Support:<div>what does the skeleton provide and how?</div>The skeleton provides a structural framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing points of attachment for the tendons of most skeletal<br>muscles. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> Protection:<div>what does the skeleton protect? give examples</div>The skeleton protects many internal organs from injury.<div>For example, cranial bones protect the brain, vertebrae (backbones) protect the spinal cord, and the rib<br>cage protects the heart and lungs.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> Assistance in movement:<div>what happens when muscles contract? what do bones and muscles together produce?</div>Because most skeletal muscles<br>attach to bones, when muscles contract, they pull on bones.<div>Together bones and muscles produce<br>movement.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> Mineral homeostasis:<div>what does bone tissue store? (2)</div><div>why does bone release minerals into the blood?</div>Bone tissue stores several minerals,<br>especially calcium and phosphorus.<div>On demand, bone releases minerals into the blood to maintain critical mineral<br>balances (homeostasis) and to distribute the minerals to other parts of the body.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> Blood cell production:<div>-what does red bone marrow produce and what do we call this process?</div><div>-what does the red bone marrow consist of?</div><div>-where is the red bone marrow present?</div>Within certain bones a connective<br>tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis.<div>Red bone marrow consists of developing blood cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages.</div><div>It is present in developing bones of the fetus and in some adult bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, sternum (breastbone), vertebrae (backbones), skull, and ends of the arm bones and thigh bones.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> Triglyceride storage:<div>-what does yellow bone marrow consist mainly of? what do adipose cells store?</div><div>-what are the stored triglycerides described as?</div><div>-what does the yellow bone marrow also contain?</div><div>-describe the bone marrow in the newborn.</div><div>-what happens to the bone marrow with increasing age?</div>Yellow bone marrow consists<br>mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides.<div>The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve.<br>Yellow bone marrow also contains a few blood cells.</div><div>In the newborn, all bone marrow is red and is involved in hemopoiesis.</div><div>With increasing age, much of<br>the bone marrow changes from red to yellow.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how many main types of bones is classified based on their shape? name themAlmost all the bones of the body may be classified into four main types based on their shape: long, short, flat, or irregular. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> Long bones:<div>-describe their length and width. what do long bones consist of?</div><div>-describe their shape.</div><div>-in which places are long bones present?</div>have greater length than width and consist of a shaft and a variable number of ends. They are usually somewhat curved for strength.<div>Long bones include those in the<br>thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), and fingers and toes (phalanges).</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> Short bones:<div>describe their shape, length and width. give examples</div>somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal<br>in length and width.<div>Examples of short bones include most wrist and ankle bones.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> Flat bones:<div>-shape and role.</div><div>-give examples on flat bones</div>generally thin, afford considerable protection, and provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment.<br>Bones classified as flat bones include the cranial bones, which protect the brain; the sternum (breastbone) and ribs, which<br>protect organs in the thorax; and the scapulae (shoulder blades). <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> Irregular bones:<div>-shape and can it be grouped into any of the previous categories?</div><div>-give examples on these bones.</div>have complex shapes and cannot be<br>grouped into any of the previous categories.<div>Such bones include<br>the vertebrae and some facial bones.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> Sesamoid bones:<div>-shape and where do they develop?</div><div>-give examples</div>(shaped like a sesame seed) develop in<br>certain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress, such as the palms and soles. Notably, they include the two patellae (kneecaps) located in the quadriceps<br>femoris tendon. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> Sutural bones:<div>shape and where are they located?</div>are small bones located in sutures<br>(immovable joints in adults) between certain cranial bones. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how many bones does the adult human skeleton consist of and into how many principal divisions are they grouped in?The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones grouped in two principal divisions: 80 in the axial skeleton and 126 in<br>the appendicular skeleton <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the axial skeleton consist of? (6)axial skeleton consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body, an imaginary line that runs through the body’s center of gravity from the head to the space between the feet: the bones of the skull, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the appendicular skeleton contain? (3)The appendicular skeleton contains the bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the bone groups called girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how many bones do the skeletons of infants and children have and why?The skeletons of infants and children have more than 206 bones because<br>some of their bones, such as the hip bones and vertebrae, fuse later in life. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the skull contain and where does it rest?The skull, which contains 22 bones, rests on top of the vertebral column. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how many set of bones does it include? name themIt includes two sets of bones: cranial bones and facial bones. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do the 8 cranial bones form and name the 8 cranial bones.The eight cranial bones form the cranial cavity that encloses and protects the brain. They are the frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, occipital bone,<br>sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do the 14 facial bones form and name the 14 facial bones.Fourteen facial bones form the face: two nasal bones, two maxillae, two zygomatic bones, the mandible, two lacrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> do the cranial bones have functions besides protection of the brain?The cranial bones have functions besides protection of the brain. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do their inner surfaces attach to? what do membranes (meninges) stabilize?Their inner surfaces attach to membranes (meninges) that stabilize the positions of the brain, blood vessels, and nerves. