Body Fluids 1. Which of the following functions is not performed by the aqueous medium of body fluids in the human body? A) Providing nutrients B) Carrying away waste C) Bringing chemicals that allow cells to communicate with each other D) Removing nutrients Ans: D Difficulty: Easy 2. Which of the following is not true about the distribution of water in an average human body? A) Almost one-third of the water in the body is intracellular fluid B) Almost one-third of the water in the body is extracellular fluid C) Almost two-thirds of the water in the body is intracellular fluid D) Almost one-quarter of the water in the body is interstitial fluid Ans: A Difficulty: Easy 3. Which of the following statements about body fluids is true? A) Extracellular fluid is the most abundant body fluid B) Interstitial fluid and plasma are the most common intracellular fluids C) Intracellular fluid is the most abundant body fluid D) Intracellular fluid makes up 46% of body fluid Ans: C Difficulty: Medium 4. Which one of the following is not an example of extracellular fluids that occur in lesser amounts in the human body? A) Urine B) Plasma C) Cerebrospinal fluid D) Lymph Ans: B Difficulty: Easy 5. What is the approximate percentage of minor components in body fluids? A) 10% B) 8% C) 1% D) 3% Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 6. Which of the following is not expected to dissolve in the aqueous medium that constitutes body fluids? A) Large molecules that have many polar functional groups B) Small nonpolar molecules C) Electrolytes D) Small polar molecules with intermolecular hydrogen bonding capabilities Ans: B Difficulty: Easy Page 375 Body Fluids 7. What is the main difference in composition between interstitial fluid and plasma? A) Plasma contains less protein C) Plasma contains more chloride (Cl–) + B) Plasma contains less sodium (Na ) D) Plasma contains more protein Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 8. What is the main difference in composition between intracellular and extracellular fluids? A) Intracellular fluid contains a high concentration of Na+ and Cl– B) Extracellular fluid contains a high concentration of K+ and HPO42– C) Protein is most abundant in intracellular fluid D) Protein is most abundant in extracellular fluid Ans: C Difficulty: Medium 9. Which of the following is true about body fluids? A) Each type contains the same number of dissolved particles per unit volume B) Each type contains different number of dissolved particles per unit volume C) The principal cation in extracellular fluid is potassium (K+) D) Protein is most abundant in extracellular fluid Ans: A Difficulty: Easy 10. Besides K+ and HPO42–, what ions are present in a much higher concentration in intracellular fluids compared to plasma and interstitial fluids? A) Na+ and Cl– B) Mg2+ and SO42– C) Mg2+ and HCO3– D) Na+ and SO42– Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult 11. If a body contains 42 L of fluid, approximately how many liters are contained in intracellular fluids? A) 13 L B) 27 L C) 11 L D) 3 L Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult 12. If a body contains 42 L of fluid, approximately how many liters are contained in interstitial fluids? A) 13 L B) 27 L C) 11 L D) 3 L Ans: C Difficulty: Difficult 13. If a body contains 42 L of fluid, approximately how many liters are contained in plasma? A) 13 L B) 27 L C) 11 L D) 3 L Ans: D Difficulty: Difficult Page 376 Body Fluids 14. Which of the following is true about the composition of the blood? A) Blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues are called veins B) Blood vessels that carry blood from the tissues to the heart are called arteries C) Arteries and veins are connected together by blood vessels called capillaries D) Capillaries have very thick walls to prevent waste from entering the interstitial fluid Ans: C Difficulty: Medium 15. Which of the following is a function of the blood in transport? A) Fighting infections and the factors needed for clotting B) Maintaining a constant body temperature C) Carrying gases (O2 and CO2) to or from tissues D) Carrying gases (CO and H2) to or from tissues Ans: C Difficulty: Easy 16. Which of the following is a function of the blood in regulation? A) Fighting infections and the factors needed for clotting B) Maintaining the pH and proper electrolyte concentration in the body C) Carrying nutrients to or from tissues D) Maintaining a