Name: Nawaz khan
Class: PG-2019
Roll no# 2019191001901004
SHORT ANSWERS
ANSWER NO 1:Angina Pectoris:
Angina pectoris is a sudden, sharp, intense and crushing pain that radiates across the chest and
spreads to the neck, jaw, shoulders, arms, and into the back.
The symptoms of angina should be evaluated quickly to determine the type of angina, which may
lead to a heart attack. The common symptoms of angina pectoris include:
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Chest pain or discomfort
A feeling of fullness in the chest
Pain in the arms, neck, shoulder, throat or back
Shortness of breath
Sweating
Dizziness
Abdominal pain
Fatigue
Nausea
Vomiting
Weakness
ANSWER NO 2:Diagnosis: chronic renal failure (CRF)
Differential diagnosis:
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Renal artery stenosis
SLE
Obstruction
Granulomatosis
Polyangiitis
Chronic glomerulo nephritis
ANSWER NO 3:Complications of peroral endoscopic myotomy:
Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a novel procedure that has become established as the
best treatment option for esophageal achalasia, as POEM is safer and less invasive than other
surgery, and is expected to offer long-lasting symptom control
1. Complications during surgery
 subcutaneous emphysema
 pneumothorax
2. Postoperative complications
 Subcutaneous emphysema shown as emphysema of the face, neck, chest wall, and
scrotum
 mediastinal emphysema
 pneumothorax
 thoracic effusion
 mild inflammation of the lungs and segmental atelectasis
3. Complications during follow-up and treatment
 stenosis of the esophageal mucosa
ANSWER NO 4:Diagnosis: Chronic myeloid leukemia(CML).
Treatment
1) First line
 Imatinib
alternative
 Nilotimib
2) Second line
 hydroxy carbomide-Interferon
3) Bone marrow transplants
ANSWER NO 5:The Ischemic Penumbra Within the ischemic cerebrovascular bed, there are two major zones of
injury: the core ischemic zone and the “ischemic penumbra” (the term generally used to define
ischemic but still viable cerebral tissue).
ANSWER NO 6:Treatment of COPD:
1) Medications
 Bronchodilator
 Steroid
2) Supportive care
 Oxygen therapy
3) Self-care
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4) Therapies
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Physical exercise
Quit smoking
Diaphragmatic breathing
Pulmonary rehabilitation
LONG ANSWERS
ANSWER NO 1:Contraindications of coronary angiography
The relative contraindications of coronary angiography is given below
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Severe uncontrolled hypertension
Uncompensated congestive failure
Active gastrointestinal bleeding
Allergy to radiographic contrast
Severe anemia
Acute renal failure
Acute stroke
ANSWER NO 2:Tests and procedures used to diagnose nephrotic syndrome include:
1. Urine tests: A urinalysis will reveal abnormalities in urine, such as large amounts of
protein. Patient might be asked to collect urine samples over 24 hours.
2. Blood tests: A blood test will show low levels of the protein albumin and often decreased
levels of blood protein overall. Loss of albumin is often associated with an increase in
blood cholesterol and blood triglycerides. The creatinine and urea nitrogen levels in
blood also might be measured to assess your overall kidney function.
3. Kidney biopsy: Kidney tissue is collected and sent to a lab for testing.
ANSWER NO 3:Therapeutic use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT):
1. FMT IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
FMT has expanded beyond treatment for rCDI with evidence for use in management of
inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and pouchitis.
2. FMT IN OTHER GI CONDITIONS INCLUDING HEPATIC DISEASES
The use of FMT as treatment has also been evaluated in other gastrointestinal disorders where
dysbiosis has been implicated in disease development.
3. FMT IN METABOLIC DISEASES
The use of FMT in metabolic diseases including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes
mellitus, and cardiovascular disease.
ANSWER NO 4:Treatment options for people with CML depend on the phase of their disease (chronic,
accelerated, or blast phase), their age, other prognostic factors, and the availability of a stem cell
donor with matching tissue type.
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Chronic phase:
The standard treatment for chronic phase CML is a TKI like imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, or
bosutinib. Ponatinib is an option after all of the other TKIs have been tried or if the leukemia
cells later develop the T315I mutation.
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Accelerated phase:
The treatment options for accelerated phase CML depend on what treatments the patient has
already had. If the patient hasn’t had any treatment, a TKI will be used. Imatinib is an option for
most people. Most patients in this phase respond to treatment with imatinib, but the responses do
not seem to last as long as they do in patients in the chronic phase. Other drugs like dasatinib and
nilotinib are often used in this phase. Interferon is another option, but it is also much less
effective in this phase than in the chronic phase.
An allogeneic stem cell transplant may be the best option for most patients who are young and
healthy enough to have this treatment.
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Blast phase:
TKIs, such as dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib, seem to be better in this phase, particularly if
they hadn't been used earlier. Ponatinib may also be used, but only after all of the other TKIs
have been tried. Patients who respond to these drugs may want to consider a stem cell transplant
if possible.
ANSWER NO 5:Indications of rt-PA treatment:
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Ischemic stroke onset within 3 hours of drug administration
Measurable deficit on National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale examination
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No evidence, on computed tomography scan of the head, of hemorrhage or non-stroke
cause of deficit
Age >18 years
ANSWER NO 6:Cardiac asthma involves paroxysms of dyspnea (breathlessness) and wheezing that often occur
during the night because of congestion in the lungs secondary to heart failure (HF). In bronchial
asthma, symptoms are due to an inflammatory process in the trachea bronchial tree rather than a
cardiac process.