‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻘﻮ ﻧﻮ‬
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‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪژ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺸﺠﻮ" ﻛﺘﺮ& ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺪ" ﻃﻼ ﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﻧﺸﮕﺎ ﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﺗﻬﺮ ‪Nor_1050@yahoo.com‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺻﻠﻰ & ﻧﻈﺎ‪$‬ﻫﺎ "ﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺳﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬
‫ && ﻫﺎ "ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻓﺰﻧﮕﻰ ﻣﻮ& ﺳﺘﻔﺎ&‪ /‬ﻫﻢﻣﺎ‪-‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ&‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﻰ ﻛﻪ & "ﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬
‫& ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻫﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ &ﻫﺪ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻫﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻫﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﻰ ﻫﻤﭽﻮ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ&ﻫﻨﺪ‪ /‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻫﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ‪ /‬ﻃﺮﺣﻰ ﺳﻄﻮ‪ Q‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪ -L‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮ&‪ -‬ﻛﺎﻛﺮ& ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ‪L‬ﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮ‪ Q‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ ﺗﺒﺎ‪ T‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ &ﺑﺮﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ&‪ .‬ﺷﺮ‪ T‬ﻻ‪ $‬ﺑﺮ "ﺧﻴﺮ ﺳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ & ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ &ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻰ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‪ -‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ﺑﻪ ‪ -L‬ﻧﻴﺎﻣﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ & Q‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻫﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻛﺴﺐ &ﻧﺶ ﻣﻬﺎ ﻻ‪ $‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ&ﻫﺎ ﻣﻬﻢ & ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺎ&ﻳﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ‪L‬ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﺘﻼ‪ & Z‬ﻛﺎﻛﺮ& ﻧﻈﺎ‪$‬ﻫﺎ "ﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺎﺑﻰ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺷﻮ& ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ & ﻧﺠﺎ‪ $‬ﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎ&‪ & .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻮ& ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ&‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﺰ‬
‫&ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ^ ﻣﻮ& ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
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‫ﻫﻢﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ ﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ" ﻣﺮﺑﻮ) ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻮ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻧﻪ" ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﻬﺮﮔﻴﺮ" ﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺧﺮ ﻫﺔ‬
‫‪ 60‬ﻳﻞ ﻫﺔ ‪ ،70‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﻈﺎ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﭼﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ" ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮ ﻫﺪﻓﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻗﺼﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻜﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ‪ H‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎ" ﺟﺪ ﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺎ ﺗﺒﺎ)‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ H‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮ‪ K‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺳﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺰ ﻧﮕﻰ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﭼﮕﻰ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻰﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ" ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻰﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﻳﺪ )‪،1 S :1‬‬
‫\ ‪ .(560‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮﺷﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺋﻪ ﻫﻨﺪ‪ H‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻰ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻌﻰ ﺑﺎ‪ H‬ﺛﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻫﻨـﺮ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺗﺎﻳﺨـﻰ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪﮔﻰﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻰ ﻓﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺎ" ‪ .‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮ ﺧﺮ ﺟﻰ ﺑﺮ " ﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻮ‪ D‬ﻓﺸﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺰﻫﺎ" ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮﺳﺎ" ﭘﻴﺎﺳﺎ" ﻛﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻛﻨﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎ" ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻢ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺿﺮ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﺧﻮ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ" ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞﻫﻨﺪ‪ H‬ﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ‪H‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺣﻰ ﺳﻄﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﻮ‪ ،D‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ ﺗﺒﺎ) ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮ‪ H‬ﮔﺮ " ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ‪ H‬ﻧﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻰ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺮﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ )‪ .(13‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺳﻰ ﺑﻌﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻮ‪ D‬ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ ﺿﺮ & ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﺨﺖﻓﺰ‬
‫ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﻗﺖ ﻣﻮ ﺑﺮﺳﻰ ﻗﺮ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻮﻣﻞ ‪6‬ﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ‬
‫ ﻧﺘﻈﺎ ﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺪ‪i‬ﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ" ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ‬
‫ﻣﻮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪» ،‬ﻣﺪ‪ i‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻰ«‬
‫ﺑﻮ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﻪ »ﻣﺪ‪i‬ﻫﺎ" ﺷﺒﻜﻪ"«‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪ‪ i‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻰ ﻫﺔ‪ 60‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫ﻣﺔ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎ" ﺻﻮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ‪1970‬‬