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do their outer surfaces provide?Their outer surfaces provide large areas of attachment for muscles that move various parts of the head. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the role of the facial bones? (2)Besides forming the framework of the face, the facial bones protect and provide support for the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do the facial bones also provide?The facial bones also provide attachment for some muscles that are involved in producing various facial expressions. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the role of the cranial and facial bones together?Together, the cranial and facial bones protect and support the delicate special sense organs for vision, taste,<br>smell, hearing, and equilibrium (balance). <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> frontal bone:<div>-what does the frontal bone form? (3)</div><div>-what lies deep within the frontal bone?</div><div>-what do these mucous membrane-lined cavities act as?</div>The frontal bone forms the forehead (the anterior part of the cranium), the roofs of the orbits (eye sockets), most of the anterior (front) part of the cranial floor.<div>The frontal sinuses lie deep within the frontal bone.</div><div>These mucous membrane-lined cavities act as sound chambers that give the voice<br>resonance.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> parietal bones:<div>what do they form?</div>The two parietal bones form most of<br>the sides and roof of the cranial cavity. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> temporal bones:<div>what do they form?</div>The two temporal bones form the inferior<br>(lower) sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> when the temporal and zygomatic bones join, what do they form?the temporal and zygomatic bones join to form the zygomatic arch. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the mandibular fossa form a joint with? to form what?The mandibular fossa (depression) forms a joint with a projection on the mandible (lower jawbone) called the condylar process to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the external auditory meatus?The external auditory meatus is the canal in the temporal bone that leads to<br>the middle ear. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the mastoid process and what does it serve as?The mastoid process is a rounded projection of the temporal bone posterior to (behind) the external auditory meatus.<div>It serves as a point of attachment for several neck muscles.<br></div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the styloid process and what does it serve as?The styloid process is a slender projection<br>that points downward from the undersurface of the temporal bone and serves as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the tongue and neck. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the occipital bone form?The occipital bone forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the foramen magnum considered as and it passes through what?The foramen magnum, the largest foramen in the skull, passes through the occipital bone <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is within this foramen? what is the medulla oblongata of the brain connected to?Within this foramen are the medulla oblongata of the brain, connecting to the<br>spinal cord, and the vertebral and spinal arteries. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the occipital condyles and where are they located? what does the foramen magnum connect with?The occipital condyles are two oval processes, one on either side of the foramen magnum, that articulate (connect) with the first cervical vertebra. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> sphenoid bone:<div>-where does the sphenoid bone lie?</div><div>-what do we call this bone and why?</div><div>-what does the shape of the sphenoid bone resemble?</div><div>-what does the cubelike central portion of the sphenoid bone contain? where does it drain into?</div><div>-there is what on the superior surface of the sphenoid? what does it contain?</div><div>-how many nerves pass through foramina in the sphenoid bone? name them</div>-The sphenoid bone lies at the<br>middle part of the base of the skull.<br>-This bone is called the keystone of the cranial floor because it articulates with all the other cranial bones, holding them<br>together.<div>-The shape of the sphenoid bone resembles a bat with outstretched wings. -The cubelike central portion of the<br>sphenoid bone contains the sphenoidal sinuses, which drain into the nasal cavity.<div>-On the superior surface of the sphenoid is a depression called the hypophyseal fossa, which contains the pituitary gland. -Two nerves pass through foramina in the sphenoid bone: the mandibular nerve through the foramen ovale and the optic nerve through the optic foramen (canal).<br></div></div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> ethmoid bone:<div>-appearance and where is it located?</div><div>-what does it form?</div><div>-what does the ethmoid bone contain? what do these air spaces give this bone?</div><div>-what do the ethmoidal cells together form?</div><div>-what does the perpendicular plate form?</div><div>-what are the superior nasal concha and the middle nasal concha?</div><div>-what is the inferior nasal concha?</div><div>-what are the roles of the conchae?</div><div>-the superior nasal conchae are near what and what is their role?</div>-The ethmoid bone is sponge like in appearance and is located in the anterior part of the cranial floor between the orbit. -It forms part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor, the medial wall of the<br>orbits, the superior portions of the nasal septum, a partition that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides, and most of the side walls of the nasal cavity.<div>-The ethmoid bone contains 3 to 18 air spaces, or “cells,” that give this bone a sievelike appearance.</div><div>-The ethmoidal cells together form the ethmoidal sinuses.</div><div>-The perpendicular plate forms the upper portion of the nasal septum.</div><div>-Also part of the ethmoid bone are two thin, scroll-shaped bones on either side of the nasal septum.</div><div>These are called the superior nasal concha and the middle nasal concha.</div><div>-A third pair of conchae, the inferior nasal conchae, are separate bones.</div><div>-The conchae greatly increase the vascular and mucous membrane surface area in the nasal cavity, which warms and moistens (humidifies) inhaled air before it passes into the lungs.</div><div>-The conchae also cause inhaled air to swirl, and the result is that many inhaled particles become trapped in the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. This action of the conchae helps cleanse inhaled air before it passes into the rest of the respiratory passageways.</div><div>-The superior nasal conchae are near the olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate where the sensory receptors for olfaction (smell) terminate in the mucous membrane of the superior nasal conchae.</div><div>-Thus, they increase the surface area for the sense of smell.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what happens during the changing of the shape of the face? when does the growth of the face ceases?The shape of the face changes dramatically during the first two years after birth.