ON ANIMALS, MEN, AND ROBOTS MARILYN P. MIFUEL Discussant, WVSU-COE PIVOTAL QUESTIONS • What is a Man? • What is an Animal? • Does an animal think? • What is a robot? • Will a robot ever be able to think? • Are there other thinking beings besides Man and God? ARE HUMANS ANIMALS? https://answersingenesis.org/are-humans-animals/ ANIMALS VIEWED FROM ARISTOTLE’S SCHEMA… …ANIMALS ARE BEST UNDERSTOOD AS BELONGING TO A NATURALISTIC SCHEMA IN WHICH THEY ARE SITUATED BETWEEN PLANTS AND HUMAN BEINGS AND AS BEING ULTIMATELY (IF NOT ENTIRELY) PLACED IN THE SERVICE OF HUMAN BEINGS. …PLANTS ARE “FOR THE SAKE OF” ANIMALS ANIMALS ARE FOR THE SAKE OF HUMAN BEINGS …FROM ARISTOTLE… • PLANTS HAVE LIFE, • ANIMALS HAVE LIFE AND PERCEPTION, • AND HUMAN BEINGS HAVE BOTH CHARACTERISTICS ALONG WITH RATIONALITY (THE GREEK WORD FOR RATIONALITY HERE IS LOGOS, A RICH TERM REFERRING TO THE CAPACITY FOR DISCURSIVE LANGUAGE, REASON, AND OTHER SIMILAR TRAITS). FROM THE LENSES OF DESCARTES… • ANIMALS (ALTHOUGH ALIVE AND CAPABLE OF SENSATION) ARE ESSENTIALLY INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM MACHINES AND THAT THEIR BEHAVIOR CAN BE FULLY EXPLAINED WITHOUT RECOURSE TO NOTIONS SUCH AS MIND AND SELF-AWARENESS. • ANIMALS ARE COMPLEX AUTOMATA, BEINGS THAT CAN REACT TO EXTERNAL STIMULI BUT LACK THE ABILITY TO KNOW THAT SUCH REACTIONS ARE TAKING PLACE. WHAT DOES THE BIBLE SAY? • THE BIBLE CLEARLY DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN MAN AND BEAST—SOMETHING EVOLUTION DOES NOT DO. EVEN ON THE PURELY BIOLOGICAL PLANE, THERE IS A WIDE, UNBRIDGEABLE CHASM BETWEEN MAN AND BEAST. • ALL FLESH IS NOT THE SAME FLESH, BUT THERE IS ONE KIND OF FLESH OF MEN, ANOTHER FLESH OF BEASTS, ANOTHER OF FISH, ANOTHER OF BIRDS (1 CORINTHIANS 15:39). DOES AN ANIMAL THINK? CAN ANIMALS THINK? •AMAZING ANIMALS a. KOKO b. MILO AND FRIENDS c. DOGS TEACHING CHEMISTRY ANIMAL…defined • A LIVING ORGANISM THAT FEEDS ON ORGANIC MATTER, TYPICALLY HAVING SPECIALIZED SENSE ORGANS AND NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ABLE TO RESPOND RAPIDLY TO STIMULI. (OXFORD DICTIONARY) • ONE OF THE FIVE KINGDOMS (= GROUPS) INTO WHICH LIVINGTHINGS ARE DIVIDED, THE MEMBERS OF WHICH HAVE MANY CELLS, HAVE THE ABILITY TOCONTROL THEIR OWN MOVEMENT, AND GET THEIR ENERGY FROM EATING RATHER THAN FROM THE LIGHT OF THE SUN (CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY) THINKING …defined = The process of using your mind to understand matters, make judgments, and solve problems HTTPS://DICTIONARY.CAMBRIDGE.ORG/US/DICTIONARY/ENGLISH/THINKING FPD…. THINKING IS THE CAPACITY OF ABSTRACTING GENERAL IDEAS FROM SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE. IF… THEN, ANIMALS DO NOT THINK! THE THING IS… IF ANIMALS HAVE INTELLECT, THEY SHOULD POSSESS 1. IDEAS (UNIVERSALS) 2. UNDERSTAND ESSENCE (WHAT