Unit 1 – The Particulate Nature of Matter
The Three states of Matter are:
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Increasing motion of atoms and molecules
Increasing Kinetic Energy of atoms and molecules
Increasing
Force
of attraction
atoms
and molecules
Increasing
forces
betweenbetween
atoms and
molecules
Fixed volume
Fixed volume
Molecules/atoms cannot
move but can vibrate
Molecules/atoms can move
freely in the volume occupied
by the liquid
Occupies the volume of the
container
Molecules/atoms can move
around freely
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Solute + Solvent = Solution
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The substance that dissolves is called a “Solute” and the substance in which it is dissolved is
called “Solvent.”
Created and Published by Mayur Patel
Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Temperature
PHASE CHANGE
Boiling
PHASE CHANGE
Condensing
Melting
solidification
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
Time
Diffusion
The movement of particles is always from Higher Concentration to Lower Concentration
Created and Published by Mayur Patel
Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
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The spreading out of particles due to their random motion (In Gases and Liquids) is called
Diffusion
The Rate of Diffusion depends on Molecular Mass.
For example:
NH3 moves to the right
Molecular mass of NH3 is 17
NH3 moves faster (Diffuses faster)
HCl moves to the left
Molecular mass of HCl is 36
HCl moves slowly (Diffuses slowly)
So NH4Cl is formed near HCl
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The movement of particles is always from Higher Concentration to Lower Concentration
Created and Published by Mayur Patel
Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Unit 2 – Experimental Techniques
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Methods for Separation of Mixtures (Purification)
Created and Published by Mayur Patel
Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Evaporation
Crystallization
Eg: Salt + Water
Eg: Salt + Water
Simple Distillation
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Eg: Salt + Water
Created and Published by Mayur Patel
Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Filtration
Decantation
Eg: Tea Leaves + Water
Eg: Vegetables + water
Centrifugation
For solids suspended in liquid.
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Eg: Blood
Created and Published by Mayur Patel
Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Fractional Distillation
Eg: Water + Ethanol
Magnetic Separation
Separating Funnel
Eg: Water + Oil
Solvent Extraction
Eg: Making sugar from Sugarcane
Sugarcane juice + water
↓
The mixture is Evaporated
↓
Sugar crystals
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For separating Fe (Iron) from other metals
Created and Published by Mayur Patel
Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
Chromatography
Usually used to separate two or more solids dissolved in a solvent. Eg: Food dyes, Colors,
etc…
There are different types of chromatography. But we will study “Paper Chromatography”.
After the solvent front has run, it is called the “Chromatogram”
Created and Published by Mayur Patel
Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology
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Sometimes, the colorless components are not visible on the chromatogram. So we have to
spray a “Locating Agent” that wil give color to the spots on the chromatogram
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The smaller & ligher molecules will rise up faster
The larger & heavy molecules will rise slowly
Retardation Factor Rf values
Rf =
Distance travelled by the component
Distance travelled by the solvent front
Look at the chromatograph on right
hand side.
Mixture M contains components A and B
Rf of A = 4.30 = 0.26
16.80
Rf of B =
Purity of Compounds
The Purity of a substance can be measured by
 Its Melting point
If pure solid  Sharp melting point
If impure  Melt over a range of temperatures
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 Chromatography
If pure substance  Only one spot on the chromatogram
If impure  More than one spot on the chromatogram
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 Its Boiling point
If pure liquid  Steady boiling point
If impure  Boil over a range of temperatures
Created and Published by Mayur Patel
Department of Chemistry (2013-2014)
High School Attached to Harbin Institute of Technology