‫»ﻣﺪ‪ i‬ﺑﻄﻪ"« ﻧﺘﺸﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ )‪ .(7‬ﻣﺎ ﻧﭽﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺮ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ" ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ D‬ﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺣﻰﻫﺎ" ﺻﻮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ‪ 20‬ﺳﺎ‪ i‬ﺧﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻮ ﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮ‪ D‬ﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺳﻮ" ‪ 3ANSI /2 SPARC‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻃﺮ‪D‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺑﺎﺷﺪ )‪ .(10‬ﻣﻪ ﺑﺘﺪ ﺟﺰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ " ﻣﻄﺮ‪ D‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻮ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ D‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫‪3. ANSI= American National Standards Institute‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪Requirements‬‬
‫‪and‬‬
‫‪Planning‬‬
‫‪SPARC=Standards‬‬
‫‪Committee‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬
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‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‪ 4‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺮ‪ D‬ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻻ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ" ‪ K‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻛﺎ ﻣﻰ ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟـﺰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ) ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣـﻮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺎﺑﻰ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﭼﻬﺎ ﺟﺰء ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺗﻨﺪ ‪ :‬ﺳﺨﺖﻓﺰ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ‪ ، ،‬ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻧﺮ‪$‬ﻓﺰ‬
‫ ﻳـﻚ ﺑﻨـﺪ" ﻛﻠـﻰ ﻣـﻰﺗـﻮ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰﻫﺎ" ﻳـﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺷﺎ ﻛﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1-2‬ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺮ ﻣﻰﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2-2‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ" ﻛﺎﺑﺮ" ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘـﻢ ﻣـﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳـﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺗﻰ ﺟـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪ .3-2‬ﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ" ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4-2‬ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻣﻮ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮﺑﺮ" ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ )‪.(32 :3‬‬
‫‪&& .3‬‬
‫ ﻳﺪﮔﺎ ‪ ، ANSI‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻗﻌﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﻪﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻮ"‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮ" ﺑﺮﻗﺮ" ﺗﺒﺎ)‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﺮ‪ v‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺴﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ ﺧﻮﻛﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻛﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻰ " ﻧﺠﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻮ )‪ .(20 :2‬ﻫﺎ" ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ ﺑﻪ »‪ H‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻰ«‬
‫ﻳﺎ »ﻫﺎ" ﭘﺎﻳﺎ« ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻗﻌ ًﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﺠﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺬ‪ w‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺪﻫﺪ‪ ،‬‬
‫‪6. Communication hardware‬‬
‫)‪4. Database Management System (DBMS‬‬
‫‪7. Procedures‬‬
‫)‪5. Database Administrator (DBA‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺳﺨﺖ ﻓﺰ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮﺳﺎ" ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﺨﺖﻓﺰ‬
‫ﺟﻮ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1-1‬ﺳﺨﺖﻓـﺰ ‪6‬ﺧﻴـﺮﺳـﺎ" ﻫـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﻫﻤـﺎ ﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ" ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮﺳﺎ" ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﺴﻚ ﻧﻮ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2-1‬ﺳﺨﺖﻓﺰ ﭘﺮﺷﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﺧﻮ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻌﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎ" ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻬﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3-1‬ﺳﺨﺖﻓﺰ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‪ ،6‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﺳﺨﺖﻓﺰ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﺎ" ﺟﻨﺒﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ )‪561 \ ،1 S :1‬؛‬
‫‪.(32-29 :3‬‬
‫‪157‬‬
‫ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ )‪.(37 :3‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‪-‬‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ" ﻋﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕـﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺮ ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻰﻫﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1-4‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻧﻮﻳﺴﺎ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ" ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻃﺮﺣﻰ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‬
‫ ﻫﺎ" ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻰﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ" ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2-4‬ﺳﺘﻔﺎﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‬
‫ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻮ ﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3-4‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪i‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‬
‫ﺗﻮ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻰ ﺑﺮ" ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻴﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮ" ﻣﻮ ‪6 v‬ﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺎﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ i‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮ ﺳﺖ‬
‫)‪94-84 :4‬؛ ‪.(7‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ && ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
‫‪158‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺔ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ"‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‪ ،‬ﺻﻄﻼ‪» D‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ "«‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎ ﺑﻪﻛﺎ ﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﻫﺎ"‬
‫" ﻣﻄﺮ‪ 8D‬ﻣﻮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻳﻜﺮﻫﺎ" ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻰ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪ" ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ"‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻛﺘﺎ{ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻋﻰ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪ" ﻣﺎ" ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ؛ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻴﻄﺔ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ "‪،‬‬
