ARCH. DESIGN
PLUMBING SERVICES
(SANITARY AND DRAINAGE)
PRESENTED BY:
ROHIT BHATT
B.ARCH VI SEM
K.C.A.D. BAREILLY (IN)
TYPES OF WASTE WATER

BLACK WATER:
Origin- toilet fixtures, dishwashers, and food preparation sinks
It includes human excreta, toilet paper and wipes; body cleaning liquids, anal
cleansing water and so on. They are known to be highly contaminated with dissolved
chemicals, particulate matter and is very pathogenic.

GRAY WATER:
Origin- non-toilet and food fixtures (i.e. bathroom sinks, laundry machines, spas,
bathtubs and so on.
Technically it is sewage that does not contain human excreta. Graywater is treated
very differently from Blackwater and is usually suitable for re-use.

YELLOW WATER:
This is basically urine collected with specific channels and not contaminated with
either blackwater or graywater.
SOURCES OF WASTE WATER

DOMESTIC SEWAGE:
This includes all wastewater generated by home dwellings, public restrooms, hotels,
restaurants, motels, resorts, schools, places of worship, sports stadiums, hospitals
and other health centers, apartments and the like. They all produce high volumes of
wastewater.
For residential buildings,
water requirement per head per day: 135 litres (90 litres for domestic purposes and
rest 45 litres comes under flushing requirements.

NON- SEWAGE:
These include water from floods (stormwater), runoff (rainwater running through
cracks in the ground and into gutters), water from swimming pools, water from car
garages and cleaning centers. They also include laundromats, beauty salons,
commercial kitchens, energy generation plants and so on.
WHAT IS HOUSE DRAINAGE?
The arrangemnet provided in a house or building, for collecting and conveying waste
water through drain pipes, by gravity, to join either a public sewer or a domestic
septic tank, is termed as house drainage or building drainage.
AIMS OF HOUSE DRAINAGE
 To maintain healthy conditions in the building.
 To dispose off waste water as early and quickly as possible.
 To avoid the entry of foul gases from the sewer or the septic tank.
 To facilitate quick removal of foul matter (e.g. human excreta).
 To collect and remove waste matters systematically.
PRINCIPLES OF HOUSE DRAINAGE
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House Drainage should be preferable laid by side of the building to facilitate easy
repair and better maintenance.
House sewer joints should be leek proof because any leekage shall create an odour
problem and leaked wastewater shall infilterate in the ground and shall reduce
bearing capacity of soil below foundation, which is not desirable.
The sewage or sullage should flow under the force of gravity.
The house sewer should always be straight.
The entire system should be well ventilated from start to the end.
The house sewer should be connected to the manhole such that the invert level is
sufficiently higher to avoid back flow of sewage in house sewer.
Where ever there is change in direction of sewer line in the premises, provide
inspection chamber at the junction.
Rain water from roofs or open courtyards should not be allowed to flow through the
house sewers.
Siphonage action can never be permitted and therefore adequate ventilation
systems should be installed.
TYPES OF PIPES
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Soil Pipe: Pipe through which human excreta flows.
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Waste Pipe: Pipe which carries only the liquid waste & does not carry human excreta.
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Vent Pipe: Pipe which is provided for the purpose of the ventilation of the system. A
vent pipe is open at top and bottom, to facilitate exit of foul gases. It is carried at least
1 m higher than the roof level.
Rain Water Pipe: Pipe which carries only the rain water.
Anti-siphonage Pipe: Pipe which is installed in the house drainage to preserve the
water seal of traps.
TABLE : commonly used
pipes in house drainage
Type
Soil Pipe
Waste Pipe (horizontal)
Waste Pipe (Vertical)
Vent Pipe
Rain water pipe
Anti-siphonage pipe
Size (in mm)
100
30 - 50
75
50
75
50
TRAPS AND THEIR TYPES
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A trap is depressed or bent fitting that, when provided in a drainage system, always
remains full of water, thus maintaining water seal.
It prevents the passage of foul air or gas through it, though it allows the sewage or
waste water to flow through it.
The depth of water seal is the vertical distance between the crown and dip of a trap.
The depth of water seal represents its strength or effectiveness.
Greater the depth of water seal more effective is the trap. The depth of water seal
varies from 25mm to 75mm.
According to Use:
• Floor trap (Nahani trap)
• Gully trap
• Intercepting trap
• Grease and oil traps
• Silt traps
According to Shape:
• P trap
• Q trap
• S trap
TYPES OF TRAPS
FLOOR TRAPS (NAHANI TRAPS)
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This trap is generally used to
admit sullage from the floors
of rooms, bathrooms, kitchen
etc. in to the sullage pipe.
This is provided with cast iron
or stainless steel or
galvanised gratings (Jallis) at
its top so that the entr y of
larger matter is prevented
therby chances of blockage
a re r e d u c e d . A c o m m o n l y
used name of trap is Nahani
Trap.
Th e d e p t h of w a te r s e a l of
floor trap should not be less
than 40mm.
TYPES OF TRAPS
GULLEY TRAPS
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A Gully trap or gully is provided
at a junction of a roof drain and
other drain coming from kitchen
or bathroom.
As shown in figure below the foul
sullage shall enter through the
side inlet which is also called as
back inlet and unfoul rain water
shall enter from the top which is
covered with cast iron grating.
Gully traps may either have a P
shaped or Q shaped water
sealing arrangement. The water
seal is normally 50 mm to 75 mm
deep.
The maximum distance between
the gulley trap and the first
manhole should be 6m.
TYPES OF TRAPS
INTERCEPTING TRAPS
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Intercepting traps are provided
at junction of a house sewer
and muncipal sewer for
preventing entry of foul gases
of municipal sewer in to the
house drainage system.
The trap is made of glazed
stoneware with an inspection arm
for the purpose of cleaning or
inspection. The inspection arm is
keot closed by a lid or a plug.
The water seal is deeper than
that of normal traps (not less than
100mm).
TYPES OF TRAPS
GREASE & OIL TRAPS:
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These type of traps are used in
large hotels restaurants or
industries where large quantity of
oils waste is generated. These
work on the principle that grease
or oil being light in weight float on
the surface of sewage. Thus, the
inlet pipe is near the top of the
chamber and the outlet pipe is
near the bottom.
SILT TRAP
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These are provided only in
situations where the waste water
carries large amount of silt, sand,
coarse particles, etc. Silt trap is
masonary chamber where inlet
and outlets are provided at the
higher level so that the silt, sand
settles down.
PLUMBING SYSTEM FOR HOUSE
DRAINAGE