<div>The brain and cranial bones expand, the teeth form and erupt (emerge), and the paranasal sinuses increase in size.</div><div>Growth of the face ceases at about 16 years of age.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do the paired nasal bones form? what does the rest of the supporting tissue of the nose consist of?The paired nasal bones form part of the bridge of the nose.&nbsp;<div>The rest of the supporting tissue of the nose consists of cartilage.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> maxillae:<div>-what do the paired maxillae when united form and what do they articulate with?</div><div>-what does each maxilla contain? where does it empty into?</div><div>-what is the alveolar process of the maxilla and what does it contain?</div><div>-what does the maxilla form?</div>-The paired maxillae unite to form the upper jawbone and articulate with every bone of the face except the mandible (lower jawbone).<div>-Each maxilla contains a maxillary sinus that empties into the nasal cavity.</div><div>-The alveolar process of the maxilla is an arch that contains the alveoli (sockets) for the maxillary (upper) teeth.</div><div>-The maxilla forms the anterior three-quarters of of hard palate, which forms the roof of the mouth.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> palatine bones:<div>-what do the 2 L-shaped palatine bones when fused form? (3)</div><div>-are the palatine bones completely fused in cleft palate?</div>-The two L-shaped palatine bones are fused and form the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, and a small portion of the floors of the orbits.<div>-In cleft palate, the palatine bones may also be incompletely fused.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> mandible:<div>-what is the mandible and what is it considered as?</div><div>-what does the mandible have? what does this process articulate with? to form what?</div><div>-what does the mandible have? what does it contain?</div><div>-what is the mental foramen and what is it used for?</div>-The mandible, or lower jawbone, is the largest, strongest facial bone. It is the movable skull bone.<div>-the mandible has a condylar process. This process articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint.</div><div>-The mandible, like the maxilla, has an alveolar process containing the alveoli (sockets) for the mandibular (lower) teeth.</div><div>-The mental foramen is a hole in the mandible that can be used by dentists to reach the mental nerve when injecting anesthetics.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> zygomatic bones:<div>-what do the 2 zygomatic bones form? (2)</div><div>-what do they articulate with? (4)</div>-The two zygomatic bones, commonly called cheekbones, form the prominences of the cheeks and part of the lateral wall and floor of each orbit.<div>-They articulate with the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal bones.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> lacrimal bones:<div>what are they considered as? describe shape.</div><div>where can the lacrimal bones be seen?</div>The paired lacrimal bones, the smallest bones of the face, are thin and roughly resemble a fingernail in size and shape. The lacrimal bones can be seen in the anterior and lateral views of the skull. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> inferior nasal conchae:<div>-what are they and where are they located?</div><div>-what function do they serve?</div>The two inferior nasal conchae are scroll-like bones that project into the nasal cavity below the superior and middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone.<div>They serve the same function as the other nasal conchae: the filtration of air before it passes into the lungs.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> vomer:<div>-shape and where is it located? what does the floor of the nasal cavity articulate with?</div><div>-what is the vomer a part of? what is the nasal septum?</div><div>-what is the nasal septum formed by?</div><div>-what does the anterior border of the vomer articulate with? to form what?</div><div>-what does the upper border of the vomer articulate with? to form what?</div>-The vomer is a roughly triangular<br>bone on the floor of the nasal cavity that articulates inferiorly with both the maxillae and palatine bones along the midline of the skull.<div>-The vomer, clearly seen in the anterior view of the skull and the inferior view, is one of the components of the nasal septum, a partition that divides the nasal<br>cavity into right and left sides.</div><div>-The nasal septum is formed by the<br>vomer, septal cartilage, and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. -The anterior border of the vomer articulates with the septal cartilage (hyaline cartilage) to form the more anterior portion of the septum.</div><div>-The upper border of the vomer articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone to form the remainder of the nasal septum.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how many unique features of the skull are there? name themthree unique features of the skull:<br>sutures, paranasal sinuses, and fontanels. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is a suture?A suture is an immovable joint in most<br>cases in an adult that holds skull bones together. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the coronal suture unite?The coronal suture unites the frontal bone and two parietal bones. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the sagittal suture unite?The sagittal suture unites the two parietal bones. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the lambdoid suture unite?The lambdoid suture&nbsp;unites the parietal bones to the occipital bone. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do the squamous sutures unite?The squamous sutures unite the parietal bones to the temporal bones. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the paranasal sinuses and where are they located?The paranasal sinuses&nbsp;are cavities within certain cranial and facial bones near the<br>nasal cavity. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> where are they the most evident?They are most evident in a sagittal section of the skull. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the paranasal sinuses lined with? what are the mucous membranes continuous with?The paranasal sinuses are lined with mucous membranes that are continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> where do secretions produced by the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses drain into?Secretions produced by the mucous membranes of the paranasal<br>sinuses drain into the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the paranasal sinuses considered as at birth? what happens to their size during the 2 periods of facial enlargement?Paranasal sinuses are quite small or absent at birth, but increase in size during<br>two periods of facial enlargement—during the eruption of the teeth<br>and at the onset of puberty. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do they arise as?They arise as outgrowths of the nasal<br>mucosa that project into the surrounding bones.<br> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the skull bones containing the paranasal sinuses? (4)Skull bones containing the paranasal sinuses are the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid,<br>and maxillae. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses? (3)<div>what happens to your voice when you have a cold?</div>-The paranasal sinuses allow the skull to increase in size without a change in the mass (weight) of the bone.<div>-The paranasal sinuses increase the surface area of the nasal mucosa, thus<br>increasing the production of mucus to help moisten and cleanse inhaled air.</div><div>-In addition, the paranasal sinuses serve as resonating (echo) chambers within the skull that intensify and prolong sounds,<br>thereby enhancing the quality of the voice.</div><div>The influence of the paranasal sinuses on your voice becomes obvious when you have a cold; the passageways through which sound travels into and out of the paranasal sinuses become blocked by excess mucus production,<br>changing the quality of your voice.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the skull of a developing embryo consist of?The skull of a developing embryo consists of cartilage and mesenchyme arranged in thin plates around the developing brain. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what occurs gradually and what replaces most of the cartilage and mesenchyme?Gradually, ossification occurs, and bone slowly replaces most of the cartilage and mesenchyme. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> is bone ossification at birth complete? what do the mesenchyme-filled spaces become and between where?At birth, bone ossification is incomplete,<br>and the mesenchyme-filled spaces become dense connective tissue regions between incompletely developed cranial<br>bones called fontanels, commonly<br>called “soft spots”. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are fontanels?Fontanels are areas where unossified mesenchyme develops into the dense connective tissues of the skull. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the fontanels eventually replaced with as bone formation continues after birth and by what? what do the thin collagenous connective tissue junctions that remain between neighboring bones become?As bone formation continues after birth, the fontanels are eventually replaced with bone by intramembranous ossification, and the thin collagenous connective tissue junctions that remain between neighboring bones become the sutures. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do the fontanels serve as? (4)the fontanels serve as spacers for the growth of neighboring skull bones and provide some flexibility to the fetal<br>skull, allowing the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal and later permitting rapid growth of the brain during&nbsp;infancy. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> anterior fontanel:<div>-what is it considered as and where is it located and describe its shape?</div><div>-when does it close?</div>-The unpaired anterior fontanel, the largest fontanel, is located at the midline among the two parietal bones and the frontal bone, and is roughly diamond-shaped.<div>-It usually closes 18 to 24 months after birth.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> posterior fontanel:<div>-where is it located?</div><div>-when does it close?</div>-The unpaired posterior fontanel is located at the midline among the two parietal bones and the occipital bone.<br>-Because it is much smaller than the anterior fontanel, it generally closes about 2 months after birth. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> anterolateral fontanels:<div>-where are they located and describe their shape.</div><div>-when do they close?</div>The paired anterolateral fontanels, located laterally among the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones, are small and irregular in shape.<div>Normally, they close about 3 months after birth.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> posterolateral fontanels:<div>-where are they located and describe their shape.</div><div>-when do they start to close and when do they close completely?</div>-The paired posterolateral fontanels, located laterally among the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones, are<br>irregularly shaped.<div>-They begin to close 1 to 2 months after<br>birth, but closure is generally not complete until 12 months.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -what does the amount of closure in fontanels helps a physician with?<div>-what does the anterior fontanel serve as? what is the superior sagittal sinus?</div>The amount of closure in fontanels helps a physician gauge the degree of brain development.<div>In addition, the anterior fontanel serves as a landmark for withdrawal of blood for analysis from the superior sagittal sinus (a large midline vein within the covering tissues that surround the brain).</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the hyoid bone considered as and why?The single hyoid bone is a unique<br>component of the axial skeleton because it does not articulate with or attach to any other bone. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is it suspended from and by what?it is suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bones by ligaments and<br>muscles. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> where is the hyoid bone located?The hyoid bone is located in the neck between the mandible and larynx <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the functions of hyoid bone? (2)It supports the tongue and provides attachment sites for some tongue muscles and for muscles of the neck and pharynx. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what happens to the hyoid bone, the cartilage of the larynx and trachea during strangulation?The hyoid bone, as well as the cartilage of the larynx and trachea, is often fractured during strangulation.<div>As a result, they are carefully examined<br>in an autopsy when strangulation is suspected.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -what is the total number of vertebrae during early development?<div>-what happens to several vertebrae in the sacral and coccygeal regions?</div><div>-how many vertebrae does the adult vertebral column have?</div>The total number of vertebrae during early development is 33.<br>Then, several vertebrae in the sacral and coccygeal regions fuse.<br>As a result, the adult vertebral column typically contains 26 vertebrae.<br> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how are the 26 vertebrae distributed?■7 cervical vertebrae in the neck region.<br>■ 12 thoracic vertebrae posterior to the thoracic cavity.<br>■ 5 lumbar vertebrae support the lower back.<br>■ 1 sacrum consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.<br>■1 coccyx&nbsp;usually consists of four fused<br>coccygeal vertebrae. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> when viewed from the side, what does the vertebral column show?When viewed from the side, the vertebral column shows four slight bends called normal curves. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> relative to the front of the body, describe the cervical and lumbar curves, the thoracic and sacral curves.Relative to the front of the body, the cervical and lumbar curves are convex<br>(bulging out), and the thoracic and sacral curves are concave (cupping in). <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the functions of the curves of the vertebral column? (4)The curves of the vertebral column increase its strength, help maintain balance in the upright position, absorb<br>shocks during walking and running, and help protect the vertebrae from breaks . <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> whuch vertebrae are movable and which are immovable?The cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are movable, but the sacrum and coccyx are immovable. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is between adjacent vertebrae from the 2nd cervical vertebra to the sacrum?Between adjacent vertebrae from<br>the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum are intervertebral discs. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does each disc have on the outer and on the interior?Each disc has an outer ring of<br>fibrocartilage and a soft, pulpy, highly elastic interior. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the functions of the discs? (3)The discs form strong joints, permit various movements of the vertebral column,<br>and absorb vertical shock. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> describe the vertebral column in the fetus.In the fetus, there is a single concave curve. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what happens at the 3rd month after birth?At about the third month after birth, when an infant begins to hold its head erect, the cervical curve develops. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> when does the lumbar curve develop?Later, when the child sits up, stands, and walks, the lumbar curve develops. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the body and describe its shape?The body, the thick, disc-shaped front portion, is the weight-bearing part of a vertebra. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -how does the vertebral arch extend?<div>-it is formed by what? how does the pedicles project from the body?</div><div>-what are the laminae and how do they end?</div><div>-what does the hole between the vertebral arch and body contain and what is it known as?</div><div>-together, what do the vertebral foramina of all vertebrae form?</div><div>-there is what when the vertebrae are stacked on top of one another?</div><div>-what is each opening called and what does it permit?</div>-The vertebral arch extends backwards from the body of the vertebra.<div>-It is formed by two short, thick processes, the pedicles, which project<br>backward from the body to unite with the laminae.</div><div>-The laminae are the flat parts of the arch and end in a single sharp, slender projection called a spinous process.</div><div>-The hole between the vertebral<br>arch and body contains the spinal cord and is known as the vertebral foramen.</div><div>-Together, the vertebral foramina of<br>all vertebrae form the vertebral cavity.</div><div>-When the vertebrae are stacked on top of one another, there is an opening<br>between adjoining vertebrae on both sides of the column.</div><div>-Each opening, called an intervertebral foramen, permits the passage of a single spinal nerve.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -how many processes arise from the vertebral arch?<div>-at the point where a lamina and pedicle join, what extends laterally on each side?</div><div>-what projects from the junction of the laminae?</div><div>-what do these 3 processes serve as?</div><div>-what do the remaining 4 processes form with other vertebrae above or below?</div><div>-what do the 2 superior articular processes of a vertebra articulate with?</div><div>-what do the 2 inferior articular processes of a vertebra articulate with?</div><div>-what are facets and with what are they covered?</div>-Seven processes arise from the vertebral arch.<div>-At the point where a lamina and pedicle join, a transverse process extends<br>laterally on each side.</div><div>-A single spinous process (spine) projects from the junction of the laminae.</div><div>-These three processes serve as points of attachment for muscles.</div><div>-The remaining four processes form joints with other vertebrae above or below.</div><div>-The two superior articular processes of a vertebra articulate with the vertebra immediately above them.</div><div>-The two inferior articular processes of a vertebra articulate with the vertebra immediately below them.</div><div>-The smooth articulating surfaces of the articular processes are called facets, which are covered with hyaline cartilage.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how are the vertebrae in each region numbered?Vertebrae in each region are numbered in sequence from top to bottom. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the 7 cervical vertebrae termed?The seven cervical vertebrae are termed<br>C1 through C7. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> describe the spinous processes of the 2nd through 6th cervical vertebrae.The spinous processes of the second through sixth cervical vertebrae are often bifid, or split into two parts. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how many foramina do all cervical vertebrae have? name themAll cervical vertebrae have three<br>foramina: one vertebral foramen and two transverse foramina. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does each cervical transverse process contain? what passes through the transverse foramen?Each cervical transverse process contains a transverse foramen through which blood vessels and nerves pass. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> do the 1st 2 cervical vertebrae differ from the others?The first two cervical vertebrae differ considerably from the others. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the 1st cervical vertebra called and what does it support and why is it named atlas?The first cervical vertebra (C1), the atlas, supports the head and is named for the mythological Atlas who supported<br>the world on his shoulders. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the atlas lack?The atlas lacks a body and a spinous process. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the upper surface of C1 contain and what does it articulate? what does this articulation permit?The upper surface contains superior<br>articular facets that articulate with the occipital bone of the skull. This articulation permits you to nod your head to indicate<br>“yes.” <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the inferior surface of C1 contain? what does it articulate with?The inferior surface contains inferior articular facets that articulate with the second cervical vertebra. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -what is the 2nd cervical vertebra called and what does it have?<div>-what is the dens and where does it projects?</div><div>-what is the dens considered as?</div>-The second cervical vertebra (C2), the axis, does have a body and a spinous process.<div>-A tooth-shaped process called the dens projects up through the vertebral foramen<br>of the atlas.</div><div>-The dens is a pivot on which the atlas and head move, as in side-to-side movement of the head to signify “no.”</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -what do the 3rd through 6th cervical vertebrae correspond to?<div>-what is the 7th cervical vertebra called and is it different?</div><div>-by what is it marked?</div>-The third through sixth cervical vertebrae (C3 through C6), represented by the vertebra, correspond to the structural<br>pattern of the typical cervical vertebra.<div>-The seventh cervical vertebra (C7), called the vertebra prominens, is somewhat different.