK 15 (15)
IIOTOHYBIIIII B Here, o6HHMa5l Il C)KHMa51 rrpeKpacHyIO B B03).l,YIIIHbIX
o6oumrx CBOIIX!»
(I, 111).
06pamaeT Ha ce651 BHHMaHHe T0p)!(eCTBeH-
Ha51:, ,ri:eKJiaMaU:IIOHHa51 IIHTOHaU:II51: peqII, rrepe,ri:ai-oma51 BOCTOp)KeHHOe
COCT051:HIIe paccKa3qIIKa II yKa3hIBafOma51 Ha He06b1qHOCTb Toro, 0 qeM
OH TIOBeCTByeT. B
OITHCaHIIH :noro JieTHero ).l,H51, O).l,HaKO, noqTII HeT
KOHKpeTHbIX BpeMeHHbIX HJIH JlOKaJlbHb!X ITpIIMeT. Bc51 peqb COCTOIIT
II3 MeTa¢opIIqeCKIIX p51).l,OB CJlOB CXO).l,HOH JieKc11qecKOH OKpaCKH 11 pacXO)!(IIX IT03Tll3MOB: ,ri:eHb TOJibKO «yrro11TeJleH II pocKowem>; JJeTmie
qaCbI TOJibKO «TOMIITeJlbHO-)!(apKH»; He6o HarHyJIOCb «CJia).l,OCTpaCTHbIM KYITOJIOM Ha,ri: 3eMJieIO», II «OCJJeITIITeJibHbie y,ri:apbl COJIHeqHbIX
nyqei-1» KII).l,afOT Ha (()KilBOITIICHbie MaCCbI JIIICTbeB» «TeMHyIO, KaK
HOqb, TeHb, ITO KOTOpon TOJlbKO rrp11 CHJlbHOM BeTpe ITpnimeT 30JJOTO»,
II T. ).l,. fJJaBHOe 3).l,eCb He B caMOH ITO ce6e KHil)KHOH peqn, a B OITpe,ri:eJieHHOH ee mnepaTypHon ITpIIpo,ri:e ~ IIMeHHO poMaHT11qecKoH. B 3TOM
ycJIOBHO OIT03TII3IIpOBaHHOM OITIICaHIIII MaJiopocc11H.cKoro JJeTHero
).l,H51: Ha ITepBbIH ITJiaH BbI).l,BIIraeTC51 6hfOIIIa51 Ha 3¢cpeKT KpaCHBOCTb
( «II3YMPY):(bI,
TOITa3bl,
51XOHTbl
3cp11pHbIX
HaCeKOMbIX»,
«rrecTpbie
oropO).l,bI, oceH51:eMbie CTaTHb!MH ITO).l,COJIHeqHnKaMH», «30JJOTbie CHOITbl xne6a» 11 T.
rr.).
TaKoH xapaKTep neH.3a)!(eH HeII3MeHHO coxpaH5l:eT-
c51 Ha ITpOrn)KeHHil Bcero ITOBeCTBOBaHil51 B «CopoqHHCKOH 51pMapKe»
11 «MaH.cKon Hoq11».
Cne,ri:yeT OTMeTIITb O).l,HH MOMeHT: Bee neA3a)!(l1 COOTHeCeHbl ).l,pyr
c ,ri:pyroM, ).l,aHbI B orrpe).l,eJJeHHOH rrocne,ri:oBaTeJibHOCTII II ITpe,ri:cTafOT KaK e,ri:IIHa51 II BenIIqeCTBeHHa51 KapTIIHa, 06HIIMa10ma51 cyToqHbTH
U:IIKJI. 3a ).l,HeBHbIM ITeri3a)KeM CJJe,ri:yeT B «CopoqIIHCKOH 51pMapKe» BeqepHHH, a B «MattCKOH HOqII>) 3aMeTHO BbI).l,eJI51:eTC51 HOqHOH rrett3a)!(,
KaK 6bI 3aBepIIIa51 co6on BCIO TeMaTttqecKyfO JIIlHilIO. 11MeHHO B rrocne).l,HeM neH.3a)Ke o6Ha)!(eHbI TaK11e qepTbI, KOTOphre yKa3bIBafOT Ha
11x o6mrrn CIIMBOnIIqecKIIH xapaKTep. OH co3).l,aeTc51 6naro).l,ap51 oco6on U:BeTOBOH raMMe II xapaKTepIICTIIKe npocTpaHCTBa B rren3a)KHbIX
oIT11caHII5!X. TaK, pocKOIIIH neTHero ).l,H51: B «CopoqIIHCKOH 51pMapKe»
COOTBeTCTByeT OITpe,ri:eneHHbIH KonopttT, COCTaBneHHbIH II3 coqeTaHII51 «He6ecHOH rny6ttHbl)) c 6JJeCKOM 30JIOTa II ,ri:parou:eHHbIX KaMHeH.
B
BeqepHeM ITeH3a)Ke ITpeo6na,ri:aeT raMMa pa3H006pa3HbIX OTTeHKOB
378
A. B. C aMbtUtKuHa. K npo6neMe 2owneecK020 ¢o!lbK!lopu3.Ma
OrHeHHOro UBeTa, nepe.na10r.u:11x nOCJ1e,llHIOIO BCnblWKY COJIHUa, npeo6pa)KaIOr.u:ero Bee npe.nMeTh1: «0cJ1emneJ1bHO 6J111CTaJ111 Bepxtt 6eJ1bIX
waTpOB l1 »TOK, oceHeHHbie KaKHM-TO e.nBa npHMeTHbIM OrHeHHOp030BblM CBeTOM. CTeKJia HaBaJieHHblX KyqaMl1 OKOHHHU ropen11 ; 3eJ1eHble tjJJ15l)KKH l1 qapK11 Ha CTOJiaX y lllHHKapoK rrpeBpaTl1J111Cb B orHeHHhie; ropbl ,llbIHb, ap6y30B 11 TbIKB Ka3aJ111Cb BblJll1TbJMl1 113 30JIOTa
11 TeMHOH Me.UH>>
(I, 120).
Hoqttott neiha)K TO)Ke 11Meer UBeTOsoe co-
rrpoBO)K,lleH11e : «3eMJI5! BC5! B cepe6p5IHOM CBeTe
<...»>
11 T. ,ll.
HeJib35! He 3aMeTl1Tb, qro B COBOKynHOCTl1 BCe 3Tl1 TOHa -
(I, 159).
«He6eCHOH
rny6HHbI» 11 «OrHeHHO-p030BOrO>> 6necKa, .nparoueHHbIX KaMHei1 , OTTeHKOB 30JJOTa 11 cepe6pa -
nepe.naIOT Konop11T, np11cyr.u:11J;i coqern-
H1110 11KoHonHCHhIX KpacoK. Bocnpo113Be,ll,eH11e xy.llO)KeCTBeHHoi1 naJlHTpb1 11KOH0011Cl1 Cl1MBOJll13HpyeT TaKoe COBepIIIeHCTBO yKpa11HCKOH
3eMJll1, KOTOpoe cpO,ll,Hl1 He6eCHOH rapMOHHH.
TipocTpaHCTBO nett3a)Kett «CopOYHHCKOH 5IpMapK11» l1 «MattCKOH
Hoqm> ycJJOBHO B 3TOM )Ke CMbJCJle . OHO Jll1llleHO CKOJlbKO-H116y.nb KOHKpeTHbIX rpaHHU, pa3BepttyTO no rop113oHTaJlH H BepT11KaJIH. Ero MacrnTa6 3a)l,aH Hel13Mep11MOCTblO 3eMJll1 l1 He6a l1 II03TOMY BhICTynaeT KaK
MacIIIrn6 sceneHcK11i1. B «Copoq11HcKoi1 HpMapKe» He6o Hel13Mep11MbIH OKeaH», .llY6hI xne6a -
«rony6oi1
«no.no6naqHbJe», CTOra Cetta 11 CHOnbl
«CTaHoM pacnonaraIOTC» B none 11 KoqyIOT no ero He113Mep11-
MOCTH».
Vb
COBOKynHOCTl1 O,llHOpO,ll,HbIX 11 nOBTOp5IIOIIJ:l1XC5! MOTl1BOB
B03Hl1KaeT 11.ne» 6ecKOHeY.HOCTl1. B «Mai1CKOH HOY.11>> 3Tl1 MOTHBbI no)l,Y.epKHYTO rnnep60JJl1311pOBaHbI: «Heo6b5ITHbJH He6eCHbJH CBO,ll pa3,ll,aJJC5l, pa3,ll,BHHYJIC5l er.u:e He06b»THee»
Oco6a5I UBeTosa»
11
(l, 159).
npoCTpaHCTBeHHaH
Cl1MBOJlHKa
nett3a)Kett
«CopOY.11HCKOH 5IpMapKH» 11 «Mai1cKOH Hoqm> CJJe,ll,yeT 113 .UBynnaHOBOCTH scero noBeCTBOBaHH5!.
c O.UHOH CTOpOHbl,
npHMeT bl yKpa11H-
CKOH 3eMJil1,ll,aHbI 0606r.u:eHHo-yKpyntteHHbIM11, Y.epe3 poMaHTw-recKoe
BOCIIp115ITHe paCCKa3q11Ka. HMeHHO ero CTpOH Y.YBCTB nepeL(aIOT CXOL(Hbie no 3HaY.eHHIO no3Tl13Mbl («yrrOHTeJJeH>>, «pOCKOllleH>>, «CJlaL(OCTpaCTHe»,
CTl1Jl5l.
« Hera»),
xapaKTepHbie
L(JJ5!
ycJ10BHO-pOMaHTHY.eCKOro
c L(pyroi1 CTOpOHbl, B qepeL(OBaHl111 KapT11H Manopocc11i1cKoro
L(HH, seqepa 11 Hoq11 npocTynaIOT He sa)KHbie L(JI5! paccKa3q11Ka, HO
379
J1cmopuR u Kyn&mypa. B&inyCK
15 (15)
Ba)J(HbJe B CHMBOJIWieCKOM 110}.l,TeKCTe 11p113HaKH }.l,aHHOH MeCTHOCTH:
«cepble CTOra Cetta», «CHOnbl XJie6a», «IllHpOKHe BeTBl1 '1epellleH>>,
«rophl }.l,bIHb, ap6y30B 11 TblKB», a B «Mai1CKOH H0'111)) -
«,l.l,peMJIIOlll,ee
Ha B03BbIIlleHHl1 ceJIO», «TOJ111bl xaT>>. 3TOMY p51,l.l,Y CKynbIX nel1.3a)f(H06bITOBbIX npHMeT 11 COOTBeTCTByeT HKOH011lICHa51 I.J,BeTOBa51 raMMa.
B
coe,l.l,11Hettu11 c sceJieHCKOH 6e3rpaHl1'1HOCTblO rrpocTpaHCTBa 11 oco-
6eHHO 3 Ha'111TeJibHblMl1 B '.H OH CB51311 MOTl1BaM11 «KynoJia», «He6ecHOH
rny611HbJ)), «TeMHOH Me}.1,11», cepe6pa 11 30JIOTa, ,l.l,parol(eHHbIX KaMHeH
( cp . : OKJJa}.l,bl lIKOH 11 KYJJbTOBa51 yrnapb) OH a BbI3bJBaeT aCC01(11a1(1111
c xpaMOM , KOTOpbie 11 BCKpb!BaIOT rny611HHYJO Cl1MBOJ111KY nei1:3a)f(ei1:
xpaM, KaK lI3BeCTHO, o6pa3HO npe,l.l,CTaBmieT M11p03}.l,aH11e c np11cylll,l1Ml1 eMy BpeMeHHbIMH aTptt6yTaMJ1 -
nporne}.l,Wee, HaCT051lll,ee,
6y,l.l,ylll,ee . Ha,l.l,O CKa3aTb , '1TO '.H OT Cl1MBOJIH'1eCKl1H nnaH B03HHKaeT
HCl10}.l,B0Jlb, lI COBeprneHHO 0'1eBl1}.l,HO, 4TO OH rny6)f(e KOHKpeTHOro CIO)f(eTHOro paCCKa3a. fio CaMOH cyT11 CBOeH OH He CB513aH C noBeCTBOBaTeJieM- «naH H'1eM», a 11p11Ha}.l,Jie:l lrnT caMOMY aBTOpy 11 CO,l.l,ep)f(aHl1IO
1\11KJJa B l(eJIOM . ITO,l.l,'1epKHeM, LITO B npe,l.l,enax 3Toro I.J,HKJJa 1136pattHbIH
aBTOpOM MaCilJTa6 np1106peTaeT He TOJlbKO npocTpaHCTBeHHbIH, HO
11
speMeHttoH:,
BceMttpHo-11crnp11o:.iecK11i1
CMbICJJ.
CyT0'1HbIH
Kpyr
nei1:3a)l(HbIX on11caH11i1 c11MBon11qecK11 ero Bbipa)l(aeT.
CKpbIBa51Cb 3a paccKa3411KOM, aBTop Ta K cTpo11T ero peo:.ib, '1TO see
nei13a)f(Hble MOTH Bbl BbirJl51}.l,51T O}.l,HOpO,l.l,HbIMl1 11 He BCTynaIOT B npOTl1BOpetrne ,l.l,pyr c ,l.l,pyroM }.1,0 Tex nop, noKa BOCnp11HHMalOTC51. B Cl1CTeMe
Tpa,l.l,H1(110HHOH poMaHTWleCKOH 1103 THKl1. Ho KaK TOJlhKO B C03HaHl1H
411TaTeJJ51 B03HHKaeT o6pa3 xpaMa, TO B p51,l.l,Y 3Tl1X BbJCOKl1X (a He «B03BbillleHHblX») acC01(11aI.J,11H Ha'111HaeT 6pocaTbC51 B rnma CTpaHHOCTb
coqeTaHl151 «KynoJia» c 011pe,l.l,eJ1eH11eM «cna,l.l,ocTpacTHhJH» 11n11 110BTOp5!10lll,11xc51 MOTl1BOB «Cepe6p51.Hb1H CBeT» , «Cepe6p51Hble BH}.l,eHl151»
c « BeJJH'leCTBeHHblM rpOMOM yKpa11HCKOro COJ10Bb51», CTporoH: 11 TOp)!(eCTBeHHOH He6ecHoi1 KpacOTbI c «pocKOlllhlO» 11 <<Heroi1» . TaKoro
THna CMblCJIOBa51 11 CTl1Jll1CTl1'1eCKa51 HeCOBMeCTHMOCTb, CBOero po,l.l,a
aJJOrl13M MOTl1BOB 11 51BJ151IOTC51 aBTOpCKlIM cnoco6oM pa3rpaH11'1eHl15l
,l.l,Byx nnaHOB -yKa3aHHeM Ha rny6oKl1H, cepbe3Hb!H CMblCJI Toro, 0 qeM
nosecrnyeT pacCKa3'111K, HO 'ITO OCTaeTC51 B TO )Ke BpeM51 3a npe,l.l,eJJaMl1
380
A. B. C GMblUtKUHC/. K npo6J1eMe 2020J1eecK020 ¢0J1 b KJ1opu3Ma
ero C03Hamrn:. 3TOT )Ke anormM n poso.ll,HT pe3KYID qepry Me)!(.ll.Y
9
11CTl1HHbIM aBTOpOM «BeqepOB» 11 O.ll,Hl1M 113 paCCKa3ql1KOB.