ONE PIPE SYSTEM
COMBINED STACK FOR SOIL AND WASTE WATER WITH ANTI SIPHONAGE
PIPE.

TWO PIPE SYSTEM
INDPENDENT STACKS FOR SOIL AND WASTE WATER WITH ASP.

SINGLE STACK SYSTEM
C O M B I N E D S TA C K F O R S O I L A N D WA S T E WAT E R W I T H O U T A N T I
SIPHONAGE PIPE.

SINGLE STACK PARTIALLY VENTILATED SYSTEM
VIA MEDIA BETWEEN ONE PIPE AND SINGLE STACK. ONLY SOIL TRAPS ARE
VENTILATED.
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
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A Separate vent pipe is
provided in this system. It is
clear from the study of sketch
that in comparision to single
stack system:
This system is costly and
difficult to construct
Ventilation is p r o vi d e d to
sullage pipe and soil pipe
too.
Arrangement of pipe work is
difficult.
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
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Following are the features of
this system.
Water closets, bath traps,
kitchen traps and wash basin
traps all are connected to
vent pipes.
Separate soil pipe and waste
pipes are provided.
Two vent pipes are provided.
There are four stakes in this
system
I t i s e ff i c i e n t s y s t e m b u t
costlier than
other
systems.
SINGLE STACK SYSTEM
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From the figure it is clear that
only single pipe acts as soil
pipe waste pipe and ventilation
pipe.
This is poorly ventilated
system
It is simple system and easy
to construct.
Risk of water seal breaking in
the trap is high because of
induced siponage.
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Waste or air of the waste pipe
m ay b e f o r c e d u p d u e t o
back pressure.
PARTIALLY VENTILATED SINGLE STACK
SYSTEM
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Following are the features of
this system.
Only water closet traps are
ventilated.
Traps of baths, washbasins
and kitchen are not joined
with vent pipe.
This is economical system
It is required to maintain
water seal of 75 mm or more.
It has simple arrangement of
pipe.
CHOICE OF PLUMBING SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES OF TWO PIPE SYSTEM
ENSURE SEGREGATION OF FOUL SEWAGE FROM WASTE WATER.
NO DANGER OF BACKFLOW OF SEWAGE IN WASTE FITTINGS
INCASE OF BLOCKAGE OF SOIL PIPE.
ENABLES USE OF WASTE WATER DIRECTLY FOR
IRRIGATION/GARDENING.
SEPARATE WASTE WATER STACK PERMITS ARREST OF SOLIDS
FROM KITCHEN IN THE GULLY TRAP THUS PREVENTING IT FROM
ENTERING SEWER. GULLY TRAPS NEEDS TO BE CLEANED
PERIODICALLY.
DISADVANTAGES OF TWO PIPE SYSTEM
DIFFICULT TO INSTALL IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS WHERE STACKS
TERMINATE IN SERVICE FLOOR OR IN THE CEILING OF THE
BASEMENT.
LONG HORIZONTAL RUNS TO REACH EXTERNAL WALLS /EXTERNAL
SEWERS.
PROVISION OF GULLY TRAP DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT IN ABOVE
SITUATION.
REQUIRE MORE SHAFT/DUCT SPACE.
CONGESTED SHAFT RESULTS IN DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN SYSTEM.
USED IN INDIA AS MATTER OF CONVENTION AND CONSERVATIVE
APPROACH RATHER THAN AS A PRAGMATIC APPROACH.
CHOICE OF PLUMBING SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES OF ONE PIPE SYSTEM
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LARGELY REPLACED TWO PIPE SYSTEM IN MOST DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES.
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FAST BECOMING PREFERRED SYETEM IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD.
HIGH QUALITY PIPES,FITTINGS AND INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES
AVAILABLE THESE DAYS.
CONSTANT FLOW OFWATER ENSURES REDUCTION IN BLOCKAGE
PROBLEM.
ELIMINATED GULLY TRAPS. THUS PRECLUDES THE NEED TO CLEAN THEM.
REQUIRE LESSER SHAFT/DUCT SPACE.