THE FORM OF THE THING IS) 3. CAPACITY TO DO SCIENCE (UNDERSTAND ESSENCES) ANIMALS LACK INTELLECT. THE FACT THAT ANIMALS DON’T DO SCIENCE IS JUST SHORT OF A PROOF OF THEIR LACK OF INTELLECT. HERE’S WHY… • NOT EXERCISING AN ABILITY INDICATES A BLOCK OF SOME SORT TO THE EXERCISE OF THAT ABILITY. SUCH BLOCK OR IMPEDIMENT IS EITHER PHYSICAL OR NOT. IF PHYSICAL, (NOT HAVING AN OPPOSABLE THUMB) IT WOULD NOT STOP THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE OF THE INTELLECT BUT ONLY IMPEDE IT. …STEPHEN HAWKING COULD BARELY MOVE ANY PART OF HIS BODY. YET, HE’S ONE OF THE MOST PROFOUND PHYSICISTS OF THE WORLD! …STROKE VICTIMS HAVE TROUBLE COMMUNICATING WHAT THEY ARE THINKING. FOR FRANCINE PATTERSON, KOKO’S TRAINER, GORILLAS ARE IN AN ANALOGOUS STATE.* HUMAN STROKE VICTIMS USUALLY SHOW SIGNS OF THEIR CONTINUING INTELLIGENCE, Why? It’s human nature to have an intellect. WHAT IF ANIMALS HAVE A NONPHYSICAL/IMMATERIAL BLOCK? • IMMATERIAL THINGS ARE SIMPLE, SO THEY CAN NOT BE DIVIDED OR BROKEN • THEY HAVE NO EXTENSION– NO PARTS OUTSIDE OF EACH OTHER • EX. A THREE-SIDED CLOSED FIGURE, TRIANGLE. IF YOU TAKE OR BREAK ONE OF THE SIDES, YOU LOSE THE IDEA OF A TRIANGLE. • THE FIRST ACCIDENT OF A MATERIAL THING IS ITS EXTENSION (PART OF IT IS HERE AND PART THERE) AN IMMATERIAL THING CAN NOT BE BROKEN. HENCE, AN IMMATERIAL BLOCK TO THE EXERCISE OF THE INTELLECT MUST BE AN ACT PROPER TO THE INTELLECTUAL SUBSTANCE ITSELF. • SO, ONLY AN ACT OF WILL, A DECISION NOT TO DO (SCIENCE FOR EXAMPLE) • POSSIBLY, ALL ANIMALS WE’VE SEEN MADE A DECISION NOT TO DO SCIENCE. • THIS IS TOTALLY IRRATIONAL AND THUS IMPOSSIBLE! furthermore… • IN THE WILD, ANIMALS PERFORM NONE OF THE UNIQUELY HUMAN ACTIONS THAT COME FROM HAVING AN INTELLECT. NONE ARE SCIENTISTS, ENGINEERS, ARTISTS, MUSICIANS, ETC. • EVEN IN NON-WILD SETTINGS, NO ANIMALS BECOME ONE OF THESE IN REAL SENSE OF THE WORD. SO WHAT’ S THE POINT? all these uniquely human abilities derive from man’s intellect. HOW TO VERIFY THAT ANIMALS DON’T HAVE INTELLECT? • DR. ANNE RUSSON OF YORK UNIVERSITY, TORONTO: “IN MY STUDY(BORNEO)I FOUND EX-CAPTIVE ORANGUTANS DOING MANY THINGS. THEY CHOPPED FIRE WOODS, WASHED LAUNDRY AND DISHES, WEEDED AND SWEPT CAMP PATHS, SAWED LOGS, SHARPENED AXE BLADES, SIPHONED FUELS, ETC. ONE EVEN TRIED TO MAKE FIRE AND ALMOST SUCCEEDED. IN ALL OF THESE CASES, ORANGUTANS DID THE JOBS THE SAME WAY HUMANS DID, YET NO ONE TAUGHT THEM.” HOW DID ANIMALS LEARN THESE SKILLS? ARE THESE SKILLS NOT PROOFS OF ANIMALS’ INTELLECT? DR. RUSSON: …LEARNING BY IMITATION IS AN IMPRESSIVE MENTAL ACCOMPLISHMENT BECAUSE IT ENTAILS LEARNING NEW BEHAVIOR JUST BY WATCHING WITHOUT PRACTICE. THIS IS A VERY ADVANCED ABILITY AND THE IMITATOR HAS TO MAKE A SORT OF MENTAL VIDEO OF THE MODEL’S BEHAVIOR THEN USE THAT VIDEO TO MAKE NEW BEHAVIOR. HERB TERRACE (NY UNIVERSITY) • NIM CHIMPSKY WAS TAUGHT AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE IN 1970. TERRACE HOPED THAT NIM WILL SIMPLY PICK UP SIGN LANGUAGE BY LIVING WITH COMMUNITY USING THE LANGUAGE. TERRACE WAS DISAPPOINTED, NIM WILL ONLY LEARN THE LANGUAGE BY BRIBING HIM WITH TREATS. NIMS SPONTANEOUS SIGNS WERE ALWAYS DEMANDS FOR SOMETHING AND RARELY COMMENTED ON THE WORLD AROUND HIM. AFTER 3 YEARS TRAINING, NIM LEARNED ONLY 125 SIGNS SMALL VOCABULARY. AND SO… ANIMALS LEARN THESE SKILLS BY WATCHING AND IMITATING HUMANS. DO ANIMALS POSSESS IDEAS? HOW IDEAS MANIFEST THEMSELVES? LANGUAGE IS IMPORTANT IN HOW THE INTELLECT MANIFESTS ITS KNOWLEDGE TO THE WORLD OUTSIDE THE MIND EX. IF I SAY “DOG”, YOU KNOW WHAT IT MEANS. HOW DID YOU KNOW? A. YOU KNOW WHAT A DOG IS (AT LEAST IN AN UNDEVELOPED WAY) B. YOU HAVE LEARNED TO ASSOCIATE THE SOUND AND SIGHT OF THE WORD “DOG” WITH THIS IDEA OF A DOG HOW DOES LEARNING TAKE PLACE? A. DIRECT ASSOCIATION EX. YOUR MOTHER MAY HAVE POINTED OUT TO YOU A DOG WHEN YOU WERE A CHILD. B. DICTIONARY WAY WORDS GETTING MEANING FROM WORDS ALREADY KNOWN EX. SOME WORDS LIKE “NORTH POLE”YOU MAY LEARN BY BEING TOLD THAT IT’S THE POINT WHERE THE ROTATION AXIS OF THE EARTH INTERSECTS THE NORTHERN PART OF THE EARTH. NOTE: MOST WORDS ARE LEARNED BY THE COMBINATION OF THESE TWO. THE DICTIONARY WAY OF LEARNING… --ILLUSTRATES OUR CAPACITY TO LEARN WORDS(SYMBOLS, OR INSTRUMENTAL SIGNS) FROM OTHER WORDS (SYMBOLS), NOT BY CHAIN ASSOCIATION BUT BY UNDERSTANDING THE MEANING OF THE WORDS. •IDEAS ARE AFTER ALL PURE “MEANINGS.” IF ANIMALS CAN TRANSFER THE MEANINGS , THEY MUST HAVE IDEAS. HOWEVER, A CHAIN ASSOCIATION WOULD NOT BE A TRANSFER OF MEANING. • IF SOMEONE COULD SHOW EVIDENCE THAT ANIMALS CAN ACQUIRE MEANINGS (BY DICTIONARY METHOD),WE COULD HAVE TO CONSIDER THAT ANIMAL HAS INTELLECT. • IT WOULD BE EVEN MORE CONVINCING IF EVIDENCE WERE FOUND THAT ANIMALS HAVE IDEAS THAT ARE NOT “PICTURABLE” OR NOT DIRECTLY REFERABLE TO SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE. (EX. IDEA OF GOD) • DESPITE IMMENSE RESEARCH EFFORTS, NO EVIDENCE OF EITHER VARIETY HAS BEEN FOUND. •CONCLUSION: ANIMALS DO NOT HAVE INTELLECT. HOW DO WE ACCOUNT FOR THE MARVELOUS “HUMAN-LIKE “ BEHAVIOR EXHIBITED BY ANIMALS? • MAN - BOTH SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE AND INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE • ANIMALS – POSSIBLY HAS SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE • REMEMBER: SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE - AWARENESS OF PARTICULARS (PHANTASMS) - CAPACITY OF IMAGINING - MEMORY • IN CASE OF S-R BEHAVIOR, ONE DOES NOT EVEN NEED SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE • THE APES THAT APED HUMAN ACTIVITIES SUCH AS WIELDING AXES, SIMPLY “RAN THE VIDEO BACK” IN CORRECT TIME