‫ﺿﻌﻰ ﻳﮕﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ" ﺧﺎ\ ﺧﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻋﻤﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ" ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ "‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺗﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻦ " ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻰ‬
‫ ﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺪ‪ i‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﺑﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮ" ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ‪ i‬ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻰ ﺧﺘﻰ ﺑﻄﻪ" ﭘﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻧﺪ" ﻗﺮ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺖ ﺳﺖ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ ﺧﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ"‬
‫ﺗﺒﺎ) ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ" ﺑﻌﺪ" ﺧﻮ ﻣﺤﺪ ﻳﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺎ) ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻮ ﺗﺒﺎ) ﺗﻜﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﺰﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪ ﻳﺖﻫﺎ" ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪ ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺮ" ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﭼﻨﺪﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ" ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ" ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻣﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ" ﻋﻤﺪ" ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻮ )‪9‬؛‬
‫‪.(562 \ ،1 S :1‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬
‫ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻴﺎ ﻧﻮ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺖ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﺤﺪ ﻳﺘﻰ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺑﻪ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ" ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻰ ﺷﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻰ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺧﺎ\ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﻣﺪ‪i‬ﻫﺎ" " ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻲءﮔﺮ‪6 ،‬ﻛﺮ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺮ‪w‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺳﺖ ﻗﺮ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻌﻄﺎ‪w‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮ" ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﻄﻪﻫﺎ" ﻣﻴﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻳﻰ ‬
‫ﻧﺪ ﻗﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ" ﺗﺒﺎ)‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪ‪ i‬ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻰ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ" ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻧﺰﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺪ " ﺑﺮﻃﺮ‪ w‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺗﺮ" ﻧﻮ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ"‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻰ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻄﻪﻫﺎ" ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪ ﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺎ"‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ" ﻳﻜﺴﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
‫ ﻓﺰ ﻧﮕﻰ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻧﺪ‪H‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ )‪562 \ ،1 S :1‬؛‬
‫‪.(121-112 :3‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﻫﺎ" ﻣﺮﺑﻮ) ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻰ‬
‫ ﺟﺪ ‪ i‬ﻗﺮ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺟﺪ ‪i‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ" ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻰ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺪ ‪ i‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻪ " ﻫﻤﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻳﻜﻰ ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺮﻫﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﺑﻄﻪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺪ ‪ i‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ " ﺗﻌﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻰ ﺣﻮ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺳﺘﻮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺰ ﻧﮕﻰ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺟﻮ ﻧﺪ ﮔﺰ‪v‬ﮔﻴﺮ" ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺖ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺰگﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺿﻌﻒﻫﺎ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ" ﺑﻄﻪ"‬
‫ﻋﺪ ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﻰ ﺑﺮ" ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ i‬ﭘﺮ} ﺟﻮﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮ ﻛﺎﻣﺪ ﺳﺖ )‪9‬؛ ‪.(48-40 :5‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫‪10. Schema‬‬
‫‪9. SQL=Structured Query Language‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻄﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻄﻪ"‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‪ i‬ﺑﺮ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻰ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‪،‬ﮔﺮ ﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎ " ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺧﻮﺷﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺮ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﺮ} ﺟﻮﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ }‪ .‬ﻛﻴﻮ‪.9i .‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻛﺎ ﻣﻰ ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﺑﺮ" ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦﺑﺎ ﺳﺎ‪ 1970 i‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻰ ﻛﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ "‪ .‬ﺑﻰ‪ . .‬ﺑﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﺗﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ" ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻫﻰ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﺟﺪ ‪i‬ﻫﺎ )ﺑﻄﻪ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺮﻫﺎ )ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮﻫﺎ )ﺣﻮﻫﺎ( ﺻﻮ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮ ﺟﺪ ‪i‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ‬
‫‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ" ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ" ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ‪ H‬ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ& ﻃﺮﺣﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ‬
‫ﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫• ِﺷﻤﺎ‪) 10‬ﻳﺪ(‬
‫• ‬
‫» ِﺷﻤﺎ« ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ" ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ ﺗﺒﺎ) ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﺮ " ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ" ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﻗﻌﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ) ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ( ﻗﺼﺪ ﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫‪159‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
‫‪160‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺑﻴﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﻧﺘﺰ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ" ‪ K‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺋﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺎ ﻳﺪ ‪ ANSI/SPARC‬ﭘﺮﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫}‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻰ‬
‫)ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ(‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻠﻰ‬
‫}‬
‫}‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ .1‬ﻧﻤﺎ ﺳﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ‬
‫}‬
‫‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ » ِﺷﻤﺎ« ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ‪6 ،‬ﺧﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺻﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮ )‪.(11‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴـﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ ﺻﻄـﻼ‪ D‬ﭘـﺎﻳﮕـﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﻮ‪ D‬ﺑﻪﻛﺎ ﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺠﺎﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﺳﺎ‪i‬ﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﻏﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻓﻦ &‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ" ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺗﻔﺎﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﺟﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺷﺖ‪ ANSI/SPARC ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" »ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ« ﻣﻮﺳﻮ‬
‫ﺳﺖ )‪127 :3‬؛ ‪ (10‬ﻣﻪ ﺳﻌﻰ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻰ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺋﻪ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻓﺮﺗﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ )ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻓﺎﻳﻠﻰ(‪ .‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎ" ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻴﻨﮓ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺳﺎﺳ ًﺎ ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﻄﻮﺣﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺪ‪i‬ﺳﺎ" ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﺮ" ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﺮ ﺟﻬﺎ ﻗﻊ )ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ( ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺘﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻰﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺪ‪i‬ﺳﺎ"‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻃﺮﺣﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ﻛﻰ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎ" ﻣﺮﺑﻮ)‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﻳﺖﻫﺎ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﭼﻬﺎﭼﻮ{ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑـﻮ) ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴـﺎﺳﺎ" ﻓﺎﻳـﻞﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﻴـﻂ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜـﻰ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮﺳـﺎ" ﭘﺮﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﻤـﻰﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻫﺎ ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴـﻂ ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ" ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪﻫـﺎ"‬
‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ )ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ" ﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ " ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺳﺖ )‪.(82-81 :3‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮ‪ D‬ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺟﻬﺎ ﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺘﺰ‬
‫ﻣﺪ‪ i‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻃﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮ‪ D‬ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪ .2‬ﺳﻄﻮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ‬
‫&ﻳﺪ ) ِﺷﻤﺎ( ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﻣﻨﺪ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻧﻮﻳﺴﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮ" ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )‪ .(11‬ﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‬
‫‪13. Internal view‬‬
‫‪11. External view‬‬
‫‪14. Mapping‬‬
‫‪12. Conceptual view‬‬
‫ﺷﺮ‪ Q‬ﺳﻄﻮ‪ Q‬ﺳﻪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺳ ًﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ »ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺎ« ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺳﻄﻮ‪ D‬ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺮ ‪ .‬ﻫﺎ" ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ﻃﺒﻌ ًﺎ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎ" ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ﺟﺎ"‬
‫ﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ‬
‫ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ" ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺑﻪﻧﺤﻮ ﺧﺎﺻﻰ ﺑﺮ"‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮﻫﺎ" ﺗﻰ ﻧﻬﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ‬
‫)‪ .(8‬ﻣﺔ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎ" ﻛﺎﻣﻞﺗﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ"‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎ" ‪ ANSI/SPARC‬ﻧﺸﺎ ﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮ‪ D‬ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﻮ‪ D‬ﭘﺮﺧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﻋﻼ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺰ" ﻳﮕﺮ" ﻫﻢ ﻳﺪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺟﺰء ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ‬
‫ ﺷﺮ‪ D‬ﺳﻄﻮ‪ D‬ﺳﻪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺧﻮﻫﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺑﻪ ‪6‬ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ »ﻛﺎﺑﺮ« ﭘﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺰ& ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺗﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻳﺪ ﻛﻰ‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻳﺪ ﺧﻠﻰ‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺑﺪ‪i‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪161‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ‪N‬‬
‫ﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ‪2‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪ† ﺧﺎﺟﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻲ‬
‫{‬
‫ﻳﺪ ﻛﻲ )ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ(‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪ† ﺧﻠﻲ ‪ /‬ﻛﻲ‬
‫‪DB‬‬
‫‪MS‬‬
‫{‬
‫ﻳﺪ ﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫‪OS‬‬
‫{‬
‫{‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮ‪D‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻠﻰ‬
‫)ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ(‬
‫{‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ‬
‫)ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ(‬
‫ﻫﺎ" ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ .3‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
‫‪162‬‬
‫ﺧﺎ\ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺎ" ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻫﻨﺪ‪H‬‬