HIGHLY ECONOMICAL IN TERMS OF COST.
QUICK TO CONSTRUCT AND COMMISION.
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DISADVANTAGES OF ONE PIPE SYSTEM
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DANGER OF BACK FLOW OF SEWAGE IN WASTE FITTINGS.
CHOICE OF PLUMBING SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM IS AGE OLD AND SAFE SYSTEM.
ADVANTAGEOUS WHERE WASTE WATER IS RECYCLED FOR USE IN
GARDENING ETC.
REASONING BEHIND THE SEGREGATION OF THE SOIL AND WASTE
STACKS HAS BEEN TO PUT SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE IN THE
FORM OF TRAPPED GULLY AGAINST PASSAGE OF SEWER AIR INTO
THE BUILDING VIA WASTE FIXTURES.
THIS WAS CONSIDERED A SERIOUS DEFECT SINCE THE FOUL AIR
FROM WASTE PIPE INTO A BUILDING MAY BE AS OBJECTIONABLE
AS FOUL AIR FROM SOIL PIPE. IT WAS CONSIDERED THAT THERE IS
NO SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE AND SEPARATE PIPE FOR WASTE
WATER IS NOT REQUIRED.
CHOICE OF PLUMBING SYSTEM
ONE PIPE SYSTEM IS TO BE PREFERRED WHERE BUILDING
PROVIDES FOR SUITABLE GROUPING OF ALL SOIL AND WASTE
APPLIANCES AND WHERE ALL TYPES OF WATERS ARE TAKEN TO A
COMMON SEWER TO THE PLACE OF DISPOSAL OR TREATMENT.
TRAP SEAL OF 40 MM AND 50 MM FOR WASTE AND SOIL WATER
RESPECTIVELY CONSIDERED SUFFICIENT SAFEGUARD.
IN ADDITION FOLLOWING SAFEGUARDS ARE TO BE TAKEN:•
EACH WASTE PIPE CONNECTED ABOVE SOIL BRANCH TO
COMMON STACK.
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ALL TRAPS SHALL BE VENTILATED BY LOOP VENTS BY A PIPE NOT
LESS THAN 50MM DIA.
MODERN TREND IS TO GO IN FOR PARTIALLY VENTILATED ONE
PIPE OR SINGLE STACK SYSTEM.
CHOICE OF PLUMBING SYSTEM
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USE 100MM DIA SINGLE STACK SYSTEM UPTO 4 STOREYS.
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USE 150 MM DIA SINGLE STACK UPTO 15 STOREYS.
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USE 150 MM DIA ONE PIPE SYSTEM BEYOND 15 STROREYS.
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IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS, PARTIALLY VENTILATED ONE PIPE OR
SINGLE STACK SYSTEM IS BEING USED WHERE VENT STACK IS
CONNECTED TO THE DRAINAGE STACK OR THE SOIL APPLIANCES
AT EACH OR ALTERNATE FLOOR. FOLLOWING SAFEGUARDS TO BE
TAKEN IS SUCH A SYSTEM:
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VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN WASTE BRANCH AND SOIL BRANCH
SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 20 CM.
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IF WB/SINK DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO MAIN STACK THEY SHALL HAVE
75MM MIN WATER SEAL TRAP FOR BRANCH CONNECTION OF LESS THAN
75MM DIA OR 50 MM FOR BRANCH CONNECTION MORE THAN 75MM DIA
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FIXTURE UNITS FOR WATER SUPPLY
S.No
TYPE OF FIXTURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ABLUTION TAP
BATH TUB/SHOWER
BIDET
SINK AND DRAIN BOARD
DRINKING FOUNTAIN
KITCHEN SINK (DOMESTIC)
7.
WASH BASIN
8.
WASH BASIN SURGEONS (OR
FILL AND EMPTY TYPE)
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
FUs
1
3
3
3
0.5
2
SIZE OF INLET
IN MM
12
15
15
15
9
15
1
2
9
15
SHOWER (DOMESTIC)
SHOWER (GROUP)
2
3
15
15
URINAL
WC FLUSH TANK
WC FLUSH VALVE
4
4
8
15
12
25/32
FIXTURE UNITS FOR WATER SUPPLY
TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF A TOILET IN A
HIGH RISE BUILDING
SOURCES:
 National Building Code of India, Bureau of Indian Standards, 2005.
 Handbook on Water Supply & Drainage (SP 35:1987), Bureau of Indian Standards,
1993.
 Punmia B. C., Jain A. J., and Jain A.J., Building Construction, Laxmi Publications,
2005.
 Shah, Charanjit S., Water supply and Sanitation, Galgotia Publishing Company, 1998.
THANK YOU !!!