*
0TMeqeHHa51 oco6eHHOCTb np11cyll(a He TOJibKO nel'ba)!(Hb!M 01111caHH51M . 0Ha coxpaH51eTCH
Ha npOT51)!(eHl111
scero
IIOBeCTBOBaHHH
B «CopoG11HcKoi1 HpMapKe» H «MaiicKOH Hoq11». B c11ny .ll.BOHCTBeHHOH
npHpOL\hI CKa3a see, o GeM coo6w:aeT paccKa3q11K, o6peTaeT HOBoe,
He0)!(11.ll,aHHOe 3Ha4eHtte, a caM OH OKa3bJBaeTC51 o6beKTOM aBTOpCKOH
xapaKTep11CTl1KH 11 01..(eHKH.
CKa3 «TiaHlflm» B «Bet.iepax» o6n a)],aeT, O)],HaKo, 11 .ll,BOHCTBeHHOCThlQ L1pyroro po)],a, KOTopaH 11p11cy111a 11MeHHO eMy KaK IIOBecTBylQ111eMy repolD. Be.ll,h OH poMaHTl1K, 11 ero CTl1Jih cTpOHTCH Ha pe3KOM
KOHTpacTe « B03BhIWeHHoro» 11 cMewHoro. I1o:n11qecKaH r11nep6ona
poMaHTl14eCKl1 HaCTpOeHHOro repoH , BOClleBalQIIIero COBepweHHYIQ
KpacoTy rrp11pO)],hl, CMeHHeTC51 wyTJil1Bb!Ml1 HJIH OTKpOBeHHO HaCMeWJil1BhIMl1 11HTOHal..(11HMl1 npH rrepexo)],e K co6CTBeHHO CIQ)!(eTHOMY pacCKa3y.
B
« Copot.iHHCKOH HpMapKe» 3a om1caHHeM L\Bl1)!(eHHH B030B 11
rrpe)],CTaBJieH11eM repoes B wyTJil1BO- HpOHHqecKOM TO.He CJJe)],yeT H306pa)!(eH11e JiaH.ll,Waqna B )],yxe poMaHTH"tleCKOro O)],yxOTBOpeH1151 np11 pO)],hl (CM .:
I, 113).
ToLJHO TaK )Ke «B03BhIIlleHHbIH» set.iepH11i1 rrei13a)!(
CMeH51eTCH 6hITOBOH 3ap11COBKOH HpMapKH H HpOHl1l.JeCKOH xapaKTep11CTl1KOH UhiraHa. B « Mai1cKoi1 Hoqm> BCJJe)], 3a om1caHHeM «6o)!(eCTBeHHOH H04H» H)],eT paccKa3 o TihHHOM KaneH11Ke 11 T.
KOHTpaCTHbIX MOTHBOB -
Jl. 1Iepe.ll,0BaH11e
(( B03BhIWeHHbie» nei13a)!(H H CHl1)!(eHHaH
CJO)!(eT HaH CTOpoHa TIOBeCTBOBaHHH HOCTb pet.i11 paccKa34HKa-<maHHqa». B
COCTaBJI51eT rn aBHYIO oco6eHero 3cn~T11t.iecKOM co3HaH1111
o6e 3TH CTOpOHbI HeCOBMeCTHMhI, rrpOTl1BOCTOHT L\pyr L\pyry, KaK rro3Tl14eCKl1H <<11n eam> 11 HecosepweHCTBO, rrp11t.iy.ll.hI, cyeTa 3eMHOH )!(113Hl1. PeKOMeH)],YH paCCKa34HKa HMeHHO TaK, a He 11Hat.ie, aBTOp CTpeMHTCH K TOMy, 4T06bI 411T aTeJJl1 Y3HaJIY! B HeM C0411Hl1TeJI51 onpe.ll,eJieHHOro
T11rra -
TIOBeCTBYIOIIIero « Bhl4YPHO )],a XHTpo, KaK B nel!aTHb!X KHH)!(-
KaX», 10 * T. e. )],a)!(e He caM06hITHOro 11 opHrHHaJJbHOro poMaHTl1Ka,
a 3n11roHa, C04HHHIOIIIero no pacnpocTpaHeHHOMY wa6n oHy.
11
*
3TOH ue1rn CJJ~aT 11 Te 3JJeMeHTbl CTHJJ51, KOTOpble OTYeTJJHBO rrpocrynalQT B 3aKJJI04alQIII11X KOMH4eCKl1e Cl..(eHhl KOMMeHT ap1151X «naH11lfa» .
381
11cmopua u KYHb mypa. B btnycK
15 (15)
TaK, B «CopoYHHCKOH llpMapKe» OH cne)lylOI.UHM o6pa.30M n epeJJ,aeT coCTOllHHe nepenyrattHOro HemKH)la HHhIM CTYKOM nonOBHYa : «fJia.3a ero
BhinllJIHJIHCh, KaK 6y,ri:TO KaKOH-HH6y)lh BhJXO)leu c Toro CBeTa TOJihKO
YTO CJJ,enan eMy nepe)l CHM BH 3 HT CBOH»
(I, 123).
BochMall rnaBa 3aBep-
waeTCll coo6iueHHeM 0 l.fepeBHKe, TepllfOI.UeM C03HaHHe OT CTpaxa
nepe)l YepTOBI.UHHOH: « TyT naMl!Th OT Hero yneTena , H OH , KaK CTpawHhlH )l<HJieu TeCHoro rpo6a, ocTaJICll HeM H He)lBH)K HM nocpe)lH JJ,oporn»
(I, 128). B
cne)ly10iuei1 , )le BllTOK rnaBe BeceJihIH paccKa.3 o HOYHhJX
npHKJII04eHl151X 3a KaHYHBaeTCll on11caHHeM UhiraH: « 03ap!rnCb CBeTOM ,
HeBepHO I1 TpeneTHO ropeBITIHM , OHH Ka.3aJIHCh )l HKHM COHMHI.UeM rHOMOB, OKpy)KeHHhlX Tll)KeJibJM nO)l3eMHhlM napoM, B MpaKe Henpo6y)lHOH
HOYH»
(I, 129). 3TH
H aHaJIOrH4HbJe HM MOTHBhl poMaHTHYeCKOK cpaH-
T aCTHKH o6hl4HO ynoTpe6nll.JIHCh B cepbe3Hh! X )KaHpax (cp. , Hanp11Mep ,
c poMaHTHYeCKOK 6annaJJ,oi1). 3JJ,eCb )Ke OHH o6ecCMhICJlHBalOTCll MexaHHYeCKHM nepeHOCOM B KOMHYeCKHM KOHTeKCT H npHMeHlllOTCll B x apaKTepHCTl1Ke Tpa)lHUHOHHhlX KOMe)lHKHhl X aMnnya, OTYero H BhJrJill )lllT Ha6opoM JI HTepaTypttblX WTaMCTOB.
Han11Y11e B noBecrnoBaH11H .llByx CMhJCJIOBhIX n n attoB ( O)lHH 113 KOTOphIX OTHeceH K pacCKa.34HKy, .llpyroK. npHHa)lJie)KHT aBTopy) OKa.3hlBaeTCll Ba)KHbJM H B )KaHpOBOM OTHOWeHHH. Tipe)lcTaBJillll nepcoHa)!(eH
«CopOYHHCKOH llpMapK11», « naHHY» CJie)lyeT CKa.30YHOH T pa)lH UHH: OH
rOBOpHT 0 3JIOK MaYexe, DOKOpHOM ei1 My)!(e, KpacaBH[\e-naJJ,YepHUe
H BJII06JieHHOM B Hee napy6Ke. KaK B Bonwe6Hoi1 CKa3Ke, 3Jiall MaYexa npenllTCTByeT 6paKy n a)lYep11Uhl, HO npenllTCTBHll ycTpaHlllOTCll
BMewaTeJibCTBOM Yy)le CHOro llOMOI.UHHKa, H )leKCTBHe 3aKaHYHBaeTCll
cBa,ri:h6oi1. C1o)KeTHall cxeMa «Mai1c 1<oi1 HOYH » coorneTCTBYeT TOMY )Ke
CKa.30YHOMY KaHotty. ITpell,aHHll , BBO.ll HMhie B CIO)KeT, )lODOJIHlllOT ce p1110 CKa.304HhlX MOTHBOB. BocnpOH 3 Be)le HHe CKa.304HOro KaHOHa yKa3hJBaeT Ha 6JtH30CTh noBecTe H cpoIIbKIIOpHOH Tpa)lHUHH, HO JlHTepaTypttall o6pa6orna :noii TpaJJ,11u1111 np1rna)lJie)l(11T pacc1<a3Y11Ky. 06a
nJtaHa -
KHH)l(HbIK , 11.llYI.UHH OT paccKa34HKa, 11 cj:JOJihKJIOpHblH , KaK
6onee rny6oKHK , HCKOHHO HapO)l HhlK , O)lHO
JJ,eno
Bhl)leJieHhl aBTOpOM. 1160
«3Jiall MaYexa», «rra)lYepm.1,a» , <<Be)lhMa», « YepT>>, TO ecTh
cj:JOJlhKJIOpHbJe nepcoHa)l(H , H COOTBeTCTBYIOUiall HX xapaKTepHCTHKa,
382
A. B. CaMblUtKww. K npo6J10ue zozoJ1eecKozo ¢ollbKRopu3Ma
II LJ:pyroe L(eJIO -
qy:)KL(a51 HapOLJ:HOMY C03HaHIIIO JIIlTeparypHa51 ITOL(aYa
3TIIX '/Ke rrepcoHa'/KeH: «pa3p5I'/KeHHa51 CO'/KI1TeJibHilIJ,a MeL(JieHHO Bblcryrrasrnero cynpyra»
(I, 114);
«MeL(JieHHbIH CO'/KHTeJib», KOTOpb!H
«XJiaL(HOKpOBHO rrpIIHIIMaJI M51Te'/KHbie peLIII pa3rHeBaHHOH cyrrpyrII»
(I, 115);
IIJIII «IIpHBeTJIIIBa51 roJIOBKa c 6neCT51lll,I1MH OYaMH, TIIXO
CBeTIIBilIIIMil CKB03b TeMHo-pyChJe BOJIHbl BOJIOC» H T. LJ:.
(I, 174).
cDoJILKJIOpHbie H JJ11Teparypttb1e rrapannenII rrpIILJ:aIOT CKa3y «naH11Ya»
L(BOHCTBeHHblH xapaKTep, C03L(aIOT BIIeLiaTJieHIIe, L!TO paccKa3LIIIK, o6palll,a51Cb K cpOJJbKJJ OpHbIM CIO'/KeTaM, npeo6pa3yer ttapOLJ:HYIO rpaL(IIIl,IIIO, IIHTeprrpeTIIPY51 ee B KHII'/KHOM LJ:yxe .
3TOT MOMeHT IIOL(LiepKHYT aBTOpOM B «MaHCKOH HOYII», KOrL(a
B CIO'/KeT noBeCTII rrp5IMO BBOLJ:IITC5I HapoLJ:HOe rrpeLJ:aHIIe. He cnyqaJ1tto
paccKa3bIBaeTC51 OHO He <<naHIIYeM», a JleBKO, YeH o6JIIIK, xapaKTep,
IIOCTYIIKII BbIL(aIOT B HeM cpOJibKJIOpttoro rrepcotta'/Ka -
Kpacirnoro ,
JIOBKOro repo51 yKpaIIHCKIIX HapOLJ:HbIX CKa30K II aHeKL(OTOB, co6CTBeHHOH yLJ:aJILIO II c noMOlll,hlO sonrne6ttoro rroMOlll,HIIKa (rraHH011K11) npeOLJ:OJiesa10mero see rrperr5ITCTBII51.
B
ero rrepeLJ:a11e cponLKnopHa51 ocHo-
Ba rrpeL(aHII51 rrpeL(CTaeT B CBOIIX IICKOHHblX 11eprax. IlOMIIMO CIO'/KeTHbIX
MOTI1BOB, 3L(eCb ynorpe6JJ.51IOTC51 ttapOLJ:HO-IT03TI1YeCKile cpopMyJILI II
L(IIaJIOrII ( «"oyL(eillb JIII Tbl MeH51 He'/KIITb IIO-CTapoMy, 6aTbKy, KOrL(a
B03LMernr, LJ:pyry10 '/Ketty?" -
"EyLJ:y, M051 LJ:O'IKa; eme Kperrqe rrpe)frne-
ro cratty rrpmK11MaTb Te651 K cepLJ:uy! EyLJ:y, M051 LJ:OYKa; eme 51pYe cratty
LJ:apIITb cepLrII II MOHIICTbI!"» -
I, 157); IIOCT051HHbie 3IIIITeTbJ 11 cpaBI, 156); 3IIII'IeCKIIe no-
HeHI151 ( «51CHa51 rraHHOLIKa, 6ena51 KaK cHer» -
BTOpLI (CM. BbIIlle, a TaK'/Ke: «Xoporna 6r,rna MOJIOL(a51 '/KeHa. PyM51Ha
II 6en a co6010 farna MOJIOLJ:a51 '/KeHa
< .. .»>
II T. LJ:. -
I, 157).