SEQUENCE. HENCE, APES CAN REMEMBER SEQUENCES OF IMAGES (PHANTASMS) • THE CAT THAT RANG THE DOORBELL HAD ASSOCIATED (BY SEEING) THE PHYSICAL ACT OF THE DOOR OPENING WITH THE PUSHING OF THE BUTTON. THE SMART CAT • THE CAT’S BEHAVIOR IS REALLY AMAZING! IT INVOLVES AN IMPRESSIVE ARRAY OF COMPLEXITY ----ACQUISITION OF SENSORIAL DATA THE PROCESSING OF INFORMATION EXECUTION OF THE JUMP (THAT RINGS THE BELL) • EVEN MORE AMAZING IS THE CAT’S AWARENESS FOR PARTICULAR THINGS IN GREAT DETAIL. EX. NOTICING THE DOOR BELL. ANY LESSER ANIMAL COULD NOT HAVE DONE WHAT THE CAT DID. • THIS SMART CAT HOWEVER, COULD NOT DO THE FEATS OF THE APE (KOKO) WHO HAS THE ABILITY TO LEARN AND RECALL 1000 SIGNS. ADVANCED SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE! •AS WE MOVE ON, WE LOOK BACK IN RECOLLECTION… HOW SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE WITHOUT INTELLECT FUNCTIONS? A. Consider how orangutan uses foliage as rain hat. 1.The orangutan watches rain fall to the ground 2.He records how a leaf blocks rain from hitting him 3. Sometime later, it rains while orangutan was out in the open doing a task 4. The rain triggers the running of the previous “video” 5. He senses rain on its skin 6. He imitates the video by placing the leaf in the appropriate place based on the image 7. The orangutan doesn’t need to understand the idea of an umbrella to do what it does. • B. CONSIDER A DOLPHIN’S ABILITY TO IDENTIFY CIRCLES OF DIFFERENT COLORS THE DOLPHIN WAS TRAINED TO PICK A RED CIRCLE FROM AMONG OTHER SHAPES. LATER, IN THE TEST, IT WAS ABLE TO PICK THE CIRCLE EVEN IF THE CIRCLE WAS YELLOW. EXPLAIN… • THE DOLPHIN HAS RECALL OF AN IMAGE OF THE YELLOW CIRCLE PROMPTED BY A SIMILAR SHAPED RED CIRCLE PLACED IN FRONT OF IT CAN SIMPLY COMPARE The animal does not have to understand about what it means to be THE TWO PARTICULARS (THE PHANTASM AND THE CURRENTLY PERCEIVED ONE) AND SEE THAT THEY HAVE IN a circle; it just compares two COMMON A SHAPE. particulars. • ANIMALS ARE AMAZING! BUT THEY ARE ESPECIALLY AMAZING WHEN THEY ARE AROUND HUMAN BEINGS. MAN AND ANIMAL TOGETHER RAISE ANIMAL TO A HIGHER LEVEL IN SOME WAYS… THE CASE OF CLEVER HANS… • HANS, THE HORSE OF MR. VON OSTEN GAVE EVERY EVIDENCE OF BEING ABLE TO ADD AND SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY AND DIVIDE, READ AND SPELL. HE COULD EVEN SOLVE PROBLEMS OF MUSICAL HARMONY. HANS COMMUNICATED WITH HIS QUESTIONERS BY CONVERTING ALL ANSWERS INTO A NUMBER AND TAPPING OUT THAT NUMBER WITH HIS FOOT. HOW? DEFINITION OF PLANT AND ANIMAL ARISTOTLE, A GREAT PHILOSOPHER AND BIOLOGIST IDENTIFIED THE FOUR PRIMARY ABILITIES/POWERS OF LIVING THINGS: 1. NUTRITIVE/VEGETATIVE 2. LOCOMOTIVE ABILITY 3. SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE 4. INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE • SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE AND INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE HAVE CORRELATIVE POWERS—APPETITIVE POWERS: SENSORIAL APPETITE AND INTELLECTUAL APPETITE OR WILL. • MAN HAS ALL OF THEM • ANIMALS HAVE: SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE VEGETATIVE ABILITIES LOCOMOTIVE ABILITY PHILOSOPHICALLY…..ANIMALS ARE LIVING ORGANISMS CAPABLE OF SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE • THE CAPACITY FOR LOCOMOTION IS USED BY PERHAPS ALL ANIMALS TO PUT THEIR SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE TO BEST USE IN FOOD GATHERING, MOVING FROM DANGER AND IN SOCIAL COMMUNICATIONS. ANIMALS BEHAVE IN CERTAIN WAYS FOR FOUR BASIC REASONS: • TO FIND FOOD AND WATER • TO INTERACT IN SOCIAL GROUPS • TO AVOID PREDATORS • TO REPRODUCE ANIMAL BEHAVIORS USUALLY ARE ADAPTATIONS OR STRATEGIES FOR SURVIVAL PLANT IS A LIVING ORGANISM THAT HAS NUTRITIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE POWERS ONLY VARIOUS LIFE POWERS • GRASS – PURELY VEGETATIVE LIFE • DOG – SENTIENT (SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE) LIFE THAT DOES NOT HAVE AN INTELLECT BUT INCLUDES THE VEGETATIVE LIFE AS CONTAINED IN THE SENSORIAL LIFE ** SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE CAN ONLY EXIST IN AN ALREADY GROWING AND/OR MAINTAINED ORGANISM. WHY OH WHY? • SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE COULD BE MORE DEVELOPED OR LESS DEVELOPED AMOEBA (PROTIST) BARELY HAS SENSORIAL AWARENESS; VAGUELY AWARE OF THINGS IT CONTACTS LOWEST OF ANIMALS •SLUG HAS SENSORIAL AWARENESS OF VERY LIMITED TYPE; IT NEITHER HAS AN IMAGINATION NOR THE ABILITY TO RECALL SENSORIAL IMAGES (SENSORIAL MEMORY) THUS, IT IS ONLY AWARE OF A GIVEN THING WHILE IT IS SENSING IT; AFTER THAT, IT IS NO LONGER AWARE OF IT. •MONKEYS CAN DO INCREDIBLE THINGS. YET, THERE IS NO REASON TO ASSUME THAT SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE CANNOT BE EVEN FURTHER DEVELOPED AND SO ALLOW EVEN MORE AMAZING FEATS. MAN • A LEVEL OF LIFE , QUALITATIVELY AND RADICALLY DIFFERENT! • NOT JUST AN ANIMAL… RATIONAL ANIMAL • ABILITY TO ABSTRACT THE ESSENCE OF A THING FROM HIS SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE* • PARTS AND POWERS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO FORM A BEING (ENS) A UNITY (UNUM) INTELLECT VEGETA TIVE SENSORIAL HUMAN NATURE • MAN’S SUBSTANTIAL FORM SOUL (IMMATERIAL ESSENCE) • MAN’S INTELLECT IS IMMATERIAL (IDEAS) • SUBJECT TO MATERIAL PHYSICAL LAWS • TRUE OR FALSE ANIMALS WHEN PROPERLY TRAINED, 1. ANIMALS ARE CAPABLE OF THINKING 2. ANIMALS HAVE IDEAS 3. ANIMALS POSSESS INTELLECT 4. ANIMALS COULD SOLVE PROBLEMS 5. ANIMALS KNOW THE ESSENCE OF A THING 6. ANIMALS HAVE RIGHTS FRIENDLY WARNING! • ACCURATELY RATING THE INTELLIGENCE OF ANIMALS IS CHALLENGING BECAUSE IT