constant body pressure Ans: B Difficulty: Easy 17. Which of the following is a function of the blood in defense? A) Fighting the flow of waste to or from tissues B) Fighting infections and promoting clots C) Maintaining a constant body temperature D) Carrying nutrients to or from tissues Ans: B Difficulty: Easy 18. What is the percent composition of blood in an average human body? A) 50% plasma and 50% blood cells C) 45% plasma and 55% blood cells B) 40% plasma and 60% blood cells D) 55% plasma and 45% blood cells Ans: D Difficulty: Difficult 19. Which of the following is not a type of blood cell? A) Erythrocytes B) Leukocytes C) Erythrolytes Ans: C Difficulty: Easy D) Platelets 20. Which of the following is another name for red blood cells? A) Thrombocytes B) Erythrocytes C) Leukocytes D) Platelets Ans: B Difficulty: Easy 21. Which of the following is another name for white blood cells? A) Thrombocytes B) Erythrocytes C) Leukocytes D) Platelets Ans: C Difficulty: Easy Page 377 Body Fluids 22. Which blood cells are the most numerous in the blood? A) Erythrocytes B) Thrombocytes C) Leukocytes D) Plasma Ans: A Difficulty: Medium 23. Which blood cells have no nucleus, no DNA, no ribosomes, and no mitochondria? A) Erythrocytes B) Leukocytes C) Thrombocytes D) Plasma Ans: A Difficulty: Medium 24. Which blood cells have a nucleus, contains glucose, lipids, and proteins? A) Erythrocytes B) Leukocytes C) Thrombocytes D) Plasma Ans: B Difficulty: Medium 25. Which blood cells have no nucleus, contain protein and phospholipids? A) Erythrocytes B) Leukocytes C) Plasma D) Thrombocytes Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 26. Which of the following statements about an anemic condition is true? A) The number of leukocytes is abnormally low B) The number of erythrocytes is abnormally low C) The number of erythrocytes is abnormally high D) The number of leukocytes is abnormally high Ans: B Difficulty: Medium 27. What is a possible observation for an individual with a viral disease? A) A lower-than-normal level of erythrocytes B) A higher-than-normal level of leukocytes C) A higher-than-normal level of erythrocytes D) A lower-than-normal level of leukocytes Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 28. What is a possible observation for an individual with an acute bacteria infection? A) A lower-than-normal level of erythrocytes B) A higher-than-normal level of leukocytes C) A higher-than-normal level of erythrocytes D) A lower-than-normal level of leukocytes Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult 29. In terms of life span, arrange the blood cells from greatest to lowest life span; erythrocytes, leukocytes, and plasma. A) Erythrocytes > leukocytes > platelets C) Erythrocytes > platelets > leukocytes B) Leukocytes > platelets > erythrocytes D) Platelets > erythrocytes > leukocytes Ans: C Difficulty: Difficult Page 378 Body Fluids 30. Which of the following can result in excessive bleeding? A) Low platelet count C) Low leukocyte count B) High platelet count D) High leukocyte count Ans: A Difficulty: Difficult 31. Which of the following can lead to clot formation? A) Low platelet count C) Low leukocyte count B) High platelet count D) High leukocyte count Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult 32. Which of the following is true about blood plasma? A) It is 29% water B) It is 62% water C) It is 95% water Ans: D Difficulty: Medium D) It is 92% water 33. Which of the following is a major component of blood plasma? A) Carbohydrates B) Proteins C) Lipids D) Vitamins Ans: B Difficulty: Medium 34. Which of the following is not found in blood plasma? A) Hormones B) Electrolytes C) Steroids D) Urea Ans: C Difficulty: Medium 35. Which of the following is the most abundant plasma protein? A) Albumins B) Fibrinogen C) Globulins D) Thrombin Ans: A Difficulty: Medium 36. Which plasma protein is responsible for blood clot? A) Albumins B) Fibrinogen C) Globulins D) Thrombin Ans: B Difficulty: Medium 37. Which plasma protein is responsible for combatting infections? A) Albumins B) Fibrinogen C) Globulins D) Thrombin Ans: C Difficulty: Medium 38. In the multistep mechanism of clotting, how many clotting factors are involved? A) 4 B) 8 C) 10 D) 12 Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 39. What vitamin deficiency causes excessive bleeding? A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin C C) Vitamin D D) Vitamin K Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 40. Which of the following is a naturally occurring anticoagulant? A) Heparin B) Warfarin C) Zymogen D) Hepalant Ans: A Difficulty: Medium Page 379 Body Fluids 41. Which of the following explains why fibrinogen, and not fibrin, is stored in the blood? A) Fibrinogen is an insoluble protein while fibrin is a soluble protein B) Fibrinogen is a soluble protein while fibrin is an insoluble protein C) Both fibrinogen and fibrin are soluble proteins but fibrinogen is smaller D) Both fibrinogen and fibrin are insoluble proteins but fibrin is smaller Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult 42. Which of the following is true of the composition of a centrifuged whole blood sample? A) The top layer contains plasma, the bottom layer contains red blood cells, and the narrow band in between contains white blood cells and platelets B) The top layer contains plasma, the bottom layer contains white blood cells and platelets, and the narrow band in between contains red blood cells C) The top layer contains red blood cells, the bottom layer contains plasma, and the narrow band in between contains white blood cells and platelets D) The top layer contains white blood cells and platelets, the bottom layer contains red blood cells, and the narrow band in between contains plasma Ans: A Difficulty: Difficult 43. What protein is used by red blood cells in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide? A) Hemoglobulin B) Fibrin C) Zymogen D) Hemoglobin Ans: D Difficulty: Easy 44. What is the maximum number of oxygen molecules carried by hemoglobin? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 6 Ans: C Difficulty: Easy 45. Which of the following is not a factor that affects the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin? A) Temperature B) Partial pressure of oxygen in the environment C) pH D) CO2 concentration Ans: A Difficulty: Medium 46. Which of the following is true for muscles that are actively working? A) The pH decreases and the amount of CO2 present decreases B) The pH decreases and the amount of CO2 present increases C) The pH increases and the amount of CO2 present does not change D) The pH increases and the amount of CO2 present increases Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult Page 380 Body Fluids 47. Which of the following is true about the delivery of O2 and the removal of CO2 in the blood? A) O2 always flows from a region of lower partial pressure to a region of higher partial pressure B) The partial pressure of CO2 in tissue is lower than the partial pressure of CO2 in capillaries C) CO2 flows from the capillaries to the tissue D) O2 always flows from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 48. Which of the following is true about the delivery of O2 and the removal of CO2 in the blood? A) O2 flows from inhaled air to the capillaries, the alveoli and then to the tissue B) CO2 flows from the tissue to the alveoli, the capillaries and is expelled C) The partial pressure of CO2 in the tissues is higher than the partial pressure of CO2 in the capillaries D) The partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere is very high Ans: C Difficulty: Medium 49. Which of the following is true about the partial pressure of O2 in the air at high altitude? A) The partial pressure of O2 at high altitude is much higher than the partial pressure of O2 at sea level B) Individuals who live at high altitude have more oxygen to deliver to tissues C) Individuals who live at high altitude often have a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, and thus less hemoglobin molecules that can pick up oxygen D) The partial pressure of O2 at high altitude is much lower than the partial pressure of O2 at sea level Ans: D Difficulty: Difficult 50. Which of the following statements is true about the carbonic acid/bicarbonate (H2CO3/HCO3–) buffer in the blood? A) Carbonic acid is in equilibrium with O2 dissolved in the bloodstream B) The amount of CO2 is inversely related to the H3O+ concentration of the blood C) The amount of CO2 is directly related to the H2O concentration of the blood D) The amount of CO2 is directly related to the pH of the blood Ans: D Difficulty: Medium Page 381 Body Fluids 51. Which of the following statements is true about the phosphate buffer system? A) The phosphate buffer system occurs in extracellular fluid B) The phosphate buffer system relies on the equilibrium between dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4–) and its conjugate base, hydrogen phosphate (HPO42–) C) The phosphate buffer system relies on the equilibrium between phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and its conjugate base, dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4–) D) To maintain pH, hydrogen phosphate reacts with excess base Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult 52. Which of the following statements about a protein buffer is not true? A) Acids react with the anionic carboxylates (-COO–) B) Bases react with the cationic ammonium ions (-NH3+) C) The reaction of anions and cations on the protein backbone with excess acid and base helps to maintain a desired pH range D) Acids react with the cationic ammonium ions (-NH3+) Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 53. Which of the following is likely to occur during heavy exercise? A) [HCO3–] increases C) pH increases + B) [H3O ] decreases D) pH decreases Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 54. Which of the following is not a cause of acidosis? A) Decreased respiratory rate C) Advanced congestive heart failure B) Antacid overdose D) Starvation Ans: B Difficulty: Medium 55. Which of the following is a cause of alkalosis? A) Excess aldosterone C) B) Advanced lung disease D) Ans: A Difficulty: Medium Diabetes in poor control Excessive exercise 56. Which of the following is a cause of acidosis? A) Hyperventilation C) B) Excessive vomiting D) Ans: C Difficulty: Medium Kidney failure Antacid overdose 57. Which of the following is not a cause of alkalosis? A) Hyperventilation C) Excess aldosterone B) Antacid overdose D) Excessive exercise Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 58. In what range would the blood pH of a heavy smoker with advanced emphysema fall? A) < 7.35 B) 7.35 – 7.45 C) > 7.45 D) None of the above Ans: A Difficulty: Difficult Page 382 Body Fluids 59. A physician was examining patient X who reported excessive vomiting with loss of stomach acid. In what range would the blood pH of patient X fall? A) < 7.35 B) 7.35 – 7.45 C) > 7.45 D) None of the above Ans: C Difficulty: Difficult 60. Which of the following statements about the blood-brain barrier is not true? A) It is a tight layer of cells that form the walls of the capillaries in the brain B) It makes it easier for materials to flow into and out of the brain C) It protects the brain from fluctuations in concentration of compounds in the blood D) It protects the brain from the passage of unwanted substances into the brain Ans: B Difficulty: Easy 61. Which of the following compounds can cross the blood-brain barrier in both directions? A) Dopamine B) Caffeine C) Heroin D) L-Dopa Ans: D Difficulty: Difficult 62. Explain why the noble gas Xenon acts as a general anesthetic. A) Xenon is very small and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier B) Xenon is nonpolar and is soluble in the nonpolar lipids of the cell membrane and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier C) Xenon is nonpolar and is soluble in the polar lipids of the cell membrane and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier D) Xenon is polar and is soluble in the nonpolar lipids of the cell membrane and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult 63. Which of the following statements about the kidneys is not true? A) The kidneys filter unwanted metabolic products from body fluids B) The kidneys help to regulate fluid balance and electrolyte concentration C) About 100 L of blood flows through the kidneys each day D) About 15 L of urine is produced by the kidneys each month Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 64. Which of the following statements on how the kidneys filter the blood is not true? A) The machinery to purify the blood is found in the nephrons B) The nephrons purify the blood by a series of operations that involve filtration and re-absorption C) Each kidney is composed of about ten million nephrons D) Each kidney is composed of about one million nephrons Ans: C Difficulty: Medium Page 383 Body Fluids 65. Which of the following statements about the nephron is not true? A) Blood is first pumped into a glomerulus B) The glomerulus is a group of tiny capillaries contained in the Bowman's capsule C) The Bowman's capsule is the head of a nephron D) The Bowman's capsule is the tail of a nephron Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 