0LJ:HaKo
KOMTI03IIUIIOHHOe o6paMJieHIIe rrpeL(aHII51 BbIL(ep'/KaHO B CTIIJie, xapaKTepHOM LJ:AA «naHIIqa». Ha 3TO YKa3LIBaIOT cpaBHeHII51, 3IIIITeTLI, MeTacpopr,1 II CJIOBa CIIeI!IIcpwrecKOH ceMaHTIIKH: «npyLJ:, yrp!OMO o6craBJJeHHbIH TeMHbIM KJieHOBLIM necoM» II yrroLJ:o6neHHLitt «6eccIIJILHOMY
CTapI!y»; 3Be3L(bl, KOTOpLie «npenYyBCTBYIOT CKOpoe II051BJieHIIe 6n11CTaTeJibHOro I!ap51 HO'III», II T. LJ:.
(I, 156). CKa30YHa51npHpona11
o6cra-
HOBKa neH.cTBl151 y3tta10TC5! c TPYLJ:OM, rrocKOJILKY pacTBOp51IOTC51 B JJ.IITepaTypttoM xapaKTepe II3JIO'/KeHII51. TaK Bbl51BJJ51eTC51 KOHTpacT Me'/KLJ:Y
383
HcmopuR u KYllbmypa. BbinycK 15 (15)
cpOITbKJJOpHblM 11 KHl1)KHbJM (B nyxe «BeITH'!aBOro» poMaHTH3Ma) cnoco6aMH nosecTBOBaHIDI . CaM paccKa3'1HK, He sepH B npasnonono6ne csoHX 11CTOp11H, OTHOCl1TC51 K Hl1M KaK K BbJL()'MKe. ));ITH Hero OHl1 TO Il03Tl1'!eCKl1H <<HL(ean», )KHByrn,11!1 B L(yWe pOMaHTHKa, TO 3a6aBHaH KYKOJibHaH
KOMeL(liH. 3To pacKpbrnaeTC51 B KOH!.\OBKax 06e11x nosecTeii, 11 B Hl1X )Ke
npeneIThHO o6Ha'){(aeTC51 L(BOHCTBe HHOCTb CMbICITOBbJX n ITaHOB.
«CopoqHHCKaH HpMapKa» 3aBepwaeTC51 paCCKa30M 0
csane6HOM
BeCeIThe: <« ... > Bee o6paTl1ITOCb, BOITeIO 11 HeBOITeIO, K e,nl1HCTBY H
nepewrro B cornac11e
< ... >
Bee HeCITOCh. Bee TaH!.\OBaITO»
(I, 135).
Ho crreny10maH )Ke cppa3a 3syqnT pe3Kl1M nnccoHattcoM 3TOH KapT11He.
B
on11caHl1H Il051BITHIOTCH o6pa3bl «BeTXHX CTapymeK», OT KOTOpbIX
<<Be51ITO paBHOL(yw11e MOrHITbl» 11 «KOTOpbIX OL(HH XMeITb TOITbKO, KaK
MeXaHHK CBoero 6e3'){(H3HeHHOro aBTOMaTa, 3acTaBJrneT L(eITaTb qTo- TO
nono6Hoe 'leIToseqecKoMy»
(I, 135-136).
Csane6ttoe secenbe 3,necb
CBH3atto co CKa30'IHbIM « n11poM Ha Bech Mttp». Ha 3TO YKa3brnaeT
r11nep60ITH'!eCKOe o6o6ll(eHHe, flOL('!epKHyToe CITOBOM «Bee» 11 MOTl1BaMH cornaCHH, eL(HHCTBa, o603Ha'!aIOll(HMH , no acC0!.\11al.\Hl1 co CKa3KOH, Bceo6mee cqaCTbe H 6ITaroL(eHCTBHe (HaflOMHHM, YTO 3TOT MOTl1B
BnepBbJe ITOHBJIHeTCH B «IlpeL(l1CJIOBHH», rne OH COOTHeCeH c CHMBOJil1qecKl1M 3Ha'lett11eM o6pa3a )J;nKaHbKH B u:enoM). Hoc Tex nop, KaK KOHKpeTHoe IIOBeCTBOBaHHe 3aKOH'l eHo, pacCKa3qHK CMOTPHT Ha H306pa'){(aeMhlH HM MHp, see 6oITee OT Hero OTL(aJ151HCh: « r poM, XOXOT, neCHH
CITh1warr11ch T11we 11 THllle. CMhIYOK yM11paIT, cna6eH 11 TepHH HeHCHbie
3syK11 B nycrnTe Bo3nyxa
< ... >
see crnITo nycrn 11 rnyxo»
TIOBeCTBYIOll(ero repoH 3Ta npeKpacHaH HL(l1JIJIHH -
(I, 136).
)J;rrH
TOITbKO Me'!Ta,
He 6oITee KaK CKa3Ka, pa3birpattHaH B MacKax. Ott BHL\HT nepen co6oii
He '){(ttBhIX ITIOL(eii, a KYKOJI. 12
*
3aTeM KaK 6hl onycKaeTc51 3aHasec,
JI paccKa34HK ocrneTC51 ttaeL(JIHe c co6oi1. CITenyeT cpHHaIThHhJH MOHOITor: «He TaK ITH H paL(OCTb, npeKpacHaH 11 HeIIOCTOHHHa51 roCTb51, yITeTaeT OT Hae, JI HanpaCHO OL(HHOKJIH 3BYK L(yMaeT Bbipa3JITb secenbe?
B co6cTBeHHOM 3xe CIThilllHT y')i(e OH rpycTh 11 nycTbIHIO 11 L(HKO BHeMITeT eMy. He TaK ITH pe3Bbl e npyrn 6ypHOH 11 BOITbHOH IOHOCTH , no 0):(11HO'!Ke, OL(HH 3a npyrJIM, TepHIOTCH no CBeTy 11 OCTaBm!IOT HaKOHeu: 0):(HOro CTapHHHOro 6parn HX?»
384
(I, 136). 3ITernqecKl1e MOTJIBbl nepenaIOT
A. B. CaMbtUAKUHa. K npo6!le.Me 2020!leecK020 rj;OflbK!lopu3Ma
3,IJ,eCb CBOHCTBeHHOe poMaHTHKY <IYBCTBO CBOero 0,IJ,HHOqecTBa B MHpe.
0,IJ,HaKO 3Ta cepbe3Ha5I 3rrer11qecKa5I KOHIJ,OBKa BbffJI5!,Il,HT CTpaHHOH
B ycTax paCCKaJqHKa-«rraHHYa», Otta C03BY<JHa TOMY CHMBOJIH'IeCKOMY
rrnatty, KOTOphIH Haxo,IJ,HTC5I BHe ero co3HaHH5I. Hapo,D,HO-rr03THqecKa5!
OCHOBa IIOBeCTBOBamrn, 5!BJ15I!Oll.(a5!C5! ,Il,JI5I «rraHHqa)) JIHillh 3K30THKOH
H IIOTOMY CBO,Il,5!ll.la5IC5I B KOHIJ,e KOHI.l,OB K KYKOJlbHOCTH H 6arraratty, ,Il,J15I
foroJI5! HMeeT caMbIH rny60KHH CMbICJI. Jlo:>KHblH poMaHTH3M paCCKa3q11Ka Heo:>KH,IJ,aHHO 06opaq11saeTC5I B 3TOM qmttarre HCTHHHbIM, BbICOKHM poMaHTH3MOM, Hecepbe3Ha5! (KYKOJibHa5!) l1,IJ,HJIJIH5I cepbe3HOH
H
Tparn<JeCKOH
CTOpOHOH.
06pallleHHhIH
K
,D,pyroH:,
lJHTaTeJI5IM
B03rnac: «CKy'IHO OCTaBJieHHOMy! I1 T51)1(eJIO H rpycTHO CTaHOBHTC5!
cep,D,ll,y, H HeYeM IIOMO% eMy»
(I, 136), -
rro,IJ,qepKHYTO ,Il,HCCOHHpyeT
c rrpe,D,weCTBYIOlllHMH MOTHBaMH IIHpa, Hapo,D,HOro rrpa3,D,HHKa, BCeo6ll.lero cornac1151 H e,IJ,HHCTBa. OH yKa3hrnaeT, KaK HecoH3MepHMO ,IJ,arreKa
COBpeMeHHa5I qlfTaTemo H aBTopy ,IJ,eHCTBHTeJihHOCTb OT ITO,Il,JIHHHOro
1
H,IJ,earra 3* -
cy6cTaHUHH HaUHOHaJibHOro 6bITH5! B ee rrepB03,IJ,aHHOM
BH,IJ,e. Yllle,IJ,llIHH B npOllIJIOe, HO coxpaHHBllIHHC5! B HapO,D,HhIX Tpa,D,Hll,H5!X H cporrhKJIOpe, 3TOT H,IJ,eaJI 3,IJ,eCb CJIY)l(HT Mepon OTKJIOHeHH5I KOHKpeTHOH ,IJ,eHCTBHTeJihHOCTH OT HapO,D,HOH HaUHOHaJibHOH HOpMhl If
BMeCTe c TeM -
HCTOpH<IeCKHM CBH,IJ,eTeJibCTBOM H 3arroroM B03M0)1(4
HOro rp5!,D,YlllerO B03p0)1(,Il,eHH5I. l * PoMaHTHqeCKHH KOHTpacT Me)l(,IJ,y
HCTHHHbIM H,IJ,earroM If ,IJ,eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTbIO B 3TOM rny6oKOM l1 o606llleHHOM nrraHe nepeHOCHTC5I H3 paMOK OT,IJ,eJibHOH IlOBeCTH B KOHTeKCT Bcero UHKJia.
Cxo,D,HblM o6pa30M IlOCTpOeHa KOHUOBKa «MattCKOH HOqlf», XOT51
KOHTpaCTHbie ITJiaHhl B Hen He pa3BepHyTbl CTOJib ITO,D,p06HO (CM.:
I, 180).
3
<l>oMe fpHropbeBHqy rrprrna,IJ,Jie)l(aT B IJ,HKrre TPH rrosecTH: «Beqep
HaKattyHe I1BaHa KynaJia», «IlporraBilla5! rpaMOTa» H «3aKOJI,IJ,OBaHHoe
MeCTO». I1x CB5!3b ,D,pyr c ,D,pyroM, H npe)l(,IJ,e Beem HX )l(aHpOBOe e,IJ,HHCTBO, OTMe<JeHbI 06ll.(HM ,IJ,JIH HHX IIO,IJ,3arorroBKOM -
«Ehrnh, paccKa-
3aHHaH ,Il,b5I'IKOM ***CKOH uepKBH» .
385
J1cmopuR u KYflbmypa. BbtnYCK 15 (15)
YKa3am1e Ha «6hIJib)) 3.[(eCb He cnrraiiHO . Ilo onpe.n:eneHHlO
B. 5I. Ilporrrra, «6hrnH», HJIH «6hIJIH'IKH», «6hrnaJihIJJ,HHhI», - <OTO
paccKa3hI, 0Tpa)!(aIOm11e Hapo.rt:HYIO .n:eM0Honorn10. B 6onhIIIHHCTBe
CJiyLiaes 3TO paCCKa3hl CTpaII1Hbie: 0 JieIIIHX, pycaJIKax, ,11,0MOBbJX, MepTseuax, np11sH,neH11Hx, 3aKJJ5!ThIX Kna,nax HT. ,n. Y)j(e Ha3BaHHe 11x rosopHT 0 TOM , l.!TO B HHX sep5!T. C10,na OTHOC5!TC5! TaK)!(e paCCKa3bl 0 qep-
[31]. KaK
B. IloMepami:esa, «6hIJIHYKa scer,na HOCHT xapaKTep cs11ne -
rnx, 06 o6opoTH5!X, se.rt:hMax, Kon,nyHax, 3HaxapHx H T. n.»
IIHweT 3.
TeJihCKoro rroKa3aHH5!: paccKa3LIHK JIH6o coo6maeT o rrepe)!(HTOM HM
caMHM cnyYae, JIH6o CCbrnaeTC5! Ha aBTOpHTeT Toro n111.i:a, OT KOToporo
OH 06 3TOM cnyyae CJihiwan
< ... > Csoeo6pa3HhIM "nHp11qecKHM repo-
eM" 6b1JJ11qK11 HBJl5!eTc5! "cs11.n:eTenh", H o6pa3 3Toro cs11,neren5!, ero
sepa B IJ,OCTOBepHOCTb paCCKa3bIBaeMoro, ero noTp5!CeHHOCTh BCTpeqeii c cymecTsaM11 noTycropoHHero MHpa scer.n:a B Hei1 HaJIHLiecrsyeT
He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, paCCKa3bIBaeTC5! JlH OHa OT rrepsoro JIHUa HJIH
5!BJI5!eTC5! rrepeJio)!(eHHeM paccKa3a coce.n:a, oTua, .n:ena»
[30, c. 22].
HMeHHO TaKHM rrosecrnosareneM rrpe,ncTasneH <l>oMa fp11ropheBJ1q. Ero peqh nocTpoeHa Ha xapaKTepHhIX np11eMax 6brnesoro paccKa3a. OH 6e3yCJIOBHO sepHT B HCTHHHOCTh CJib!lllaHHh!X 11M I1CTOp11i1 I1
B II0,11,TBep)!(P,eHHe HX .[(OCTOBepHOCTH CCb!JiaeTC5! Ha aBTOpHTeT nena:
«Ho rnaBHOe B paCCKa3ax nena 6h1Jl0 TO, l.!TO B )l(H3Hb CBOIO OH HMKOr,na
He
nran , I1
l.!TO, 6brnano, HH CKa)!(eT, TO HMeHHO TaK H 6hIJI0))
(I, 138).