IS NOT STANDARDIZED. AS A RESULT IT IS DIFFICULT TO COMPARE INTELLIGENCES BETWEEN SPECIES. TRYING TO MEASURE ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE USING HUMAN GUIDELINES WOULD BE INAPPROPRIATE. • HTTPS://SEAWORLD.ORG/ANIMALS/ALL-ABOUT/TRAINING/ANIMALBEHAVIOR-AND-LEARNING/ VALUE LIFE… RESPECT ANIMAL RIGHTS! REMEMBER: •WHEN MORE IS GIVEN, MORE IS EXPECTED! •GOOD EVENING . REMEMBER: THE SUBSTANTIAL FORM OF AN ANIMAL CONTAINS SENSORIAL AND VEGETATIVE POWERS WHAT ABOUT THE PHYSICAL POWERS (NON-LIVING POWERS) WITHIN THESE THINGS? - THEY ARE IMPLICITLY CONTAINED AND PRESUMED IN THE VEGETATIVE, THUS IN THE SENSORIAL POWERS. HENCE, THESE TWO POWERS SHOULD NOT VIOLATE ANY PHYSICAL LAWS. CHAIN ASSOCIATION (?) • OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING • ANIMALS OFTEN LEARN THROUGH OBSERVATION, THAT IS, BY WATCHING OTHER ANIMALS. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING CAN OCCUR WITH NO OUTSIDE REINFORCEMENT. THE ANIMAL SIMPLY LEARNS BY OBSERVING AND MIMICKING. ANIMALS ARE ABLE TO LEARN. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING CAN OCCUR WITH NO OUTSIDE REINFORCEMENT. THE ANIMAL SIMPLY LEARNS THROUGH OBSERVING AND MIMICKING. • CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • ONE OF THE SIMPLEST TYPES OF LEARNING IS CALLED CLASSICAL CONDITIONING. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS BASED ON A STIMULUS (A CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT) PRODUCING A RESPONSE FROM THE ANIMAL. • OVER TIME, A RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS MAY BE CONDITIONED. (CONDITIONING IS ANOTHER WORD FOR LEARNING.) BY PAIRING A NEW STIMULUS WITH A FAMILIAR ONE, AN ANIMAL CAN BE CONDITIONED TO RESPOND TO THE NEW STIMULUS. THE CONDITIONED RESPONSE IS TYPICALLY A REFLEX - A BEHAVIOR THAT REQUIRES NO THOUGHT. • OPERANT CONDITIONING • LIKE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, OPERANT CONDITIONING INVOLVES A STIMULUS AND A RESPONSE. BUT UNLIKE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, IN OPERANT CONDITIONING THE RESPONSE IS A BEHAVIOR THAT REQUIRES THOUGHT AND AN ACTION. THE RESPONSE IS ALSO FOLLOWED BY A CONSEQUENCE KNOWN AS A REINFORCER CONDITIONING AND LEARNING • CLASSICAL CONDITIONING CAN BE DEFINED AS “LEARNING TO RECOGNIZE”. • OPERANT CONDITIONING CAN BE DEFINED AS “LEARNING TO RESPOND”. • ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE • HOW INTELLIGENT ARE ANIMALS? ANIMALS ARE AS INTELLIGENT AS THEY NEED TO BE TO SURVIVE IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT. THEY OFTEN ARE THOUGHT OF AS INTELLIGENT IF THEY CAN BE TRAINED TO DO CERTAIN BEHAVIORS. BUT ANIMALS DO AMAZING THINGS IN THEIR OWN HABITATS. FOR EXAMPLE, CERTAIN OCTOPUSES DEMONSTRATE COMPLEX PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS. COMPARED TO