66. Which of the following substances are found in the filtrate that enters the urinary tubules of a nephron? A) K+ B) Erythrocytes C) Large proteins D) Leukocytes Ans: A Difficulty: Easy 67. Which of the following substances is not found in the filtrate that enters the urinary tubules of a nephron? A) K+ B) Glucose C) Water D) NH4+ Ans: D Difficulty: Medium 68. Which of the following is true about the composition of urine? A) About 60% of the urine excreted by the kidneys is water B) 40% of the urine is composed of ions and nitrogen-containing waste C) The main organic waste product is urea D) Typically urine contains about 90 g of solutes Ans: C Difficulty: Medium 69. What percentage of the solutes in urine is made of electrolytes? A) 20% B) 40% C) 50% D) 60% Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult 70. What percentage of the solutes in urine is made of nitrogen-containing waste? A) 20% B) 40% C) 50% D) 60% Ans: D Difficulty: Difficult 71. Which of the following statements about urine is true? A) The pH of urine can be anywhere between 3.1 and 7.3 B) Eating more fruits and vegetables causes the urine to have a lower pH C) Eating more protein causes the urine to have a higher pH D) The pH of urine can be anywhere between 4.6 and 8.0 Ans: D Difficulty: Difficult 72. The average fluid intake per day consist of approximately 1,500 mL from beverages, 750 mL from foods, and 250 mL from metabolism. What percentage of the average fluid intake comes from beverages? A) 10% B) 65% C) 30% D) 60% Ans: D Difficulty: Difficult Page 384 Body Fluids 73. The average fluid intake per day consist of approximately 1,500 mL from beverages, 750 mL from foods, and 250 mL from metabolism. What percentage of the average fluid intake comes from foods? A) 10% B) 65% C) 30% D) 60% Ans: C Difficulty: Difficult 74. The average fluid intake per day consist of approximately 1,500 mL from beverages, 750 mL from foods, and 250 mL from metabolism. What percentage of the average fluid intake comes from metabolism? A) 10% B) 65% C) 30% D) 60% Ans: A Difficulty: Difficult 75. Typically, the average fluid output per day is 2,500 mL. Of this total, 4% comes from feces, 8% from sweat, 28% via skin and lungs, and 60% from urine. What is the typical volume of fluid output from feces? A) 100 mL B) 200 mL C) 700 mL D) 1,500 mL Ans: A Difficulty: Difficult 76. Typically, the average fluid output per day is 2,500 mL. Of this total, 4% comes from feces, 8% from sweat, 28% via skin and lungs, and 60% from urine. What is the typical volume of fluid output from sweat? A) 100 mL B) 200 mL C) 700 mL D) 1,500 mL Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult 77. Typically, the average fluid output per day is 2,500 mL. Of this total, 4% comes from feces, 8% from sweat, 28% via skin and lungs, and 60% from urine. What is the typical volume of fluid output from skin and lungs? A) 100 mL B) 200 mL C) 700 mL D) 1,500 mL Ans: C Difficulty: Difficult 78. Typically, the average fluid output per day is 2,500 mL. Of this total, 4% comes from feces, 8% from sweat, 28% via skin and lungs, and 60% from urine. What is the typical volume of fluid output from urine? A) 100 mL B) 200 mL C) 700 mL D) 1,500 mL Ans: D Difficulty: Difficult 79. Which of the following statements about Vasopressin is true? A) It regulates the intake of water to the body B) It decreases the amount of H2O retained C) It increases the amount of urine output D) It is a hormone that reduces the volume of urine Ans: D Difficulty: Difficult Page 385 Body Fluids 80. Which of the following statements about Aldosterone is true? A) It is called the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B) It is responsible for proper Na+ levels in the blood C) It causes a decrease in the Na+ concentration in the blood D) It causes an increase in urine output Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult 81. How would urine output of an individual with diabetes insipidus, in which patients do not produce vasopressin, compare with that of a healthy individual? A) An individual with diabetes insipidus will have decreased amount of urine output B) An individual with diabetes insipidus will have increased amount of urine output C) An individual with diabetes insipidus will have urine output with constant pH D) An individual with diabetes insipidus will have urine output with pH > 8.0 Ans: B Difficulty: Difficult Page 386