3TOT 11 6JIH3KHe eMy MOTHBhl noBTOp5!10TC5! B pe4H <l>OMhl fpHropbeBHqa HeO.[(HOKpaTHO BMeCTe c ysepeHJ15!MH B npaBP,HBOCTl1 pacCKa3bIBaeMh!X HCTOpHH, YaCTOH aneJJJ15!QHei1 K aBTOpHTeTy .n:e,na, 6o)!(60i1 c xapaKTepHbIM ,nn51 Hee corrposO)!(.[(eH11eM , THna: «L(e.n: MOM (uapcTso eMy
tte6ecHoe! l.!T06 eMy Ha TOM CBeTe eJJHCh 0,11,HH TOJihKO 6yxaHUH nllleHHl.jHbie, na MaKOBHHKH B Me,ny) YMeJl l.fYP,HO paCCKa3bIBaTb»
(I, 138). 15 *
IloBTOp5!10TC5! H THIIHl.jHbie Ll,JI51 «6bIJIJ1)) <l>opMyJihI: «KaK Terrepb noMHIO -
noKoi1Ha5! crnpyxa, MaTh MOH, 6brna eIJJ,e )!(J1Ba
< ...»> (I, 138);
(I, 150); «Pa3, - HY BOT, rrpaso , KaK
< ... »> (I, 310). 3a TaKOro pon,a « npHIIOMHHa-
«'ho 6hIJl0 ,nanee, He BCIIOMHIO»
6yn,rn Tenepr:, CJIY4HJIOCh
HH5!MH)) 06hil.jH0 cne.n:yeT H3JIO)!(eHHe .n:eranei1 , YTOl.fH5!IOIUI1X MeCTO,
speM5!, o6crnHOBKY ,nei1crn1151 H xapaKrepI13ylOIJJ,Hx ero oqestt,nues 11n11
386
A. B.
CaJ11blutKUHa.
K
npo6J1 eMe 2 0 20J1eecK020 cjJOJ1bKJ10pU3JWG
y'laCTHHKOB. Coo6ru_a51, Hanp11Mep, o TeTKe )le)la s «Beqepe HaKattyHe
HsaHa Kynana», <DoMa f'p11ropheB1111 scnoMHHaeT, YTO ee IIIl1HOK Haxo)lHJIC51 «TIO Hhrneurnefl 0TIOWH5IHCKOH )lOpore». I10)l06Hhie CBe)leHl151
OH np11BO)lHT 0 caMOM xyTope , B KOTOpOM <<npOH30WJil1 He06bIKHOBeHHble co6hITH51». To )Ke B «I1ponasIIIett rpaMoTe» 11 «3aKOJI)lOBaHHOM
MeCTe».
XapaKTepHhie )lJI51 «6hrn11» cj:>opMynbI 11 rrpueMhI 11cnOJib3YIOTC51
B np5IMOM CBOeM Ha3HaYeHHH: OHl1 TIO)lTBep)]()laIOT )lOCTOBepHOCTb
paccKa3a. Bee rroBecTBOBaH11e ocHoBaHo Ha 3TOM )Ke rrp11H111me. Ho
oco6eHHO TIOI<a3aTeJibHbJ B )laHHOM cnyyae HaqaJia BCex TIOBeCTeH,
np11Ha)lJi e)Karu_11x <DoMe f'p11ropbeBH'JY. l1MeHHO s ttaYanax 11 cocpe)loTO'leHhI, no npe11MymecTsy, YKa3aHHbJe BbIIlle TpaL11111110HHb1e )lJI51
«6bIJil1» MOTl1Bbl. B «Beqepe HaKaHyHe l1BaHa Kynana» paccKa3bIBaeTC51 0 xyTope, KaKHM OH 6bIJI «JieT -
KY)lbI! 6onee qeM 3a CTO» 11 0 TOM,
'ITO TaM )Ke «6brna 11epKOBb, YYTb JIH eme, KaK BCnOMHlO , He CB5ITOro
I1aHTeJie51 . )K11n rnma np11 Hdi 11epett, 611a)f(eHHOH naM5ITH OTel] Acj:>aHaCHH»
(I , 139, 140).
B «I1ponaswefl rpaMoTe» TaKOtt )Ke CMhICJI HMe-
eT coo6meH11e <DoMbI f'p11rophes11qa o Heo6b1'1HOH no TeM speMeHaM
o6pa3oBaHHocrn )le)la (cM . :
)lOBaHHOM MeCTe» -
I, l 82), as
noCJie)lHett «6brntt» -
«3aKOJI-
3TOH l]eJIH cJiy)KaT BOC TI OMHHaHH51 paCCKa3'IHKa
06 O)lHOM 113 3nH30)lOB csoero )leTcrna (cM .:
I, 309).
Xorn Haqa11a Bcex noBecTett nocTpoeHbl s cpopMe o6bJ'IHhlX L\1151
«6bIJIJ1)) BCTyrr11eHHH, caMl1 HCTOpH11 <DOMbl f'p11ropbeB11'1a He opHeHTHpOBaHbl HCKl1JOq11TeJihHO Ha «6hIJib)) KaK orrpe)lel1eHHbltt )KaHp HapO)lHOH np03bI. B ux CTPYKTYPY f'oronh np11sttoc11T MOTl1BhI, l1H6o
BbJXO)l5Iru_11e
3a rrpe)leJihI
co6cTBeHHO
«6b1mm, 111160
soo6me
efl
He np11Ha)l11e)KaLQ11e .
TaK, 3aB513Ka CJO)KeTa B «Beqepe HaKaHyHe l1BaHa Kyna11a» HanoMHHaeT 0 BOJIIIIe6HOH CI<a3Ke. IleTp Ee3pO)lHbIH, 6aTpaK, Ha)leJieH
BHeWHOCTblO 11 )lOCTOHHCTBaMH CKa30qHoro repo5111 JI10611T Kpacas1111y
I111)lOpKy, )lOYb CBOero X035IHHa. CKa30qHoMy KaHOHY COOTBeTCTBYIOT:
n051Bl1eHHe qepTa, BbJCTynaIOmero B po1111 IIOMOlil_HHI<a; npen5ITCTBHe
H ycTpaHeHtte rrp en5ITCTBl151 K 6paI<y; csa)le6ttoe n11pwecrno . l105IBJI5ll0lila5lc5! 3)lech Be)lbMa Ta!O](e xapaKTep113yeTC5I B CKa30'IHOM )lyxe,
387
11cmopwi u KYJ1bmypa. BbwycK 15 (15)
11MeeTC51 )l,a)l(e ee Tl1IlH11HhIH aTp116yT: ((1136ynIKa, KaK rosop11TC51, Ha
Kyph11X HO)l(Kax»
KY -
(I, 145).
IlpeBpal.J..(eH11e ee B qepHylO co6aKy 11 KOIII-
MOTl1B, XOT51 11 He 11CKJII01111TeJibHO, HO TO)l(e BCTpe11a10l.J..(l1HC5!
B CKa3Ke.
0)],HaKO He Bee CIO)l(eTHhJe MOTl1Bhl IlOBeCTl1 BOCXO,ll,5IT K CKa3Ke:
,ll,ettCTB11e He 3aKaH11HBaeTC51 secenoii csa,IJ,b6oi1 , 11 IleTp Be,ll,eT ce651
He TOJihKO KaK CKa3011Hh1tt repott .
B
oco6eHHOCTl1 TpaKTOBKa Eacaspio-
Ka BhIXO,ll,11T 3a CKa3011Hhie rpaH11U:hI , B KOTOpbIX l.!epT 06hI11HO 33MeH51eT
11106oro ,ll,pyroro BOJIIIIe6Horo noMOl.J..(HHKa [ cp.:
756B].
3, NQ 360, 361 , 362,
CKa3Ke 113BecTHa (11 6011ee B Hett pacnpocTPaHeHa) TpaKTOBKa
l.!epTa KaK MeJIKOro nnyTa, Bpe,ll,11TeAA, o6M3Hl.J..(11Ka, B KOHUe KOHUOB
HaKa3brnaeMoro H n ocpaM115IeMoro JIOBKHM 11 y,ll,a111111BhIM repoeM . 16 *
EacaspioK )Ke -
«,ll,h51BOJI B qe110Be'leCKOM o6pa3e»
(I, 139), cTpaIIIHhttt
11 KOBapHhitt 11cKyc11Te11h, « Bpar Xp11cTosoH. uepKB11 H scero qe110Be11ecKoro po,ll,a»
(I, 140). TaKa51 TpaKTOBKa 6JIH3Ka y)l(e
HapO,ll,HbJM paCCKa33M -
He CKa3Ke, a ,ll,pyrnM
nereH)l,e, arroKpHcpy, rrpe,ll,aHHlO 11 TOi1 )Ke
« 6hrn11».17* ,[(pyrHe MOTHBhI, CB5133HHhl e c EacaBplOKOM, -
qepToB-
CKHe rro,ll,apK11 , rro11cK11 KJia,ll,a, useTeHHe rranopOTH11Ka B KyrraJihCKYIO
HO"lh, o6MOpOL!Hhltt COH , ,ll,h5IBOJibCKOe HaB3)1(,ll,eH11e, )l,eHhrl1, rrpespal.J..(a10m11ec51 s 611Th1e qeperrKM, )!{eHHhIX B rrpe,ll,3Hl151X 11 6bIJI51X .
18
11,ll,yT OT Hapo,ll,HhIX nosep11i1, oTpa*
He BCe B CIO)l(eTe IlOBeCTl1 BOCXO,ll,11T TOJlhKO K 3Ill111eCKl1M )!(3Hp3M
cpoJihKJIOpa. EcTb 3)],eCh MOTH Bbl Hapo,ll,HbIX rreceH H yKpa11HCKOro BepTena . )Ka1106h1 IleTpyc51 11 IlH,ll,OpK11 Ha CBOIO cy,ll,h6y 51BJI51lOTC51 rrepe JIO)!(eH11eM H3BeCTHhIX Hapo,ll,HbI X yKpa11HCK11x neceH ,
19
* a B HeKOTO-
pbIX ,IJ,ettcTBH51X Kop)!{a y3HaeTc51 sepTenHhIH repoti (cM .:
I, 142).
Eme
011eBH)l,Hee COOTBeTCTByeT sepTeilHOH Tpa,ll,11UH11 BHeIIIHOCTh nom1Ka,
O,ll,HOro 113 IlOITYJI5IpHbIX C3T11pH11eCKHX nepcoHa)!{eH yKpaHHCKHX HHTepMe)l,HH (cM .:
I , 142). 20 *
AHaJIOrH"IHOe COBMel.J..(eHHe pa3 HOp0,ll,HbIX cpoJibKJIOpHbIX MOTHBOB
o6Hapy)l(HBaeTC51 11 B ,ll,BYX ,ll,pyrnx IlOBecrnx .
3aBH3Ka )l,ei1CTBl151 «I1porraBIIJett rpaMOTbI» HailOMHHaeT HCKOHHO
3IIl111eCKHH MOTl1B -
c6ophl 11 OT rrpaBKY repo51 B )l,aJibHIOIO ,ll,Opory.
,[(e)l, <l>OMbl I'p11ropbeB11'-!3 Ha,ll,eJieH 6oraTb!pCKOH CHJI OH : « I10KOHHhlH
388
A. B . CaMbl!UlfUHa. K npo6J1eMe zozoJ1eecµ;o20 ¢0J1blfJ10pu3.1wa
JJ,e)J, 6hIJI qeJJOBeK He TO q To6bJ 113 TpycJJHBOro JJ,eCHTKa; 6E,rnano , BCTpenn BOJJ Ka, TaK H xsaTaeT rrpHMO 3a XBOCT; rrpoi1:.JJ,eT c KyJJaKaMH rrpoMe)K K03aKaM11 , -
see, KaK rpywH , rrosaJJHTCH Ha 3eMJJIO»
3ITl130)J,bl c 3arropO)KII,eM qecKHX cueHOK -
(I , 186).
Ho
H3 JJl06JJeHHhIM repoeM yKpaHHCKHX KOMH-
HOC5!T sepTeITHblH xapaKTep : «fyJJHKa, H ITO JIHUY
BHJJ,Ho! KpacHbJe KaK )Kap waposapb1 , CHHHH )KyrraH , »pKott useTHOtt
rro»c , npH 6oKy ca6JJ5! 11 JJIOJJhKa c Me)l.HOIO II,erroqKolO no caM&Ie
21
3anopo)Kell, JJ,a H TOJlbKO!» (I, 182-183).
MOTHBbl y.JJ,anoro
*
TIHTbl -
TaHUa , 6ecrna6aurnoi1: JIHXOCTH, 3anpo)l.aHHOH qepTy JJ,YWH H yTaCKHsaHH5! 3 anopO)KII,a B neKJJO TalOKe COOTBeTCTBYlOT sepTerTHOtt Tpa.JJ,HU11H (ttMeHHO IT05!BJJeHHeM
qepTa, yttoc»mero rpewHttKa s neKJJO,
2
3a KaH411sa11ttch MHOrHe cueHhl sepTena) . 2* Harrponrn, ttapo.JJ,HhIM nosepH»M npHHa)J,JJe)KaT MOTHBbl 6eCOBCKOH MOpOKH BO speM5! ttrpbl repoH B KapTbI c se.JJ,bMaM11 («"B11wb, 6ecosCKoe o6Mopa'mBaHbe!" -
CKa3aJJ JJ,e.JJ, ... » -
I, 189),
npHcTpacTHH He'IttCTOtt CHJJbI K JJ,eH&raM
(«Tb1 nottHMaernh, 3TO JJ,o6po H JJ, bHBOJJhI , H JIIO)l.H 11106»T» -
I, 186),
a TalOKe caMa Kapnrna neKJia . I1 HaKoHeII,, K xpHCTHaHCKOtt 11ereH)l.e
OTCbIJiaeT MOTHB noe3)J,KH repoH Ha qepTe .
23
* HeKOTOpble
113 nepe'IH-
CJieHHblX MOTHBOB (HO He TOJibKO OHH) CBH3aHbJ H co CKa3KOH : rryTerneCTBHe B npeHCIJO)l,HlOI0,
24
* CKa30lfHbJH nee ( « CTaHeT Te6H
TepHOBHHK
II,aparraTb, rycTOH opeWHHK 3aCJI OHHTb JJ,Opory Tbl BCe H)l.H» I, 186), Hrpbl c He4HCTOH CHJJOH B KapTbI. 25 I1MeHHO B CKa3oqHott Ma-
*
Hepe 06p11cosatta 3.JJ,ecb uapuua
B
(I, 191 ).
« 3aKOJI)l,OBaHHOM MeCTe» COCTaB ClO)Ken1bIX MOTHBOB Mettee
necTp B cpasHeHHH c nepBblMH noseCTHMH, HO B )KaHpOBOM OT HOWeHHH OH TO)Ke HeOJJ,HOpo.JJ,eH . OcHOBHmI JJHHI151. ClO)KeTa BOCXO)J, HT K npeJJ,aHH5!M 11 CKa3KaM 0 KJJ a.JJ,ax .