‫»ﻣﺤﺪ "« ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﻫﺎ" ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺧﺎ\ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻰﻫﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﻧﺠﺎﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ D‬ﺳﺖ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ " ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻰﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ " ﺑﺮﺧﻮﻫﺪ ﺷﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻳﺪ ﻛﻰ ﺑﺮﺳﺎ} ﻃﺮﺣﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫{‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻒ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‪،‬‬
‫» ِﺷﻤﺎ" ﺧﺎﺟﻰ« ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﻧﻮﻋﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‬
‫ﮔﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺎ " ﺳﺘﻮ »ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺎ«‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ i‬ﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻤﺎ"‬
‫ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ" ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻳﺪﻫﺎ" ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‪» ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ« ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﻌﺪ" »ﻳﺪ« ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮ‪K‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ِ ﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺳ ًﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﻰ ﭘﻨﺠﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ »ﻣﺤﺪ ‪ H‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ«‬
‫ﺧﻮ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ ﺧﺎ‪ S‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪ ﻫﻴﭻ‬
‫ﭼﻴﺰ ﻳﮕﺮ" ﻧﻤﻰﺑﻴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻫﻨﺪ‪» H‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ« ﻫﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﺎ† ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﭘﺲ ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﺧﻮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺎﺑﻰ‪ ،S ،‬ﺣﺬ‪ ،w‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﺳﺎ"‬
‫ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻫﺪ )‪.(134-130 :3‬‬
‫&ﻳﺪ ) ِﺷﻤﺎ‪& (j‬ﻛﻲ )ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ(‬
‫ﻳﺪ ﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪ ﻃﺮ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺎ" ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻦ ﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﺳﺮ"‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ H‬ﺗﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﻫﺎ" ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻰ )‬
‫ﺧﺮ ﺟﻬﺎ ﻗﻌﻰ( ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ" ﻣﺤﺘﻮ" ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺧﻠﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ )‪ .(11‬ﻳﻦ ﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ D‬ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ "‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺪ ‪i‬‬
‫&ﻳﺪ )ﺷﻤﺎ( &ﺧﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ )‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﺪ ﻃﺮ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ( ﺳﺖ ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻰ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺪ ‪i‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ "‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ "‬
‫ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻰ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
‫ﺟﺪ ‪i‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ" ﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ "‬
‫ﻃﺮﺣﻰ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺪ ﻛﻰ‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﻃﺮﺣﻰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫» ِﺷﻤﺎ" ﻛﻰ« ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ِ » .‬ﺷﻤﺎ& ﻛﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻰ »ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ« ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﻮ »ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ«‬
‫ﻫﺎ »ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ «i‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻧﻤﻰﭘﺮ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻛﻰ ﻗﻊ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ِﺷﻤﺎ" ﻛﻰ ﺳﺖ‬
‫)‪.(129 :3‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﻟﺤﺎ† ﻧﻈﺮ" ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ " ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺘﺰﻋﻰ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ﻛﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺻﻮ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺪ ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ"‬
‫ﺧﺎ\ ﺑﺮ" ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ‬
‫ﻳﮕﺮ ﻻ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺻﻄﻼﺣ ًﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ » ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ« ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ‪ .4‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ) ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻰ ‪ #‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ‪ #‬ﻛﻰ‬
‫‪163‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻫﺎ" ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺮ ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻳﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ D‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﺪ ﺧﻠﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ ﻗﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﺳﺖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺪﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪ ﻧﻮ ﻛﻮﻫﺎ" ﺧﻠﻰ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺎ† ﻛﻪ ﻛﻮﻫﺎ" ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖﻓﺰ" ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮ ﻛﺎ ﻧﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ِﺷﻤﺎ" ﺧﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻰﮔﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺔ ﻧﻮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻮﻫﺎ"‬
‫‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮﺷﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺟﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ " ،‬ﭼﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ِ .‬ﺷﻤﺎ" ﺧﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ" ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻃﺮ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﺮ ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰ ﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻃﺮ‪ D‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎ" ﺧﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ" ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻰ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‬
‫)‪.(135 - 134 :3‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪ‪Z‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
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‫ﻋﻼ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ"‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ " ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺒﺪ‪ i‬ﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﺒﺪ‪ i‬ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‪ /‬ﻛﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺎ) ﻣﻴﺎ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻳﺪﮔﺎ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ﺧﺎ\ ﻳﺪﮔﺎ ﻛﻰ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ)‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺎ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ِﺷﻤﺎ"‬