OTHER INVERTEBRATES, OCTOPUSES MAY BE QUITE INTELLIGENT. CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES) ARE CONSIDERED TO BE THE MOST INTELLIGENT OF THE APES BECAUSE OF THEIR ABILITY TO IDENTIFY AND CONSTRUCT TOOLS FOR FORAGING. IN CONCLUSION… ANIMALS DON’T HAVE INTELLECT. BECAUSE… 1. NO EVIDENCE SHOW THAT ANIMALS ACQUIRE MEANING (BY DICTIONARY METHOD) 2. DESPITE IMMENSE RESEARCH EFFORT, NO EVIDENCE WERE FOUND THAT ANIMALS HAVE IDEAS THAT ARE “NOT PICTURABLE” (NOT DIRECTLY REFERABLE TO SENSORIAL KNOWLEDGE. •MAN • A bipedal primate mammal (homo sapiens) that is anatomically related to the great apes but distinguished especially by notable development of the brain with a resultant capacity for articulate speech and abstract reasoning, and is the sole living representative of the hominid family WHAT MADE MAN, A MAN? WHAT DELINEATES MAN FROM OTHER ANIMALS? MAN IS DIFFERENT FROM ALL OTHER ANIMALS IN A NUMBER OF WAYS: • 1. ANALYTICAL THOUGHT -ANALYZE PROBLEMS AND COME UP WITH CREATIVE SOLUTIONS. -ABLE TO REASON AND PHILOSOPHIZE ABOUT LIFE. **THE REASONING POWERS IN ANIMALS ARE LIMITED. 2. TRUE LANGUAGE ONLY MAN POSSESSES TRUE LANGUAGE AND CONCEPTUAL THOUGHT. HE CAN COMMUNICATE BY USING ABSTRACT SYMBOLS. THE BIBLE SAYS ONE OF THE FIRST RESPONSIBILITIES GIVEN ADAM BY GOD WAS TO NAME THE ANIMALS (GENESIS 2:19-23). **ANIMALS HAVE NO SUCH CAPACITIES. • 3. RECORD HISTORY MAN CAN RECORD AND DETERMINE HISTORY. FROM THE BEGINNING OF TIME, MAN HAS RECORDED HIS DEEDS FOR THE BENEFIT OF FUTURE GENERATIONS. THERE IS NO EXAMPLE OF ANY ANIMAL RECORDING THEIR DEEDS FOR POSTERITY. 4. ECONOMICS MAN IS AN ECONOMIC BEING, ABLE TO TRANSACT COMPLICATED BUSINESS AND TO ADMINISTER GOODS AND SERVICES UNDER HIS CONTROL. GOD INSTRUCTED ADAM AND EVE TO TAKE CONTROL OF THE EARTH AND "SUBDUE" IT (GENESIS 1:28). ANIMALS DO NOT TRANSACT BUSINESS BETWEEN EACH OTHER. • 5. ART MAN IS AN AESTHETIC BEING, CAPABLE OF PERCEIVING AND APPRECIATING BEAUTY AND INTANGIBLE VALUES. WHEN ANIMALS BUILD THINGS, THE PROCESS AND RESULTING OBJECT SERVE A FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE. ANIMALS DO NOT CREATE OBJECTS FOR THE PURPOSE OF APPRECIATION. 6. MORALITY MAN IS AN ETHICAL BEING. HE CAN DISTINGUISH BETWEEN RIGHT AND WRONG. HE CAN AND DOES MAKE MORAL JUDGMENTS. HE HAS A CONSCIENCE. ONLY TO MAN COULD GOD SPEAK OF "GOOD" AND "EVIL." BECAUSE OF MANS SENSE OF JUSTICE AND HIS ETHICAL ORIENTATION, GOD COULD FAIRLY PUNISH HIM FOR HIS WILLFUL DISOBEDIENCE IN THE GARDEN OF EDEN. • 7. WORSHIP ONLY MAN CAN EXPERIENCE FAITH. MAN ALONE OF ALL EARTHLY CREATION CAN WORSHIP HIS CREATOR. HE ALONE CAN PUT HIS TRUST IN THE GUIDANCE AND LEADERSHIP OF GOD. 8. BURY ITS DEAD MAN IS THE ONLY LIVING CREATURE THAT BURIES ITS DEAD. THERE IS NO EXAMPLE OF ANIMALS DOING ANY TYPE OF CEREMONIAL BURIAL AS DOES MAN.