26
* Ho eCJJH YepT l1 COOTHeCeHHbJe c
HHM
MOTHBbl 6JJH3KH CKa3Ke, TO JJ,e)l., He TOJlbKO O)l.ypa'IeHHb!H qepTOM, HO 11
o6JJl1Tbltt IlOMOHMH, OCMeHHHbJH , po.JJ,CTBeH KOMMqecKHM nepcoHa)KaM
HapOJJ,HblX aHeK)J,OTOB, cjJapcOBbIX cueHOK. 27*
KaK BH)l,HM, CIO)KeTbJ scex Tpex nosecTett ITO CBOl1M HCTO'-IHHKaM
HBHO w11pe scTynnetttttt, optteHTHposaHHhIX Ha «6hIJib». CMeweH11e pa3HOpOJJ,HhIX cj.lOJihKJJOpHbIX MOTHBOB, xorn H YKa3brnaeT Ha cj.loJJbKJJOpttylO
389
H cmopUfl u Kynbmypa. Bbl11ycK
15 (15)
OCHOBY rroseCTBOBaHIDI, HO B TaKOM COYeTaHHl1 He BCTpeciaeTC51 Hl1 B o.nHOM 113 cj:>OJlhKJIOpHblX )KaHpos.
3Ta OTJlHYiiTeJTbHa51 OC06eHHOCTb «6hIJTeH» <DOMbl I'pHrOpbeBl11.!a
xapaKTep113yeT rrpe)K)],e scero C03HaH11e caMoro paccKa3Yl1Ka, rrocKOJTbKy ClD)!(eTHhJe MOTHBbl H CHTyau,11H BKJTlD'leHbl Bero pe'lh, nepe)],alDTC51
i.iepe3 ero socnpm1n1e. EcJJ11 <<naH11Y» OKa3hIBaeTc51 s noJIO)!(eH1111 CTOpoHHero Ha6JTIO)],aTeJJ51 rro OTHomeH11IO K M11py .U11KaHbKl1, o KOTopoM
OH rrosecTsyeT, TO B 11CTOp1151X (()],b51 YKa ***cKOH uepKBH» '.)TOT )Ke MHp
ocsew,eH H3HyTp11. BceMy, 0 'leM paCCKa3bIBaeT <DoMa rp11ropheBl1'l,
6y)].h TO on11catt11e repo51, co6nn115!, rreif3a)Ka 111111 o6cTaHOBKl1 )],ei1cTBl151, OH HaXO)],HT 6JJl13Kl1e ero cJiywaTeJT51M COOTBeTCTBl151 B 51BJieHIDIX 11
cj:>aKTax 11x co6crneHHoj::r rrosce)],HesHoi1 )Kl13Hl1. B « Beciepe ttaKattyHe
HsaHa Kyrrana» , rosop51 o KpacoTe I111)].opK11, paccKa3'll1K rrp116eraeT
K TaKOMY cpaBHeH11lD: <« ... > 6poBH CJlOBHO YepHhie urnypo'IKl1, KaK11e
rroKynalDT Teneph )],Jl51 KpecTOs 11 )].yKaTOB )],esymK11 ttaurn y rrpoxo)],51llJHX no ceJJaM c KOpo6KaMl1 MOCKaJTeH
< ...» >(I, 141).
3Tl1M )Ke crro-
co6oM rrepe)].aeTC51 H cocT05!H11e IIeTpyc51: «51 )].yMalD, KYPhI TaK He )],O)!(H)],alDTC51 TOH rropbl, KOr)],a 6a6a BbIHeceT HM xne6HhIX 3ep eH, KaK
)],O)!(H)],aJJc51 IIeTpycn seYepa»
(I, 143). TaKoro po)].a 6b1TOBh1e aHaJiorn11
Jle)KaT B OCHOBe 60JTbllIHHCTBa on11caH11i1, rrp11Ha)],Jie)Kall.l,l1X <DoMe
I'p11ropneBl1'ly, B TOM YHCJle H neJ:i3a)KHblX, HaIIpHMep B « fiponasruett
rpaMoTe» : <« . .. > no nomo rrecTpeJI11 HHBhI, 'ITO npa3)],HH'lHb1e nnaxThI
YepHo6pOBbJX MOJI0)],11I.I,))
(I, 183; CM. TaK)!(e: I, 149, 186). Bee 3TO CBl1-
)],eTeJlhCTByeT 0 TOM , 'ITO CKa3 <DOMbl fp11ropbeB11Ya opHettTHpOBaH Ha
ycTHY!O Tpa)],11I.l,11!{) -
no KOHTpaCTy c KHl1)!(HOH pe'lh!O <<naHH'la», )],]]51
KOTOpOH xapaKTepHhI, KaK 6hIJTO llOKa3aHO paHhllie, ycJJOBHO-pOMaHTl1lJeCKl1e unaMnh1.
0)],HaKO rrpOTl1BOIIOCTaBJleHHe )],BYX Tl1ITOB CKa3a o6Hapy)!(l1BaeT
H )].pyrot! Ba)!(HhIH MOMeHT B COOTHecemm «CopOYHHCKOH 51pMapK11»
11 «MattCKOH HOlJl1)) c «6hIJI51M11)) <DoMhl rp11ropheBl1'la . CKB03b yrrOMl1HaeMbJe )],h51KOM np11MeTbl llOBCe)],HeBHOro 6hJTa .U11KaHhKH 'll1TaTeJll{)
BH)],Hhl csoeo6pa3H1>1e YepTbI ttau,110Han1>Hoi1 yKpaHHCKOH )Kl1.3Hl1. OH11
C03ByYHbl p51)].Y aHaJIOnt'lHbJX Hal.\HOHaJTbHhIX rrpHMeT B «CopO'll1HCKOH 51pMapKe» 11 «Mat!cKot! HO'lH». Ho ecn11 s rrosecT51X «IIaH11cia»
390
A. B. CaJWb/.tuKww. K npo6n e.Me 2020neecK020 ¢onbK!lopu3Ma
e11MBOJil1LfeCKoe oeMbien e m te yKparrHeKoro 6hITa He eB5I3aHO e paeeKa3LIHKOM, qy)K,L(bIM Hau110HaJibHOH Tpa,L\Hl.(1111, H rrp11Ha,L(Jie)Kl1T aBTopy,
TO B «6hlJ151X» <l>OMbl fprrropbeBHLfa Bbipa311TeJieM aBTOp eKOH IT0311IIl111
eTaHOBl1Te51 eaM paeeKa3YMK. B ero rr0Beern0Bam111 eoBMel.l.(aIOTeH yepThl ,L(aJieKoro nponrnoro YKpa11HbI («neT -
KY.L\bI! 6onee LfeM 3a CTO»)
c ee HaeT051!.l.(MM . .IJ:n51 <l>oMbI fp11ropneB11Ya rrponrnoe eTOJih )Ke peanbHO, KaK H COBpeMeHHOCTb, ITOCKOJibKY OH KpOBHO eB513aH c MMpOM CBOHX
npa,L\e,[\OB 11 ,[\e,[\OB, HaCJie,L\yeT MX (()KHBYfO .L\YIIIY», BeCb uenOCTHblH
CTpOH HapOJlHbIX oueHOK rr npe,L\eTaBJieHl1H, 3a11eYaTJieHHblX B cPOJJbKJIOpe B rrx nepB03,[\aHHOM, ,[\eTCKl1 rrpOCTOJlYIIIHOM 11 YMCTOM 811,L(e. M11p
ttaurroHaJJbHOH CTap11HbI BO BeeM ero HeJ10BTOp11MOM csoeo6pa31111
,L\OJJ)KeH CJ1Y)Kl1Tb, no MHeHl1fO paeCKa3qJ1Ka, a 3,[\eeb 11 aBTOpa, Ba)l(HblM
ypOKOM Hb!HeUIHeMy 110KOJ1eHl1lO, yTpaqtrnafOI.l.(eMy HpaBeTBeHHyfO eB5I3b
c 11eTop11qecK11M rrpOWJ1bIM Hapo,L\a.
I1MeHHO ITOTOMy, YTO foronb ,[\eJiaeT <l>oMy fp11ropbeB11Ya xpaHl1Te neM 11eTop11qeeKOH naM51Tl1 Hapo,L\a, B ero «6bIJ1I1)) BKJIIOqeHbl caMbie
pa3HOpO.L\Hbie cponbKJJOpHbie MOTl1BbI, Hecynr11e B ee6e 11p113HaKrr HapO,L\HOH TI033 1111 KaK TaKOBOH.
Ilptt 3TOM He yTpaYHBaeTC51 11 csoeo6pa3rre )KaHpa. obrneBOH np11Hu11n n oseCTBOBaHH51, qeTKO o603HaqeHHbl H B Haqanax IIOBeCTeH, BHOBb
Bbl,L\BHHYT Ha rrepBblH J1JiaH B HX KOHUOBKax. 3,L(eCb c IIOMOI.l.(b!O cponbKnopHbIX epe,L\eTB eme pa3 yrnep)K,L(aeTeH JlOCTOBepHOeTb paceKa30B.
B
«Beqepe HaKaHyHe I1Batta Kyrrana», 3aKOH411B nosecTBOBaHHe
0 IleTpe 11 Ilrr,L\OpKe, <l>oMa fp11ropheBHY HeO)KH,L(aHHO 3a5IBJ151eT: «Ilo3BOJ1bTe, 3Tl1M ewe He Bee KOH411J10eb» . 3aTeM ene,L(yeT 113J10)KeHHe ,L\11 KOBHHHbIX co6bITHH : 0)1(11BaeT )KapeHbIH 6apaH, 11 «Bee TOTYaC Y3HaJ111
Ha 6apaHhel1 ronoBe po)Ky EacaBpIOKa»; qapKa n oKJIOH11nacb B noHc
uepKOBHOMY CTapocTe, a orpOMHa51 .um1<a BbHipblrHYJia 113 TeCTa 11 ,
«IIO,U60YeHMBWl1eb Ba)KHO, rryeTHJiaCb B rrpHC51JlKY no BCeH xaTe»
(I, 151 ). 3rn
co6bITl151 HerrpaB,L(OITO}l06Hbl ,UO 6eeCMbICJI11Ubl , HO OHH
He cnyLfaHHO HaIIOMl1 HalOT 06 orrpe,L\eJJeHHOH pa3HOBH,L\HOCTl1 CKa30K -
11MeHHO 0 <<He6hlJ1HUaX», rroBeCTBYIOIIIHX «rrpo ,L\HKOBHHKH
pa3Hhie 11 rrpo qy.ua».
28
* Ilo,L(YepKHYThI H anorn3M «He6brn11u» o6brYHO
paCCYHTaH Ha KOMl1YeCKHH 3 cp<PeKT. I1 <l>oMa fp11ropbeBHY , KaK 6hl
391
H cmopim u K)lllbmypa. Bbtn)ICK 15 (15)
Y'H1ThIBa51 :no, rrpe;::i:yrrpe)K.z:i:aeT cnywaTenett : « CMei1Tech; o;::i:HaKo
)!(
He .no CMexa 6bIJIO HaW11M ;::i:e;::i:aM» . PacCKa3'-IHK HaCT aHBaeT Ha rro.z:i:mrnHOCHI Toro, '-!TO npe;::i:cTaBJI5IeTC51. COBCeM ttesep05ITHblM. ITptt '.H OM
ero pe'-!b CIIJIOWb COCTOHT 113 Tpa;::i:m.u10HHblX cpopMyJI, CBOHCTBeHHblX
He «He6bIJIHUaM», a KaK pa3 «6bJJI51.M». Ott BHOBb CCbJJiaeTC51 Ha O'-!eBH,[(UeB caMhlX aBTOpHTeTHblX H ysa)l(aeMbIX -
« '-leCTHbIX CTapwHH))
cena; OH o6pamaeT BHHMaHHe Ha TO , 'lTO 0)l(J1BIIIHH 6apaH c po)l(ett
EacaspIOKa n0Mepem11nca «eme 6h1 HH'-lero , ecm1 6h1 o;::i:HoMy, a TO
HMeHHO BCeM»
(1, 151 ). 3 .nech H ;::i:anee OH BHOBb aneJIJittpyeT K asTOp11-
TeTHOCTl1 o6mero MHeHH51, K CBH,[(eTeJibCTBY 6JIH3KHX po;::i:cTBeHHHKOB,
TeM caMbIM -
peanhHbIX n11u: .z:i: e.z:i:a 11 ero TeTKH. Uenb TaKttx 3a51s-
JieH11tt 51Ctta: eCJIH ~ 3TH cosepUieHHO Hesep051.THbie IIpOHCUieCTBmI
;::i:ettCTBHTeJihHO 6hJJIH , TO TeM 6on ee ,ll,OCTOBepHO see npe,ll,hl,LJ,YIUee.
B C03HaHHl1 pacCKa3'-IHKa IIpOTHBOpe'-IHH HeT : OH OT tta'-!aJia
H .no KOHl]a
septtT sceMy, o '-!eM rosop11T. Ilo3TOMY «He6hrn11ua» y ttero 06opaq11saeTca «6hJJihIO». Ey;::i:yq11 ,LJ,HKOBHHKOH, otta, B cyIUHOCT H, He '-!TO 11Hoe,
KaK 3Jia51 11 HaCMelIIJI11Ba51 npo;::i:enKa YepTa ttaTb ero, co6a'-lbero ChIHa»
(I, 152), -
KOToporo paccKa3'-IHK He COMHesaeTC5!.
<<HeYero 6bl H BCflOMH-
s peanbHOM cyiuecrnosaH1111
29
*
TaKOH )Ke CMhlCJI HMeIOT KOHUOBKH ;::i:pyrnx « 6brnett» .
B
«3aKOJI-
;::i:osaHHOM MeCTe», HarrpHMep, MOTHBbl Ha'-!aJia l1 KOHl]a rrp51MO nepeKJIHKaIOTC51. Yrnep)l(;::i:ett11e Cl>OMbI fpttropheswm: « 3axo'-leT o6Mopo'-111Tb ,[(b51BOJibCKa5! CHJia, TO o6Mop0'-111T
< ... »> (I, 309) -
npe;::i:sap51eT
paCCKa3, H 3T HM )Ke YTBep)K;::i:ettHeM, HO y)Ke KaK HTOroM BCett «HCTOpHH» , « 6bIJib)) 3aKaHYHBaeTC51 : « TaK BOT KaK MOpOYHT HeYHCTa5! CHJia
YeJIOBeKa!»