‫ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﻋﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺎ" ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮ ﺻﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻰ )ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺪ‪ i‬ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﺒﺪ‪ i‬ﺧﻠﻰ‪ /‬ﻛﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺎ) ﻣﻴﺎ ﻳﺪﮔﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻰ)ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ( ﻳﺪﮔﺎ ﺧﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ِﺷﻤﺎ" ﻛﻰ‬
‫)ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ( ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﻋﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺎ" ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮﺳﺎ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺪ‪ i‬ﺧﻠﻰ‪/‬‬
‫ﻛﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ )‪.(12‬‬
‫ ﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮ) ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻃﺮ‪ D‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺷﺎ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ" ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺪ ﺧﺎ\ ﺧﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ؛‬
‫• ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ‪H‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ﺗﺒﺎ) ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ؛‬
‫• ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺗﻰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ‪ H‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ" ﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮ؛‬
‫• ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﺧﻠﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎ" ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮﺳﺎ"‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬
‫• ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻛﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻳﺠﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺗﺤﺖﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺮ ﻫﺪ )‪.(10‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺻﻮﺗﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ i‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻗﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺼﻮ‪ i‬ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪ‪ H‬ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ"‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﻫﺎ" ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻰ ﺑﺮ" ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗـﻰ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮﺳـﺎ"‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﻨﮕـﺎ ﺳﺎ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻰ ﻣﺘﻴﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺣﺎﻛﻰ ﺟﻮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻳﮋﮔﻰﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻ‬
‫ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﻴﺎ ﻟﺰ ﻣ ًﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﻧﺒﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻳﺎﻧﻪ"‬
‫ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﻢ ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺳﻨﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺳﺘﻘﻼ‪ " i‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ"‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻢ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ" ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺪ ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺮ" ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﺴﺠﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ" ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺧﺘﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﻣﻰﮔﺬ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪ ‪ i‬ﺳﻨﺘﻰ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ D‬ﺑﻮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﻮ ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻧﺒﻮ‬
‫ ﻧﻮ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﺗﺮ" ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎ" ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺧﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﺮﺣﺎ‪ i‬ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻧﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻳﮋﮔﻰﻫﺎ" ﻧﺤﺼﺎ" ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻰﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )‪.(4 :6‬‬
‫ ﻗﻊ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻧـﺮ ﻓـﺰ" ﺳـﺖ ﺑﻴـﻦ ﻣﺤﻴـﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜـﻰ‬
‫‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮﺳـﺎ" ﺑﺎﻳـﺎﺑﻰ ﻃﻼﻋـﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺳﺎ"‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺳﺎ ﻣﻜﺎ ﻣﻰﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ‪:‬‬
‫• ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻫﺎ" ﺧﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﺪ؛‬
‫• ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﺧﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻫﺪ؛‬
‫• " ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻫﺎ" ﺧﻮ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ"‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ i‬ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )‪.(151 :3‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻗﻴﻖ ﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻋﺒﺎ ﺳﺖ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺎ‬
‫• ﺳﺘﻜﺎ" ﭘﺮ‪ v‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫• ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎ"‬
‫• ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﻴﺖ ‬
‫• ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﮔﺎ" ﻫﺎ‬
‫• ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ‬
‫• ﻛﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎ ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺳﺖﻫﺎ" ﺑﺎﻳﺎﺑﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﻨﮕﺎ ﺳﺎ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺬ‪ w‬ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺰ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺪ‪ w‬ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎ"‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﺮ" ﭘﻴﺎﺳﺎ" ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺳﺖﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ" ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﺎ ﺷﺘﻪ ‬
‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻼﺷﻰ ﺑﺮ" ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ" ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻜﺎ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ ‬
‫ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﺮﭘﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ »ﻣﺨﺰ‬
‫ﻫﺎ« ﻳﺎ »ﻳﺮ‪..‬ﻟﻤﻌﺎ‪ w‬ﻫﺎ« ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻳﻰ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﻫﺎ" ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻳﻰ ﺟﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﺮ ﺑﻂ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪ‪ H‬ﻳﻦ ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ ﺳﺖ )‪.(10‬‬
‫‪165‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