</div><div>-It is marked by a single, large spinous process that can be seen and felt at the base of the neck.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -what are the thoracic vertebrae termed as, describe their size and strength in comparison to the cervical vertebrae?<div>-what are the distinguishing features of the thoracic vetebrae?</div><div>-by what are movements of the thoracic region limited?</div>-Thoracic vertebrae (T1 through T12) are considerably larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae.<div>-Distinguishing features of the thoracic vertebrae are their facets for articulating with the ribs.</div><div>-Movements of the thoracic region<br>are limited by the attachment of the ribs to the sternum.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -what are the lumbar vertebrae termed as? describe their size and strength.<div>-describe their various projections and the spinous processes.</div>-The lumbar vertebrae (L1 through L5) are the largest and strongest of the unfused bones in the vertebral column.<div>-Their various projections are short and thick, and the spinous processes are well adapted for the attachment of the large back muscles.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -what is the sacrum and by what is it formed? what are the sacral vertebrae termed as?<div>-when does the fusion of the sacral vertebrae begin and when is it complete?</div><div>-what does the sacrum serve as?</div><div>-where is it positioned? what do the lateral surfaces of the pelvic cavity fuse to?</div>-The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae, indicated in as S1 through S5.<div>-The fusion of the sacral vertebrae begins between ages 16 and 18 years and is usually completed by age 30.</div><div>-The sacrum serves as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle.</div><div>-It is positioned at the back of the pelvic cavity where its lateral surfaces fuse to the two hip bones.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -what do the anterior and posterior sides of the sacrum contain?<div>-nerves and blood vessels pass through what?</div><div>-what is the sacral canal?</div><div>-what is the lower entrance of the canal called?</div><div>-what does the anterior top border of the sacrum have? what is this projection used as?</div>-The anterior and posterior sides of the sacrum contain four pairs of sacral foramina.<div>-Nerves and blood vessels pass<br>through the foramina.</div><div>-The sacral canal is a continuation of the<br>vertebral cavity.</div><div>-The lower entrance of the canal is called the sacral hiatus.</div><div>-The anterior top border of the sacrum has a projection, called the sacral promontory, which is used as a landmark for measuring the pelvis prior to childbirth.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -what is the shape of the coccyx and by what is it formed?<div>-what is it termed as?</div><div>-what does the top of the coccyx articulate with?</div>-The coccyx, like the sacrum, is triangular in shape and is formed by the fusion of the four coccygeal vertebrae.<div>-These are indicated in as Co1 through Co4.</div><div>-The top of the coccyx articulates with the sacrum.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the thoracic cage and what is it formed by (4)?The skeletal portion of the thorax, the thoracic cage, is a bony cage formed by<br>the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the functions of the thoracic cage?The thoracic cage encloses and<br>protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity.<div>It also provides support for the bones of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the sternum, where is it located, and what does it consist of?The sternum, or breastbone, is a flat, narrow bone located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall and consists of three<br>parts that usually fuse by age 25. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the upper part called? what is the middle and largest part called? what is the lowest, smallest part called?The upper part is the manubrium; the<br>middle and largest part is the body; and the lowest, smallest part is the xiphoid process. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the manubrium articulate with?The manubrium articulates with the clavicles, first rib, and part of the second rib. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the body of the sternum articulate with?The body of the sternum articulates<br>directly or indirectly with part of the second rib and the third through tenth ribs. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the xiphoid process consist of during infancy and childhood? it doesn't ossify completely until which age?The xiphoid process consists of hyaline<br>cartilage during infancy and childhood and does not ossify completely until about age 40. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> does the xiphoid process have ribs attached to it? what does the xiphoid process provide?It has no ribs attached to it but provides attachment for some abdominal muscles. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what happens to the xiphoid process when the hands of a rescuer are incorrectly positioned during CPR?If the hands of a rescuer are incorrectly positioned during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), there is danger of<br>fracturing the xiphoid process and driving it into internal organs. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how many pairs of ribs make up the sides of the thoracic cavity?Twelve pairs of ribs make up the sides of the thoracic cavity. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what happens to the ribs in length from the 1st through 7th ribs? what happens to the ribs in length to the 12th rib?The ribs increase in length from the first through seventh ribs, then decrease in length to the twelfth rib. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does each rib articulate posteriorly with?Each rib articulates posteriorly with its corresponding thoracic vertebra. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do 1st through 7th pairs of ribs have and by what? what are these ribs called?The first through seventh pairs of ribs have a direct anterior attachment to the sternum by a strip of hyaline cartilage called costal cartilage.<div>These ribs are called true ribs.<br></div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the remaining 5 pairs of ribs called and why?The remaining five pairs of ribs are termed false ribs because their costal cartilages either attach indirectly to the sternum or<br>do not attach to the sternum at all. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do the cartilages of the 8th, 9th, 10th pairs of ribs attach to?The cartilages of the eighth, ninth, and tenth pairs of ribs attach to each other and<br>then to the cartilages of the seventh pair of ribs. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the 11th and 12th false ribs also known as and why?The eleventh and twelfth false ribs are also known as floating ribs because the costal cartilage at their anterior ends does not attach to the sternum at all. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do floating ribs attach only posteriorly to?Floating ribs attach only posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the spaces between ribs called and by what are they occupied?Spaces between ribs, called intercostal spaces, are occupied by intercostal muscles, blood vessels, and nerves. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do the pectoral girdles attach the bones of the upper limbs to?The pectoral girdles or shoulder girdles attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the right and left pectoral girdles each consist of?The right and left pectoral girdles each consist of two bones: a clavicle<br>and a scapula. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the clavicle articulate with? what does the scapula articulate with?The clavicle, the anterior component, articulates with the sternum, and the scapula, the posterior component,<br>articulates with the clavicle and the humerus. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> do the pectoral girdles articulate with the vertebral column?The pectoral girdles do not articulate with the vertebral column. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> describe the joints of the shoulder girdles and what do they allow?The joints of the shoulder girdles are freely movable and thus allow movements in<br>many directions. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> describe each clavicle and where is it positioned?Each clavicle or collarbone is a long, slender S-shaped bone that is positioned horizontally above the first rib.<br> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the medial end of the clavicle articulate with? what does the lateral end articulate with?The medial end of the clavicle articulates with the sternum, and the lateral end articulates with the acromion of the scapula. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> because of its position, what does the clavicle transmit?Because of its position, the clavicle transmits mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what happens if the force transmitted to the clavicle is excessive?If the force transmitted to the clavicle is excessive, as when you fall on your outstretched arm, a fractured clavicle may result. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> describe each scapula and where is it situated?Each scapula, or shoulder blade, is a large, flat, triangular bone situated in the posterior part of the thorax. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> where does the spine run diagonally?A sharp ridge, the spine, runs diagonally across the posterior surface of the flattened, triangular body of the scapula. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the lateral end of the spine called, how is it felt, and what is it considered as?The lateral end of the spine, the acromion, is easily felt as the high point of<br>the shoulder and is the site of articulation with the clavicle. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is inferior to the acromion?Inferior to the acromion is a depression called the glenoid cavity. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does this cavity articulate with? to form what?This cavity articulates with the head of the humerus (arm bone) to form the shoulder joint. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is also present on the scapula and what attaches to it?Also present on the scapula is a projection called the coracoid process&nbsp;to which muscles attach. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does each upper limb consist of? (how many bones)Each upper limb consists of 30 bones. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does each upper limb include?Each upper limb includes a humerus in the arm; ulna and radius in the forearm; and 8 carpals (wrist bones), 5 metacarpals (palm bones), and 14 phalanges (finger bones) in the hand. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> describe the humerus.The humerus, or arm bone, is the longest<br>and the largest bone of the upper limb <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does it articulate with at the shoulder and what does it articulate with at the elbow?At the shoulder it articulates with the scapula, and at the elbow it articulates with both the ulna and radius. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the proximal end of the humerus consist of? what does the head articulate with?The proximal end of the humerus consists of a head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the proximal end of the humerus also have? where is it positioned?It also has an anatomical neck, the former site of the epiphyseal (growth) plate, which is a groove just distal to the head. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> where is the surgical neck located and why is it called so?The surgical neck is below the anatomical neck and is so named because<br>fractures often occur here. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the body of the humerus contain? what attaches to it?The body of the humerus contains a<br>roughened, V-shaped area called the deltoid tuberosity where<br>the deltoid muscle attaches. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is at the distal end of the humerus? describe it and what does it articulate with?At the distal end of the humerus,<br>the capitulum, is a rounded<br>knob that articulates with the head of the radius. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the radial fossa and what does it receive?The radial fossa is a depression that receives the head of the radius when<br>the forearm is flexed (bent). <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the trochlea and what does it articulate with?The trochlea is a spool-shaped surface that articulates with the ulna. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the coronoid fossa and what does it receive?The coronoid fossa is a<br>depression that receives part of the ulna when the forearm is flexed. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the olecranon and what does it receive?The olecranon fossa is a depression on the back of the bone that receives the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is extended (straightened). <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -where is the ulna located and describe its length in comparison to the radius.<div>-what is at the proximal end of the ulna? what does it form?</div><div>-what receives the trochlea of the humerus?</div><div>-what does the trochlea of the humerus also fit into? what is the trochlear notch and where is it located?</div><div>-what is the radial notch?</div><div>-where is the styloid process?</div>-The ulna is on the medial aspect (little-finger side) of the forearm and is longer than the radius.<div>-At the proximal end of the ulna is the olecranon, which forms the prominence of the elbow.</div><div>-The coronoid process, together with the<br>olecranon, receives the trochlea of the humerus.</div><div>-The trochlea of the humerus also fits into the trochlear notch, a large curved area between the olecranon and the coronoid process.</div><div>-The radial notch is a depression for the head of the radius.</div><div>-A styloid process is at the distal end of the ulna.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -where is the radius located?<div>-what does the proximal end of the radius have? what does it articulate with?</div><div>-what does it have? what does it provide?</div><div>-what does the distal end of the radius articulate with?</div><div>-what is at the distal end?</div><div>-what is the most common fracture in adults older than 50 years?</div>-The radius is located on the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm.<div>-The proximal end of the radius has a disc-shaped head that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and radial notch of the ulna.</div><div>-It has a raised, roughened area called the radial tuberosity that provides a point of attachment for the biceps brachii<br>muscle.</div><div>-The distal end of the radius articulates with three carpal bones of the wrist.</div><div>-Also at the distal end is a styloid process.</div><div>-Fracture of the distal end of the radius is the most common fracture in adults older than 50 years .</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the carpus of the hand contain? by what are the carpals held together?The carpus (wrist) of the hand contains eight small bones, the carpals, held together by ligaments. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how are the carpals arranged? they are named for what?The carpals are arranged in two transverse rows, with four bones in each row, and<br>they are named for their shapes. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the metacarpus of the hand contain?The metacarpus (palm) of the hand contains five bones called metacarpals. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does each metacarpal bone consist of? (3)Each metacarpal bone consists of a proximal base, an intermediate body, and a distal head. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how are the metacarpal bones numbered and starting with what?The metacarpal bones are numbered I through V (or 1 to 5), starting<br>with the lateral bone in the phalanx. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does each phalnx consist of?Like the metacarpals, each phalnx consists of a proximal base, an intermediate<br>body, and a distal head. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how many phalanges are there in the thumb? how many phalanges are there in each of the other 4 digits? name themThere are two phalanges (proximal and<br>distal) in the thumb and three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal) in each of the other four digits. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the fingers commonly referred to?In order from the thumb, these other four digits are commonly referred to as the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the pelvic girdle consist of?The pelvic (hip) girdle consists of the two hip bones, also called coxal bones. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what are the functions of the pelvic girdle? (3)The pelvic girdle provides a strong, stable support for the vertebral column, protects the pelvic viscera, and attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> where are the hip bones united to each other in front? what do they unite with posteriorly and where?The hip bones are united to each other in front at a joint called the pubic symphysis; posteriorly they unite with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what do the 2 hip bones of the pelvic girdle form together with the sacrum and coccyx?Together with the sacrum and coccyx, the two hip bones of the pelvic girdle form a<br>basinlike structure called the pelvis. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how many parts does each of the 2 hip bones of a newborn are there? name themEach of the two hip bones of a newborn is composed of three parts the ilium, the pubis, and the ischium.&nbsp; <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -describe the ilium.<div>-what is its upper border called?</div><div>-what is on the lower surface? what passes through the greater sciatic notch?</div>-The ilium (flank) is the largest of the three subdivisions of the hip bone.<div>-Its upper border is the iliac crest.</div><div>-On the lower surface is the greater sciatic notch through which the sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the body, passes.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the ischium?The ischium is the lower, posterior part of the hip bone <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> -what is the pubis?The pubis is the lower, anterior part of the hip bone. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> when do the 3 separate bones fuse into one?By age 23 years, the three separate bones have fused into one. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the acetabulum?The deep fossa (depression) where the three bones meet is the acetabulum. It is the socket for the head of the femur. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the ischium join with? what do the ischium and pubis surround? what is the obturator foramen?The ischium joins with the pubis, and together they surround the obturator foramen, the largest foramen in the skeleton <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how many bones is each lower limb composed of? state themEach lower limb is composed of 30 bones: the femur in the thigh; the patella (kneecap); the tibia and fibula in the leg<br>(the part of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle); and 7 tarsals (ankle bones), 5 metatarsals, and 14 phalanges (toes) in the foot. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what is the femur?The femur (thigh bone) is the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does its proximal end articulate with? what does its distal end articulate with?Its proximal end articulates<br>with the hip bone, and its distal end articulates with the tibia and patella. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> how does the body of the femur bend? what is the result of this bending?The body of the femur bends medially,<br>and as a result, the knee joints are brought nearer to the midline of the body. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> which gender has the greater bend and why?The bend is greater in females because the female pelvis is broader. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> what does the head of the femur articulate with? to form what?The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> where is the neck of the femur located?The neck of the femur is a constricted region below the head. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> where does the fairly common fracture in the elderly occur? why does it fracture? what is this condition commonly known as?A fairly common fracture in the elderly occurs at the neck of the femur,<br>which becomes so weak that it fails to support the weight of the body.<div>Although it is actually the femur that is fractured,&nbsp;this condition is commonly known as a broken hip.</div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> where is the greater trochanter felt and seen? what attaches to it and what does it serve as?&nbsp;The greater trochanter is a projection felt and seen in front of the hollow on the side of the hip.<div>It is where some of the thigh and buttock muscles attach and serves as a landmark for intramuscular injections in the thigh.<br></div> <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> where does the distal end of the femur expand into? what do these projections articulate with?The distal end of the femur expands into the medial condyle and lateral condyle, projections that articulate with the&nbsp;tibia. <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div> where is the patellar surface located?The patellar surface is located on the anterior surface of the femur between the condyles . <div style='font-family: Arial; font-size: 20px;'></div>