(I, 316).
IloBTOp B KOHUOBKax scex rrosecTeH Tpa,ll,HUHOHHblX ,ll,JUI 6bJJIH
MOTHBOB He TOJibKO C03,LJ,aeT BITe'-!aTJleHHe y6e)l(,LJ,eHHOCTH Cl>OMbl fpHrophes11qa B .z:i:ocTosepttocT11 csoero p a ccKm a , HO, o6paMJI5151 ero, rrp11.z:i:aeT eMy )l(attposy10 uenoCTHOCTh . Enaro;::i:ap51 3 TOMY 11 nepcoHa)l(H,
H cnoco6bl HX xapaKT epHCTHKH , H CJO)l(eTH bJe CHTy au,1111, BOCX0,[(5!lll,He
K pa3JIHYHbIM cpOJibKJJ OpHblM )l(aHpaM , y Tpa YHBalOT CBOIO )l(attpOBYIO
p m Hopo,LJ,HOCTh 11, B cseTe e;::i:1rnoro 6 brne soro c Ka 3a, npe;::i:c T aIOT KaK
0,[(HOpO.ll:Hbie, CB513aHHhie ITO cyiuecrny.
392
A. B.
CGMblutKUHa.
K
npo6;uwe 2020J1eecK020 ¢o!lbK!lOpU3Ma
4
«ObJJil1» <!>OMbl rp11ropbeBM1Ia B COCTaBe U11KJia «Be4epOB» 3aBepIllaIOT Ha'laTyIO roroneM B «Ilpe,1:\11CJIOBl111» K c6opH11KY TeMy L\Byx rrpoTHBOCT0511.ll,11X L\pyr L\pyry C03HaHHH H COOTBeTCTBYIOW,11X 11M Il03Tl14eCKHX TpaL\HUHH -
KHl1)KHOH 11 HapOL\HOH. 3TO Il0):\4epK11BaeTC51 BO
scTyrrneH11tt, KOTOpoe PyL\hIH ITatthKO npe,1:\nocLrnaeT nepBoH «6hJJitt»
J:\h514Ka -
«Be4epy HaKattyHe IIBatta Kynana». 0Ho rrepeKnttKaeTC51
c «Ilpe,1:\11CJIOBl1eM» 11 51BJI51eTC51 TeMaTl1'leCKOH paMKOH Bcex l1CTOp11tt
<!>OMbl fp11ropbeB11qa. I1aCl14Hl1K HaOOMl1HaeT 3,1:\eCb 411TaTeJIIO 0 TOM,
4TO nosecTb «Beqep HaKattyHe HsaHa Kyrrana» 6hrna y)f(e orry6n11KoBaHa:
<« ...>
0):\11H 113 Tex rocn0,1:\ -
11 Ha3BaTh 11X -
HaM npOCTblM JII0):\51M MyL\peHO
n11caK11 0Hl1, He n11caK11, a BOT TO caMoe, 4TO 6apblill-
H11Kl1 Ha Hallll1X 51pMapKax
< ...>
0,1:\11H 113 3Tl1X rocIIO):\ 11 BhIMaHl1JI
y <!>OMbl fp11ropbeB11qa 3TY CaMyIO HCTOp11IO, a OH BOBCe 11 II03a6bIJI
o Hett»
(I, 13 7).
Pe3KHH
BbIIIaL\
npOTHB
«rocrro,1:\ n11TeparypHbIX
6apbIIllHHKOB»
(B 0.[(HOM p51.D:Y c KOTOpbIMH OKa3bTBaeTC51 11 «IIaHl14 B ropoxOBOM KacpTaHe», rrp11Be3WHH <!>oMe fp11ropbeBl14Y 3TY rry6nttKaUHIO) HMeeT oco6bJH CMblCJI. 3,1:\eCh C0,1:\ep)f(HTC51 HaMeK Ha BIIOJIHe peaJibHhIH cpaKT rrpaBKY IT.
CB11HbHHhIM, pe,1:\aKTOpOM
«0Te4eCTBeHHhIX 3arr11coK»,
IIOBeCTH rorOJI51 rrpH ee rrepBOM )KypHaJibHOH rry6nHKaUHH B
ro,[\y.
30
1830
* I1MeHHO TaK 513BHTeJibHYIO HaCMeWKY rraCl14Hl1Ka BOCITpHH51JI
0 . CoMOB (K TOMY speMeH11 y)f(e xopowo 3HaBWHH rr11caTen51) 11 np11Ben
ee B CBOeH peu,eH3HH KaK 6JieCT511.ll,HH o6pa3eU roroJieBCKOH rroneMHKH:
« ITaCH'lHHK, 51 CJlbilllaJI, qeJIOBeK BCer,[\a rOTOBbIH BbICKa3aTb caMbie
pe3KHe HCTHHbI, .ua eme H 513blKOM ManopOCCHHCKOro rrp51MOL\YlllH51.
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IIOBeCTH
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Ha
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rrptteM roroJib II0):\4HH51eT XYL\O)!(eCTBeHHOMY 3 a,[\aHl1IO. He cnyqaHHO
11MeHHO rraCH'lHHK H <l>OMa fp11ropheBl14 06Cy)K):\aIOT HaITe'laTaHHYIO
IIOBeCTb H HaCMelllJIHBO OTHOC51TC51 K ee rry6nttKaTopaM. ITaCH4Hl1K
cy):\HT 0 HHX c TOL[KH 3peHJ151 HapOL\HOro co6HpaTeJI51 H H3.[(aTeJI51, a <!>oMa
fpnropbeBH'l
He HaXO.[(HT B IIOBeCTH HH'lero IIOXO)Kero Ha
CBOH
393
Jfcmopu.R u Kynbmypa. BbmycK 15
(15)
pacCKa.3: «"IlocToi1Te! HanepeLl cKa)l(J1Te MHe, l.fTO 3TO Bbl 1nnaeTe?"
< ...> -
"KaK, l.fTO •una10, <l>oMa fpHropLesw1? sawy 6Lrnh, sawH co6-
CTBeHHbie cnosa". -
"KTo BaM CKa.3aJI, l.fTO 3TO MOH cnosa?" -
",n:a
qero JTYl.fWe, TYT H Hanel.faTaHo: paccKmaHHaR maKUM-mo ObRl./KOJ111". "Ilmoi1Te
)!(
6pew.e, cyl./bllt
(I, 137- 138). 0Tp11u:aTeJlbHOe ornowe-
Ha ronosy ToMy, KTO 3TO Hanel.faTaJT!
MOCKGJZb. TaK JTH }f rosop11n?"»
H11e <l>OMbl fp11ropbeBHl.fa K )l(ypHaJTbHOMY TeKCTY rrosecn1 Bb!3BaHO
TeM, l.fTO OH He Y3HaeT B Hett CBOeM pel.fH, OHa Hane4aTaHa He TaK, KaK
6Lrna HM paCCKa.3aHa. foroJib B L(aHHOM CJJyqae ilOL('IepKHBaeT npHHU:11TIJ1aJlbHYIO Ba)l(HOCTb cnoco6a noseCTBOBaHH.}f. 11MeHHO B 3TOM HanpaBJieHHH nrna rrpasKa )!{ypHaJibHOH pe;:i:aKU:H11 nosecrn. B OKOHl.faTeJILHOM TeKCTe m1caTeJib cymecTBeHHO nepepa60TaJT CKa.30BYlO pe4b;
OHa 0411.lll,eHa OT KHJ1)l(KOH ycJIOBHOCTH, OT Bblpa)l(eHH.H, He xapaKTepHbIX L(Jl51 Hapo;:i:Horo pa3rosopHoro 513bIKa.
* ,n:pyrne
31
H3MeHeHl1.}f -
OTKa.3 OT poMaHTl14eCKl1 )!{l1BOill1CHblX xapaKTep11CTl1K, l13'b}{Tl1e HeKOTOpbIX MOTHBOB 11 BBe,UeH11e HOBbIX, Tl1na )!(aJio6 repoes Ha CBOlO cy,z:i:L6y B L(yxe HapO,UHbJX neceH, -
TaK)l(e np11BeL(eHbl B COOTBeTCTBHe
c xapaKTepoM cponhKJIOpHOM CTHJ1HCTHKH.
B TOM
)Ke nllaHe nepe,z:i:eJlaH
BeCb nepBOHa'!aJibHblM TeKCT nosecn1, KOTOpa51 B u:enoM, a He B OL(HHX
JIHlllb pe,z:i:aKTOpCK11X npaBKax, roron51 Tenepb He YJJ:OBJleTBOp}fJia. Bo
BCTynneH11H K « Beqepy HaKaHyHe 11saHa Kynana» 11 TO, H L\pyroe 11 CTH.Jlb pe,z:i:aKTOpCKHX npaBOK, H CBOH co6cTBeHHblM npe)l(Hl1H poMaHTl14eCKI1M CTH.Jlb -
foroJib I1pOHH'IeCKH BblCMeHBaeT. 3Ta CaMOOU:eH-
Ka np1106peTaeT B OKOHl.faTeJThHOH peL(aKU:I1H o6o6meHHbIH noneMI14eCKl1M CMbICJI. Otta cTaHOBHTC}f cnoco6oM xyL(o)l(eCTBeHHoro onposep)l(eH1151 TaKoro po,z:i:a JIHTepaTypHblX CTl1JII13au:11ii cpOJibKJiopa, B KOTOpbIX
HapOL(HO-II03TI1l.feCKa}f Tpa,U11U:l1}f ilOL(4HH}feTC}f Jll1TepaTypHOM. 11MeHHO B CB}f311 c OTp11u:aeMOM TpaL(HU:HeM yrroM11HaeTC}f 3L(eCb «IIaHl14
B ropOXOBOM KaqnaHe» KaK aBTOp «Cop01II1HCKOH 51pMapK11», npe,z:i:llleCTBYIOI.lJ,eH B U:11KJTe «Be4epy HaKaHytte HsaHa KynaJTa»: « TOJibKO np11e3)l(aeT 113 IlOJITaBbl TOT caMbJH naHl1l.f B ropoXOBOM KacpTaHe, npo
KOToporo rosop11n }f, 11 KOToporo OL\HY nosecTh Bbl, LlYMaIO, y)!{e npo4JTH
< ...»> (I, 13 7).
Ilo MhICJI11 forom1, mnepaTypHLie CT11JI113au:tt11
I
TaKOro TOJIKa 03Ha4aIOT BHeCeH11e B cpoJTbKJTOp 11.HOpOL(HbIX L(Jl}f Hero
394
A. B.
Ca.iVtblUIKUHa.
3JleMeHTOB 11 TeM caMbIM -
K
npo6J1e.Me 202oneecK020 rjJo!lbK!IOpu3Ma
HeII03BOJ1!1TeJlbHOe J1CKa)KeH11e HapO)lHOrO
co3HaHH5I . BoT rro11eMy B03HttKaeT oco6hIH apryMeHT -
anenm11.1,m1 as -
rnpa K MHeHHIO HapO)lHOro paCCKa34HKa, KOTOpbIH He npJI3HaCT CBOeH
HanelJ"aTaHHYIO IIOBeCTb 11 3aHOBO ee paccKa3bIBaeT. ABTOpcKa5I ou:eHKa
)laeTC5I, TaKMM o6pa30M, KaK 6bI M3HYTPM )KlIBOH Tpa)lMU:MM, Henocpe)lCTBeHHhIMJI Bbipa3MTeJ15IMM KOTopoil B U:JIKJle «Be4epOB» JI 5IBJ15IlOTC5I
113)laTeJib-IIaCJilJHl1K H <DoMa fpJiropbeBWL
IIpe)lcTaBrr5IeTc5I snorrHe sepo5ITHbIM, 'lTO aBTopcKoe rrpe,Urro11TeHJie HapO)lHOro paCCKa34HKa KHJI)KHOMY JII-0611Terrl0 «HapO)lHOCTH» 3aKITIO'leHO B caMoM JIMeHJI rrosecrnyI-Oru:ero repo5I. Be)lb «<DoMa» 3HalfJIT:
«6Jitt3HeU:». P5I)lOM c paccKa3lfMKOM, 6epe)l(HbIM xpaHttTerreM CTapttHbI
11 rrpe,UaHH5I, BCTaeT HaCT05IIIJ,MH aBTOp «Be'lepoB», KOTOpbIH CYMeIT 3a
Becenoi1 3K30TJIKOH JI CMellIHOM qepTOBIIJ,MHOH rrpOCTOHapO)lHbIX pacCKa30B yBtt)leTb HeyB5I)laeMyI-O, )l<HBOTBOp5Iru:yI-O cyTh Hapo,UHoro )lyXa
JI OTKa3aTbC5I OT 6orree COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ,ero MO)le JlMTepaTypttoro «p5I)KeHJ15I)) IIOL\ Hapo)lHOCTb. BocrrpttH5IB OT )le)..\a cTapttHHbie «6hrntt»,
paCCKa3411K nepe)laeT 3TO 6oraTOe HaCJie)lCTBO («KJia)l») CBOHM cnywaTeIT5IM- XYTOp5IHaM, B rrepcrreKTMBe -
u:erroMy poL\y, CMeHe rp5IL\YIIJ,MX
IIOKOJleHHH. «3x, CTapttHa, CTaprrHa! l.J.To 3a pa)lOCTb, 'lTO 3a pa3ryrrhe
rra)leT Ha cep)lu:e, Koma ycnb1w11wb npo TO, 4TO )laBHO - )laBHO 11 ro)la
eMy lI MeC5IU:a HeT, )le5IITOCb Ha CBeTe!
<.. .>
1IY)lMTC5I, 'lTO BOT-BOT caM
Bee 3TO )lenaeIIIh, KaK 6yATO 3ane3 B rrpa)le)lOBCKYI-O )lywy, 11n11 rrpa)leL\OBCKa5I L\YWa waJIJJT B Te6e
< ... »>(I, 181 ).