‫‪166‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻓﺰ ﻧﮕﻰ‬
‫• ﺷﺘﺮ‪" K‬‬
‫ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺑﺮ" ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮ‪K‬‬
‫ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ" ﺣﺴﺎ}‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺧﻮ‪ v‬ﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎ ﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ‪H‬‬
‫ﻫﺎ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻫﺎ" ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻰﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺣﺪﻗﻞ ﻓﺰ ﻧﮕﻰ ﻣﻰﮔﺮ‬
‫)‪.(10‬‬
‫• ﻳﻜﭙﺎﭼﮕﻰ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮ" ﻛﻪ ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﭼﮕﻰ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺗﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ i‬ﻓﺰ ﻧﮕﻰ ‪ :‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ"‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﺮﻫﺎ" ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ" ﻗﻼ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ" ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦﻛﺎ ﻋﻼ ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻰ ﻓﻀﺎ" ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮﺳﺎ" ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ" ﺑﻬﻨﮕﺎ ﺳﺎ" ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻰﻫﺎ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮ" ﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻃﻮ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻛﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ& ﺑﺮﻗﺮ& ﺑﻂ ﻻ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮ& ﻗﺒﻞ ﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻛﻮ ﺳﻔﺎ‪ ،v‬ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ& ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻛﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮ& ﺗﺎ ﺧﺎﺗﻤﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻔﺎ‪v‬ﻫﺎ& ‬
‫ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺧﻮﻛﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ i‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﻛﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ﺋﺔ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻛﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻨﻴﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﺷﺘﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ i‬ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ" ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺻﻮ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ" ﻓﺮﻋﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﻴﺘﻰ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺎ" ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺑﻪﺻﻮ ﺗﺼﺎﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪ" ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ" ﻛﻨﺪ )‪.(38-37 :6‬‬
‫• ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﻛﺎﻳﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺧﻮ{‬
‫ﻛﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﺳﻰﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ"‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻰ ﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﻫﺎ" ﻓﺮ"‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻣﻰﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻃﻮ" ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻢ )‪.(10‬‬
‫• ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ i‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﺳﺎ"ﻫﺎ ﭘﺮ} ﺟﻮﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﻫﻢﻣﺎ‪ :‬ﻳﻦ ﻳﮋﮔﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﮋ‬
‫ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎ ﺳﺎ" ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﺖ )‪.(39 :6‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻓﺮ" ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﺪ ‪ H‬ﻇﺎﻳﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺳﺖ " ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻨﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ " ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻫﻤﺮ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﮔﺮ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻰ ﻛﺎ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮ ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻰﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ )‪.(189 :3‬‬
‫ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﻋﻀﺎ" ﻳﻦ ﮔﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻰ‬
‫ ﺣﻴﻄﺔ ﺧﺘﻴﺎ ﻇﺎﻳﻔﺶ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﻰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ" ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺮ‪ D‬ﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮ" ﻣﻮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮ ﻣﺜﺎ‪ i‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ‪H‬‬
‫ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ِﺷﻤﺎ" ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫)ﺳﺘﻮﻫﺎ( ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺎ‪ 15‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ؛‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮ" ﻣﻮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺒﺮﻫﺎ" ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻰ‪ ،‬ﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺎ ﭼﻄﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺋﻪ ﺷﻮ‪ِ .‬ﺷﻤﺎ" ﻛﻰ )ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ(‪/‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮ؛‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﺒﺎ) ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺎ" ﻣﻮ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ" ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ِﺷﻤﺎ" ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪ‪ i‬ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‪ /‬ﻛﻰ )ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻰ(؛‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﺒﺮ ﺑﺮ" ﺗﻬﻴﺔ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺎ"؛‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮ‪ i‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻮ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻫﺎ )‪.(12‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫‪15. Data definition language‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻧﻈﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ‪ ،‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ&‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﻰ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﺟﺰ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ ﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻛﺮ ﺣﺪ" ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ ﻧﺘﻈﺎ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻰﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻮ‪ H‬ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺟﺰ& ﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺎ ﻫﺎ "‬
‫ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﺻﻰ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪ" ﻛﻪ ﺣﺬ‪ w‬ﻳﻜﻰ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﺘﻼ‪i‬‬
‫ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﻛﺮ ﻛﻠﻰ ‬
‫ﻣﻰﺷﻮ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ‪ v‬ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺰء ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻰ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ"‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ"ﻫﺎ" ﻣﺘﻔﺎ ﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ " ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﺟﺎ‬