«CrnpttHa», B TaKOM IIOHJI-
MaHMJI, eCTb TOT MOrylfJIH pO)lHMK ( «KJia)le3b))) Hau,110HaJlbHOH )K!13HM,
KOTOpbIH Ha BCeM rrpOT5I)KeHJJJJ JJCTOptt11ecKoro rryTJI Hapo)la IIJITaeT
ero L\YXOBHbie CHJ!bl. 3aMeT11M B 3TOH CB5I311 OT4eCTBO paccKa3'lMKa fpttropbeBwI ( «fpttrop11il» 3Ha'lttT: «60L1pcrny10ru:ttil» ). MbICITh o lfYTKOM, He)lpeMITIOIIJ,eH OCHOBe HapO)lHOH L\YIIIJJ 3)..\eCb pa3YMeeTC5I caMa
co6oi1. .
B 3TOH )Ke u:errtt MOTJIBOB CJie)lyeT TOJIKOBaTb 11 HM5I BhIMbIWJieHHOro
H3)laTeJ15I «Be4epoB». «IlaHbKO» (OrraHac, AcpaHacttil) 3Ha'lJIT : «6eccMepTtte» . 06 3TOM )Ke rosop11T 11 ero rrpo3s11ru:e: Pyll.hIH (no-yKpa11HcK11: «pbl)Kl1H))); O)..\HaKO 3)],eCb Ba)KeH He U:BeT caM ITO ce6e: «3a 'lTO
MeH5I Mttp5IHe rrpmsarrtt PyL\hIM IlaHbKOM -
ei1. 6ory, He yMeIO cKa3aTb .
395
HcmopuR u KynMtypa. BbinycK 15 (15)
11
soJIOCbJ, Ka)!(eTc5l, y MeH5l Tenepb 6oJJee ce):(bie, qeM pbI)!(He. Ho
y ttac, He 113BOJJbTe rneBaTbO!, TaKoi1 06b1qaJ.i: KaK ):(a):(yT KOMY JIJO)J.11
KaKoe np03Bl1Ille, TO 11 BO BeKJ1 BeKOB OCTaHeTC5l OHO»
«py):(bIH» -
(I, l 04 ).
CJIOBO
np0113BO):(HOe OT «py):(a», «KpOBb». Ilp03Bl1Ille 113):(aTeJ15l
YKa3bJBaeT He Ha 11seT ero BOJJOC, a Ha U,BeT KpOBH, UBeT )!(J13Hl1. )K113Hb,
6eccMepT11e -
BOT qTo o603ttaYeHo B np03mnue nac11qHHKa, npe):(JJa-
raromero Y11TaTeJJJO n11pwecrneHHo-6oraToe c0Kpos11me -
«qHcTbJH
Me):(» csoero «):(yxoBHoro JJyra». BhmycKa5l «B cBeT» cso11 «no6aceHKH», OH ):(ap11T eMy 6oraTCTBO, 6eccMepTHOe, KaK caM HapO):(.
TaK sonpoc, Ka3aJJOCh
6b1,
cyry6o J111Teparypttoi1 noJJeMHKl1 B KOH-
TeKcTe «BeqepoB» np1106peTaeT CMbICJl, ):(aJieKO BbIX0):(5IIU11H 3a ee npe):(eJibl. PeYh 11)1.eT o )!(H3HH Hapo):(a, ero npornJJoM, ttacT05IIUeM 11 6y):(yIUeM; 0 6JJaroi1 cy6cTaHU1111 Ha11110HaJ1bHOro 6hITID! 11 C03HaHIDJ., c 0)1.HOH
CTOpOHbI, a c ):(pyroi1 -
0 ee J.lCKa)!(eHl1l1 B cospeMeHHOH aBrnpy ):(eHCT-
BHTeJlbHOCTJ.l. 3Ta TeMa rrpownoro l1 HaCT05ILUero, BOJlbHOH Ka3aUKOH
«CTap11HbJ» 11 COBpeMeHHOCTl1 KaK ee aHTJ.lOO):(a cy):(b6b1 ttapo):(a poB».
Mbl
TeMa J.ICTOpHYeCKOtt
5IBJrneTc5l uettTpaJihHOH B o6meH TeMaTHKe «Beqe-
Kocttyn11cb ee B TOH CTeneHH, B KaKoH otta oTpa3HJJach B pac-
CMOTpeHHOM HaM11 acrreKTe.
IlpHMe'l3HHH
* BnepBbie orry6n11Kosatto: PyccKajj mnepaTypa. 1979. NQ 3. C. 6 1- 80.
** TenecKon. 1832. NQ17. C. l 07.
*** 3AeCb 11 ,!(anee B KpymbIX CK06Kax np11B0,!\5!TC5! CCb!J1Kl1 Ha 113,l:\aHHe
[I] : pHMCKHMH L\HcjJpaM11 YKa3bIBaeTC5! TOM, apa6cKHMH -
CTpaHHUbI.
**** 1lepTb1 nosecTBOBaTeJJbHOH MaHepb1 B . CKoTia B yKpa11HCKHX nosecrnx foron51 ycM0Tpen11 eIUe cospeMettttHKH rrncaTeJJ51 -
H. A. IIonesoi1 (cM.:
MocKOBCKHH Tenerpacp . 1831. NQ 17. C. 91- 95) 11 A. 5f. CrnpolKeHKO (l(ap11ttHb1i1) (cM. : CbIH 0TeYecTBa. 1832. NQ I. C . 47).
***** B p51,!1e Apyr11x pa6oT He co,!1eplKHTC51 np11ttu11n11aJibHO HOBbIX
peIUeHl1H 3TOH npo6neMbJ. lb nocJJe,!(HHX HCCJieL(OBaHHH MOlKHO Ha3BaTb CTaTbH A. C. 51ttyIUKeBHYa, B KOTOpbIX nOKa3aHO COOTHOWeHHe rrpOH3BeL(eHHH
rorOJJ51 c npeL(IUeCTBYIOllll1MH
rrpasneHttjjMH (cM.: [37], [38]).
396
Ii
cospeMeHHb!Ml1 eMy xy):(OlKeCTBeHHb!MH Ha-
A. B.
6
*
CaMbll.UKUHa.
K
npo611eMe 202011escK020 ¢011bK11opu3Ma
06 o6pll,!10BOH rrpIIpo,11e «KaHyHOB», TO eCTb co6paHIIH, IIIIpIIIeCTB,
IIrp11w 11 paCCKa3bJBaHl1H, rrpo11CXO)lllll(l1X Be4epaMl1 HaKattyHe rrpa3,!1HIIKOB,
CM . : [4, C. 27].
7
CyrnecTsyeT MHeHIIe , 'ITO B CTPYKTYPe «BeqepoB>> pacCKa3'IIIKII pacrrpe-
*
,11eneH&I ycJJOBHO, 'ITO OHl1 3aMell(alOT aBTOpa 11 JIIIIIIb rrp11KperrneHbl K rrpOII3Be)leH11l!M c ueJJblO cjlopMaJJhHOH MOTl1B11p0BKl1 11X CIOW:eTHbIX II CTIIJIIICTl1'IeCKl1X pa3JJl14HH . 3Ta T04Ka 3peHIIll orrpe,11eneHHO BhICKa3aHa B . B. f'IIrrrrIIycoM:
« .. .Pacrrpe,11eneHIIe no paCCKa3411KaM 6&1JIO !lOBOJlbHO ycJJOBHO H He no KOH!Ia
COOTBeTCTBOBaJJO CIOW:eTHb!M II CTIIJIHCTII'IeCKIIM OTJil1'I~M rrosecTeH» [ 4,
C.
64].
f'.
A.
f'yKOBCKIIH, y,11eJI~ cephe3HOe BHIIMamre IIp06JieMe «06o6weH11ll
Jil14HOIO peqesoro TOHa» B «Beqepax», C'IIITaeT, 'ITO «HaMe'IaeTCll OHa B rrep BOM c6opHIIKe lOIOJlll e11Ie MexaHH'IeCKIIM rryTeM CJIOW:eHIIll (KaK 6bJ ap11cjJMeTw1eCKOH cyMMbl) pa3H006pa3Hb!X CKa30BO-JIII'IHblX TOHaJJbHOCTeH IIOBeCTBOBaHHll»
[13 ,
c.
45--46].
A!Jyrne IICCJie)lOBaTeJIII He rrpe,11naraIOT HOBb!X
perneHIIH 3TOH rrpo6neM&I (cM.:
[8,
c.
213], [26], [39]).
Mew:,11y TeM rryTh
K IIHOMY perneHIIlO sorrpoca 0 Ha3Ha'IeHl111 paCCKa3'Il1KOB II IIX paccTaHOBKe
s cTpyKType !IIIKJia yKa3aH caMIIM f'oroneM , II 11MeHHO B «Ilpe,11IIcnos1111».
8
11Mll II OT'IeCTBO «IIaHH'Ia B ropOXOBOM KacjJTaHe», B111lIIMO, TOW:e
*
He cnyqafiHo: «MaKap» 3Ha'IHT: «6naw:eHHbIH»; «Ha3ap» 6ory» ( OT'IeCTBO, B CYIIIHOCTH, 3,lleCh 6e3pa3Jil14HO -
B
«IIOCBl!ll(eHHb!H
OHO ny6nttpyeT 11Mll ).
cseTe «IIIYTOBCKHX» accou11au11if IIMll repoll ( «6naw:eHH&1if») rrp1106perneT
11CKJTl0411TeJihHO OTp11uaTeJihHbIH CMb!CJI -
«6JiaW:eHHbIH», TO eCTb «IOpo,1111-
BbIH», «6naW:HOH».
9
3TOMY YTBepw:,lleHHIO He rrponrnope4aT, KaK MOW:eT IIOKa3aTbCll, cjlaKTbl
*
11CIIOJib30BaHIIll f'oroJieM rro,1106Hb!X CJIOBOC04eTaHl1H He TOJibKO B xy,11ow:ecTBeHHblX rrp01-13Be)leHl1llX, HO II B rry6JIII!Il1CTH'IeCKOH pe'III. l1,11eifHo-xy,11ow:ecTBeHHbJe cjlyHKU1111 TaKHX Bb!CKa3b!BaHIIH MOIYT 6b!Tb caMbIMl1 pa3JIIl'IHb!MII II
KaW:)lbIH pa3 Tpe6y10T KOHKpeTHoro paccMoTpeHIIll. Harrp11Mep, B cosepweHHO
,11pyroM 3Ha'IeHH11 yrroTpe6JilleT lOIOJib B CTaTbe 113 «Apa6eCOK» «06 apx11TeKType Hh!HeWHero speMeHII» Te w:e, 4TO B «CopO'IIIHCKOH llpMapKe», orrpenenemrn «CJJa)lOCTpaCTHbIH» 11 «pOCKOWHb!H)) rro OTHOWeHIIlO K Kyrrony xpaMa
(CM.:
VIII, 59- 60, 67- 68).
3necb 3TII Merncjloptt'IecK11e 3n11TeTbJ xapaKTep1ny-
JOT csoeo6pa3IIe BOCTO'IHOIO CTIIJill apXIITeKTYPhl II CJiy:)!<aT o6pa3Hb!M Bb!paw:emreM ero COOTBeTCTBIIll orrpe,11eJieHHOMY TIIIIY Ha!IIIOHaJibHOH IICIIXOJIOIIIII
11 yKJJa)la W:113Hl1, TOii.la KaK B ycTax «IIaH114a» 3TOT w:e aJIOIII3M CBII)leTeJibCTByeT 0 TOM, 'ITO IlOHl1MaH11e KpaCOTbl yKpaIIHCKOH 3eMJJH y Hero CBO)ll1TCll
JIIIWb K BHeIIIHeif 3K30TilKe.
397
J1cmopu5l u KY!l bmypa. B btn.)ICK 15
10
{I 5)
* B nosecTBOBaTeJJbHOi1 Mattepe «natt114a s ropoxosoM
KacpTaHe» forOJJb
napo)l11 pyeT, B 43CTHOCTl1 , HeKOTOpble xapaKTepHble 4epTbl CTHJJJI VI.. r . KyII )1(11HCKOro, O)lHOro 113 ero y4 11TeJi ei1 no He)KHHCKOi1 rnMHa31111 , KOTOpb1i1 np1106pen 113BeCTHOCTb KHHrOi1 «MaIIOpOCCHHCK3ll )lepeBHll». Vl.3 r111ce1v1 forom1
113BeCTHO, 4TO OH OTHOCHJICJI K Hei1 seCbMa Hac1v1ewmrno, Ha3bJB3ll ((Jl l1TepaTypHbJM ypon o1v1» (X, 88). XapaIITep OTMeLieHHbIX tta1v111 no3TH3MOB s peq11
«naHJ1LJ3)), oco6eHHOCTl1 ero 11p0Hl111 11 T. )l. TI04Tl1 )lOCJIOBHO COBTI3)l3IOT
c o6beKTOM napon1111. C p. y Kys1)1(11HCKoro: «6ecne4Hbii1 J110611TeJib cJianocTHOi1 Hern -
1v1anopocc11J1H11H 4epe3 uen y10 3111v1y 3aKJJJ04aJI ce6J1 B o6'bl!Tl15!
TenIIoi1 ne4Kl1 <...> »; «CJianocTpacTHb1j;'1 w enoT seTpa < ... »>; «6Jiaron aTHbJi1
uapb )lHll BOCCeJI B CBOIO KOJieCH11uy» 11 T. )l. (CM.: [ 19, c. 12 , 19, 2 1, 39 11 n p.]).
11 * 0TMeT11M B :noi1 CBJl3H, 4TO OTHOWem1e forOJill K pOM3HTH3MY BO BpeMll C03)l3Hl1ll « BeL1epos» 6hrno y)Ke ycTa Hos11sw11Mcll . 06 3TOM , B LtaCTHOCTl1 ,
CBl1)leTeJibCTByeT H3Til1C3HH3ll B H343Jie 30-x ronos CTaTbll «0 TI033Hl1 Ko3JIOBa», rne foroJJb YKa3bJBaeT Ha rnaBHble np113HaJG1 po1v1aHT11LiecKoi1 no331111 ,
KOTOpb1e OH ycMaTp~rnaeT s Eai1.poHe, ((LJYLlHO 06XBaT11sweM rnraHTCKO!O
Mp34HOIO nywo!O BCIO )1(113Hb 1v111pa 11 TaK nep30CTHO TIOCMellBWeMCll H3Ll
He!O, MO)KeT 6b!Tb OT 6eCCl1Jl115! nepenaTb ee 11H)lHBHn yaIIbHY!O CBeTJJOCTb
11 seJ111'i11e» (VIII, 153). foroJJb BbJ)leJrneT B TI0331111 Eai1poHa TO, LITO B006ll.le
np11cyll.le poMaHTH3MY.
12
YI 3TO )Ke OH n11weT o Ko3Ji ose ( cM .: VUI, 154).
* 3Ta oco6eHHOCTb pOM3HTl14eCKOfO C03H3Hl15!
repo5!-paCCK33411Ka ell.le
pe3cie 6bIJJa BbIJJ,eJieHa B nepsoHa4aIIbHoi1 pena Ku1111: «Tonna sepeH11uei1 wyMHO nepens11raJiacb 11 yxon 11J1a, KaK TeH11 soJi w e6Horo cpo1rnpm> (I, 347).
13
* Ha TaKoi1 xapaIITep COOTHOWeHHll 11neaIIa 11 )lei1CTBHTeJJ bHOCTl1 B TBOp-
4eCTBe roroJI5! YKa3bIBaJJ oeJil1 HCK11i1, rosopll 06 oco6eHHOCTJIX !OMOpa n11caTem1, «KOTOpblH y Hero COCT011T <... > B npOTl1BOTIOJIO)KHOCTl1 11)leana )1(113c )lei1crn 11TeJib HOCT1110 )1(113Hl1» [7: V, 567].
HH 14
* Ha 3ry oco6eHHOCTb 11cTop11ciecKoro Mb1wJie11115! foroJJll -XYJJ,O)l(HJ1Ka Bnep-
Bh1e YKa3aJia
15
*
E. H. KynpeRHOBa (cM .: [20, 273- 320; o «Be4epax» - 283- 288]).
Cp ., Hanp11Mep: «nyBaIIo naKoi1.HH OxpeM llK CTaHe pacKa3ysaTb -
uapCTBO i1oMy He6eCHe 16
* CM .: [3 , N2
l7*
n aK BOJI OC JJ,1160M CTaHOB11UU5!» [33] .
1000- 11 99 ; 5, c. 309- 3 10].
I1MeHHO B HeCKa304HblX )Kattpax YCTHOH Hapon Hoi1 np03bl, KaK OTMe'!a-
eT 3. B. floMepaHuesa , «4epT scerna HeceT s ce6e 3IIO, OH H11Korna He BbicTynaeT s Ka4ecrne 6naroneTeIIll» [30, c. 119]. CM. TaK)Ke: [22 , c. 5-29].
18
* 06
OTpa)KeHl111 cpOIIbKIIOpHblX MOTl1BOB B «Be4epax Ha xyrnpe 6JJJ13
.lJ:11K3HbKl1» CM.: (36) , (27) , (29), (9, C. 523 - 528) , (J 8).
398
A. B.
Ca.MblUJKUHa.
K
npo6J1eMe 2 0 2 0J1e6cK020 (jJOflbK!lOpU3Ma
19 * Cp., Hanp11Mep, c aHaJJOrH'-!HblM MOTMBOM CMepT11-06pyYeHID1 B Hapo,D,HblX neCHHX:
B roJJOBOHbKax sopoH KpHYe,
A B HOJKeHbKax KOHHK IlJla'!e < ...>
3acJJy)KJ1B BOH naHHHOYKy,
8 Yl1CTOM noJJe 3eMJlllHOl.fKy! < ... > [23].
Cp. TaKJKe: [11], [15].
20 * 0 IlOIDIKe B yKpa11HCKOM sepTene CM.: [32].
21 * Cp.: «OH ropa3)10 Kpynttee scex !lpyrnx KYKOJJ BepTena; O)leT OH B w11poK11e KpacHb1e wap0Bapb1 11 CHHJ-OJ-O KYPTKY, o6nrnTYJ-O raJJyHoM ; B npaBoH.
pyKe y Hero 6yJJaBa; c BhI6pHTOH rOJJOBbl BHCHT 'fYTJPHHa. 3TO CMeJlhlH, HH'fero
He 60llll]l1HCll BOl!Ka, rpy6bIH, HO IlOJlHb!H np11pO)lHOro ManopyccKoro IOMOpa»
[28, c. 63]. CM. TaK)l(e: [25], [1 7].
22* CM.: [28, c. 60].
23 * Cp.: [5, c. 167, 305- 308], [12] , [24].
m Cp.: [3 , N2 466, 475, 756B].
* Cp.: [6: T. 1, N2 153], [14]. CM. TaK)l(e: [2, 551- 552].
26
* Cp.: [22, c. 159-172], [16], [34].
2
7* Cp.: [3 ,N2 l68l].
2
s* Cp.: [3, N2 1875- 1999].
25
29 * <l>OJlbKJJOpHbIH 6bineBOH paCCK33'IHK 06hI'IHO 11 CTpeMHTCll nop3311Tb
cJJywaTeJJeH. Heo6br'fHhIMH, l1HKOBHHHhIMH cpaKTaM11. Cp.: [30, c. 25].
30* CM.: [35], [9, 621 - 522] .
31 * Cp., Hanp11Mep, HaYano )l(ypHaJJbHOH pe)laKIJHH nosecT11: «)J.el1 MOH
HMen Yl111BHTeJJbHOe HCKYCCTBO pacCK33bIB3Th ...»; « ...TaK 6blJll1 33HHMaTeJJbHhl
ero peYH ... »; «Ho HaM 6onee scero HpaBHJll1Ch IlOBeCTH, HMeBwHe OCHOB3HHeM KaKoe-H116y11h CTapHHHOe, csepxbeCTeCTBeHHOe npel13Hl1e ... » (I, 349).
JlnTeparypa
H.B. IIoJJHOe co6paH11e coY11Hem1H.: [B 14 T.] I AH CCCP; 11.H-T pyc.
nHT. (IIywKHH. )J.oM); fJJ. pel1. H. JI. MemepHKos; Pe.IJ;. : B. B. f11nn11yc (3aM.
rn. pel1.), B. A. )J.ecH11uK11.i1, B. 5I. K11pnornH, H. JI. Mewepl!KOB, H.K. II11Kcattos, E. M. 3i1xeH6aYM. [M.; 11.]: M3ll-BO AH CCCP, 1937- 1952.
2. A1-1opeee H. II. Ilponaswal! rpaMoTa; HoYh rrepe11 Po)l(n.ecTBoM; 3aKonn.osaHHOe MeCTo: [I1cTOpHKO-m1TeparypHblH KOMMeHTap11i1] // I'o20!lb H. B.
IIOJrnoe co6paH11e coY11HeH11i1: [s 14 T.]. [M.; JI.]: M311-so AH CCCP,
1937. T. I.
I.
I'o20J1b
399
HcmopU51 u KY!lbmypa. BbmycK 15 (15)
3. AHopeee H. II. YKa3aTenb cKa30YHblX CIOJKeTOB !IO c11cTeMe Aaptte. JI.,
1929.
4. AHu<1Koe E. B. 5l3b1qecrno H ).Wesiuu1 Pych. CTI6., 1914. C. 166- 167.
5. AcjJaHGCbee. A . H. Hapo,nHbie pyccKHe nereH,nbl. M., 1914.
6. Ac/Janacbee. A.H. Hapo,nHbie pyccKHe CKa3KH: B 3 T. M ., 1957.
7. EenuHCKUU B. r TloJIHOe co6paH11e COYHHeHHH: [B 13 T.]. M .: AH CCCP,
1953- 1959.
8. Buno2paooe B. B. l136paHHbie TPYAbl: Tio3rnKa pyccKoi1 JJHTeparypbr. M.,
1976.
9. BuH02paooe r
Mai1cKail HO%; Beqep HaKaHyHe liBaHa Kynana: [11cTO-
c.
p11KO-JIHTepaTypHblH KOMMeHTap11i1] // To20J1b H. B. TionHoe co6paH11e coYHHeHHH: [B 14 T.] . [M.; JI.]: 113,n-so AH CCCP, 1937. T. l.
I 0. Tunnuyc Bacu!luil. foronb. JI., 1924.
11 . TonoeatfKUii Jl. C/J. Hapo,nHble necttH faJIHI..\KOH H YropcKOH PyCH. q _ I .
M., 1878. C. 24, 95- 106, 136.
12. Tpuw;e11Ko £. /(. 3THorpacpHqecK11e MaTep11anb1, co6paHHbJe B 1.J:epHHrOBCKOH 11 coce,nHHX c Hei1 ry6eptt11Hx. Bbm. 1. qepHHroB, 1895. C. 60.
13. I'yK06CKUll r A. PeaJJl13M foroJJil. M.; JI., 1959.
14./{o6poeo!lbCKuu B. H. CMoneHcK11i1 3THorpacp11qecKHH c6optt11K. Bbm. I.
CIT6., 1891. C. 648.
15./{oJ1eH2a-XooaKoecbKuil 3opia11. YKpai'HCbKi Hapo,ntti nietti. KHi'B, 1974.
c. 478, 496, 497.
16. /{pa20Manoe M ManopyccK11e Hapo,nHhie npe,naHHil 11 paccKa3hL K11es,
1876. C. 79.
17. )/{umei/Kutt II. Mb1cn11 o ttapo,nHbJX ManopyccKHX ,nyMax. K11es, 1893.
C. 112- 11 7.
18. Epe.MuHa B. 11. H.B. foronb // PyccKa51 n11TepaTypa H cponhKnop: (nepsaH
nonoBHHa XIX B.). JI., 1976. C. 251- 254.
19. Ky!l:J/CWICKUlt !1. r ManopOCCHHCKa51 ,nepeBH51. M., 1827.
20. Kynpe51H06G E. H., MaK020HeHKO r II. Hau110HaJ1bHOe CBOeo6pa3He pycCKOH n11TepaTYPbJ : QqepKH H xapaKTepHCTl1KH. JI., 1976.
2 1. Jly2oeou HuKuma [CoMoe 0. M]. TIHChMO K 1n,naTemo JI11TeparypHbIX
npH6aBJieHHH 0 «Beqepax Ha xyTOpe 6n113 ,[(HKaHbKH», 0 KpHTHKe Ha HHX
r. Tionesoro 11 o npoqeM // JI11TepaTypHbJe np116asneHHH K PyccKOMY l1ttsan11,ny. 183 1. N2 94. 25 HOH6p}i. C. 739.
22. MaKcuMoe C. B. Heq11cTa}I, Hese,noMa}I 11 KpeCTHa}I cmrn. CIT6., 1903.
23. MaKCUM06UlJ M ManopoccHHCK11e necHH. M., 1827. C. 8, 9.
400
A. 8. CaMblUtKUHa. K npo6neowe 202oneecK020 rjJonbK!lopu:JJwa
24. MaHJ1Cypa J1. H. CKa3K11, rrocnoBHUhl 11 T. rr., 3an11caHHh1e B EKaTep11HocnaBCKOH 11 XapbKOBCKOil ry6epH11Jix. XapbKOB, 1890. C. 138.
25. MapKeeu'I H. 06b1LJa11, rrosepbll, KYXHJI 11 Harr11TKl1 Manopocc11JIH. K11eB,
1860. C. 5 1.
26. MauiuHcKuil C. Xyno)KecrneHHblH M11p foronJI. M ., 1971. C. 79-80.
27. Heeipoea K. MoT11B11 yKpa"iHCbKO"i neMOHOJJborii. B «BeYepax» Ta «M11proponi» forom1 // 3an11cK11 YKpa"iHChKOro HayKoBoro ToBap11cTBa B K11"iBi.
KH.
K11"iB, 1909. C. 27-60.
28. llepemi1 B. H. KyKOJJhHhril TeaTp Ha Pyrn. CII6., 1895.
29. lloKpoecKinl B. H. H11KOJlaH Bac11nbeB11LJ roroJih: Ero )KJ13Hb 11 C0411HeHl1ll // C6. 11cTop11Ko-n11TepaTypHbIX cTaTeil. M., 1915. C. 77, 85, 87.
30. llo.N1epmn1eea 3. B. M11cponor11LJecK11e nepc0Ha)K11 B pyccKOM cponbKJJOpe. M., 1975.
3 1. llponn B. JI. <t>onbKnop 11 neilcrn11TeJJbHOCTb. M., 1976. C. 51.
32. P03oe B. A. Tpan11u110HHb1e rnnbr ManopyccKoro TeaTpa XVII- XVIII BB. 11
IOHowecK11e rroBecrn H. B. for01rn // IlaMJITl1 H . B. foroJ1ll : C6. peqeil 11
crnTeil. K11eB, 1911. C. 139.
33. PyiJ'leHKO J1. HaponHb1e JO)KHOpyccK11e CKa3Kl1. Bbm. I. K11eB, 1869. C. 74.
34. CaiJoeHuKoe ff H. CKa3Kl1 11 npenaHl1ll CaMapcKoro Kpall. CII6., 1884.
C. 364- 365.
35. TuxoHpaeoe H. C. BeLJepa Ha xyrnpe 6n113 ,[(11KaHbK11: [KoMMeHTap11il] //
I'ozonb H.B. CoLJ11HeHl1ll. 10-e 113n. M., 1889. T. I. C. 516.
36. LfyiJaK06 I' J1. 0Tpa)Kettt1e MOTl1BOB HaponHOH CJIOBeCHOCTl1 B IIp0113BeneHl1llX H.B. forom1. KHes, 1906.
37. J!Hyu1Keeu'I A. C. Oco6eHHOCTl1 rrpo3a11LJecKoro u11Krra B pyccKoil rr11TepaType 30-x ronos XIX seKa // C6opH11K Tpynos Morronh1x yqeHbIX. ToMCK,
1971. C. 1- 22.
38. J!HyuiKeeu'I A. C. 3 n11YeCKoe HaLJano B «BeLJepax Ha XYTOpe 6n113 ,[(11KaHbK11» H. 8. foroJ1ll // C6opH11K Tpynos Mononhrx )"leHbrx. ToMCK, 197 1.
C. 38- 68.
39. J!HyuiKeeu'I A. C. Oco6eHHOCTl1 roronescKoro 11crnp113Ma B «BeYepax Ha
XYTope 6n113 ,[(11KaHhK11» // C6opH11K Tpynos Morronb1x y'leHblX. Bbm. 3.
TOMCK, 1974. c. 16.
v.