‫ﻳﮋ" ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻰ ﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺮ ﺑﻪﺻﻮ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ ANSI/SPARC‬ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﮋﮔﻰﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻰ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﺑﺎ‬
‫ ﻳﻜﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﺣﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﻄﻮ‪ D‬ﺳﻪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ )ﺧﺎﺟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻰ( ﺑﻬﺮ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﻣﻌﺮ ‪ w‬ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪ" ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﺣﻰ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ ﺳﻄﻮ‪ D‬ﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﻰ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎ‪ ،i‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺟﻰ ﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺧﺎ\ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺎ" ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻰ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻳﺪ ﻛﻰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪ ﻃﺮ‪ D‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﻓﺮﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻮ ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ H‬ﺗﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﻫﺎ" ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻰﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻳﺪ ﺧﻠﻰ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮ ﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ‪H‬‬
‫‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ‪ H‬ﻫﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺤﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺟﺎ‪ H‬ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻰﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺪ ﺧﺎ\‬
‫ﺧﻮ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺎ) ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺗﻰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ‪6‬ﺧﻴﺮ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪ ‬
‫‪167‬‬
‫ﻳﻦﻛﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ" ﻳﺪﮔﺎ ﻛﺎﺑﺮ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪ ﺷﻚ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﺶ ﻻ ﻣﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺷﻮ ﻃﺮ‪ w‬ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻛﺮﻫﺎ"‬
‫ﺧﻠﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻨﺎ ﺳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻼ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ" ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﺘﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻛﺎﻛﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺰﻳﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻋﻤﻖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ" ﻣﻰﺑﺨﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻰ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ" ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﻓﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻰ ﺧﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺮ ﻧﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‬
‫ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪ" ﻧﺴﺠﺎ ﺟﺰ& ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻮ ﻣﻄﺮ‪ D‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻰ ﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﻌﻤﺎ"‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﻫﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺷﺮ)‬
‫ﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﺎ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺎ) ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ‪) 73‬ﺑﻬﺎ ‪(87‬‬
‫‪168‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺳﺤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺑﻲ ﺳﻴﺪ؛ ﻗﺎﻧﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺿﺎ‪.‬‬
‫»ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﺎ& ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ«‪& .‬ﻳﺮ‪ ..‬ﻟﻤﻌﺎ‪ l‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺪ‪ j‬‬
‫ﻃﻼ^ﺳﺎﻧﻲ‪.564-560 \ .1 S .‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻧﮋ‪ ،‬ﺗﺶ‪L .‬ﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ‪j‬‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻬﺮ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ )ﺳﻤﺖ(‪.1379 ،‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺣﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻜﻮﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺗﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺎ&‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ && ﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻬﺮ‪ :‬ﺟﻠﻮ‪.1380 ،‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻫﻤﻮ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ j‬ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ && ﻫﺎ )ﺑﺎﻧﻚ‬
‫ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ(‪ .‬ﺗﻬﺮ‪ :‬ﺟﻠﻮ‪.1372 ،‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺷﻮ" ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﻧﻔﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻛﺸﻮ‪ .‬ﻳﮋ ﻧﺎﻣﺔﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎ‬
‫&& ﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺧﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‪ .‬ﺗﻬﺮ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺪ‪ K‬ﻗﺘﺼﺎ"‪-‬ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﻧﺘﺸﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪.1374‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﮔﻴﺪ‪ ،v‬ﻟﻜﺴﺎﻧﺪ؛ ﻛﻮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺮ" ‪w‬؛‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﺒﺮﺷﺎﺗﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻫﺎ ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻫﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺑﺮﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﭽﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻬﺮ‪ :‬ﺳﺮ ‪.1377 v‬‬
‫‪7. Anderson-Freed, Susan. "Database‬‬
‫‪schema". 2006. [on-line]. Available: http://‬‬
‫‪www.iwu.edu/~sander/CS314/Lectures/‬‬
‫‪Schema1.html‬‬
‫‪8. Horrocks, Ian … [et al.]. "Database‬‬
‫‪architecture models and design". 2006.‬‬
‫‪[on-line]. Available: www.cs.man.ac.uk/‬‬
‫‪~horrocks/Teaching/‬‬
‫‪9. Kwan, Steve. "MINISIS database‬‬
‫‪architecture". 2006. [on-line]. Available:‬‬
‫‪h t t p : / / w w w. m i n i s i s i n c . c o m / d o c s /‬‬
‫‪architecture.pdf‬‬
‫‪10. Mailer, D. "Database architecture".‬‬
‫‪2006. [on-line]. Available: http://hamilton.‬‬
‫‪bell.ac.uk/db1/lecture3.‬‬
‫‪11. Nippier University, Edinburgh.‬‬
‫‪"Database approach". 2006. [on-line].‬‬
‫‪Available:‬‬
‫‪http://db.grussell.org/slides/‬‬
‫‪intro.pdf‬‬
‫‪12. Russell,‬‬
‫‪Gordon.‬‬
‫‪"Database‬‬
‫‪architecture". [on-line]. Available: http://‬‬
‫‪db.grussell.org/slides/intro.pdf‬‬
‫‪13. University Information Services‬‬
‫‪(UIS). "Database architecture". 2006. [on‬‬‫‪line]. Available: http://uis.georgetown.edu/‬‬
‫‪departments/eets/dw/ GLOSSARY0816.‬‬
‫‪html‬‬
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