Nova Explore Publications
Nova Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
DOI: 10.20286/nova-jeas-060104
Vol.6 (1) 2017:1-15
www.novaexplore.com
Research Article
Alcohol Detection of Drunk Drivers with Automatic Car Engine Locking System
Dada Emmanuel Gbenga*1, Hamit Isseini Hamed1, Adebimpe Adekunle Lateef 2,
Ajibuwa Emmanuel Opeyemi3
1
Department of Computer Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Computer Science, Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo, Nigeria
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
*
Corresponding Author: Dada Emmanuel Gbenga, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Maiduguri,
Maiduguri, Nigeria. Email: gbengadada@unimaid.edu.ng
2
Received: 2017.08.17 Accepted: 2017.09.25
Abstract
Background: This study proposed an efficient technique for eradicating the upsurge in the number of cases of roads
accidents caused by excessive intake of alcohol by drivers on the Nigerian roads.
Material and methods: This study developed a prototype alcohol detection and engine locking system by using an
Arduino Uno microcontroller interfaced with an alcohol sensor along with an LCD screen and a DC motor to demonstrate
the concept. The system uses MQ-3 alcohol sensor to continuously monitor the blood alcohol content (BAC) to detect the
existence of liquor in the exhalation of a driver. By placing the sensor on the steering wheel, our system has the capacity
to continuously check alcohol level from the driver’s breath. The ignition will fail to start if the sensors detects content of
alcohol in the driver’s breath. In case the driver got drunk while driving, the sensor will still detect alcohol in his breath
and stop the engine so that the car would not accelerate any further and the driver can park by the roadside.
Results: Results from testing the proposed system adequately matched the requirements for starting a car’s engine once
the level of alcohol detected in the breath of the driver is higher than the prescribed level permissible by law.
Conclusion: Experimental results show that the alcohol sensor was able to respond quickly when alcohol is detected and
also have the ability to operate over a period.
Keywords: MQ-3 Alcohol sensor, Arduino Uno ATmega328 microcontroller, Blood Alcohol Content (BAC), LCD.
Introduction
These days, majority of road accidents are caused by drink-driving. Drunken drivers are in an unstable condition and so,
rash decisions are made on the highway which endangers the lives of road users, the driver inclusive. The enormity of this
menace transcends race or boundary. In Nigeria, the problem is being tackled by issuing laws prohibiting the act of drivers
getting drunk before or while driving as well as delegating law enforcements agents to arrest and persecute culprits.
However, effective monitoring of drunken drivers is a challenge to the policemen and road safety officers. The reason for
this stems from the natural inability of human beings to be omnipresent as well as omniscience within the same space and
time. This limited ability of law enforcement agents undermines every manual effort aimed at curbing drink-driving.
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There is therefore the need for an automatic alcohol detection system that can function without the restriction of space and
time.
The Nigerian Bureau of Statistics reported 11, 363 road accidents in 2016. Although the report stated speed violation as
the foremost cause of these accidents, it can safely be inferred that most of the cases would have been due to driver’s
unstable condition caused by drivers getting drunk before they drive. The investigation done by the World Health
Organization in 2008 shows that about 50%-60% of traffic accidents are related to drink-driving. More so, WHO data on
road traffic deaths revealed 1.25 million traffic deaths were recorded globally in 2013 with the low- and middle-income
countries having higher fatality rates per 100 000 population (24.1 and 18.4 respectively). Data collected showed that
67.2% of commercial vehicles drivers in Nigeria admitted to drinking alcohol during working days. This shows that most
drivers, especially commercial and heavy duty trucks drivers engage in drink-driving, which can lead to accident. Nigeria
sets a legal limit of 0.5 g/100mL blood alcohol concentration (BAC), any level above that is said to be illegal. In this
paper, the illegal limit is taken as 0.4. The BAC depicts the quantity of alcohol in a certain volume of blood. It is
measured as either grams of ethanol per deciliter of blood (g/fdl, commonly used in the United States), or milliliters of
blood, (mg/ml, used in much of Europe). For BAC level from 0.4 to 0.6, drivers feel dazed/confused or otherwise
disoriented, and it is generally not safe for a driver to drive a vehicle under such condition. Also, BAC level for 0.7 to 0.8
makes a driver’s mental, physical and sensory functions to be severely impaired. At this stage, a driver is inactive and
incapable of driving. BAC level of 0.2 to 0.3 is still not safe but the driver still has a little degree of self-control.
Our prototype system, integrates the following hardware components in the design: An LCD, the MQ-3 alcohol sensor,
DC motor, Buzzer and two LEDs are integrated to ATmega328 microcontroller. The proposed system was designed and
simulated using Proteus VSM simulator. The software code to be burnt into the Arduino board was written in Arduino
IDE sketch.
Many research efforts have been directed to the design of efficient systems that will monitor drink-driving. Altaf et al. [1]
proposed an alcohol detection and motor locking system. They used AT89S51 controller, MQ-3 alcohol sensor, and an
LCD to notify the occupiers of a car. The AT89S51 controller has an on-board flash memory which allows fast
development and reprogramming in a matter of seconds. Kousikan., Sundaraj [2] employed an infra-red (IR) alcohol
detection system to provide continuous monitoring of a driver’s BAC. An IR source LED-894 was used to direct IR
energy through an IR sensor (TSOP 1736) mounted on the steering wheel. The activation of the relay circuit is made
possible by an interface of IC-4538B and transistor-BC 547.
Pratiksha et al. [3] adopted the Arduino ATMEGA328 controller board interfaced with MQ-3 alcohol sensor module,
GPS, GSM, LCD and DC motor. The GPS module captures the location of a vehicle, and forwards it as a distress message
through the GSM module. The LCD acts as the display while the DC motor was employed as a model for specifying the
ability of the mechanism to lock the engine every time ethanol is sensed. Shaik et al. [4] proposed an automatic vehicle
engine locked control system using Virtual Instrumentation. The proposed system used LabVIEW to implement an
alcohol breath analyzer. The method used an Arduino as the control unit interfaced with MQ-3 sensor as a breathalyzer.
Other modules interfaced with the Arduino are buzzer, LED, LCD and DC motor. The LED and LCD served as the output
device. ZigBee, IoT and LabVIEW software are the other tools implemented. IoT enables E-mail to be sent to concerned
persons of arrested drunk suspects. Mandalkar et al. [5] proposed system included the use of a GPS for tracking the
vehicle’s location, heart pulse sensor to notify normal or abnormal condition of driver, and bumper switch to detect
collision of vehicle. Other functional modules interfaced to the ATmega328 controller are GSM, GPS, LCD, MQ-3
alcohol sensor, obstacle sensor, fuel blocker, alarm and relays. Bandi et al. [6] proposed system is based on ARM7
LPC2148 microcontroller which provides the continuous monitoring of a driver’s BAC. PAS 32U alcohol sensor was
utilized to continuously check the existence of liquor, while the Global Positioning System and Global System for Mobile
communication units send the place where the vehicle is situated via SMS.
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Prashanth et al [7] developed a prototype of road accident avoiding system that have an alcohol sensor MQ-2 which
detects the presence of alcohol in human breath was integrated with a PIC16F877/874 microcontroller which acts as the
controller, and an LCD as the output. Shah, Nawgaje [8] proposed a system for detecting drivers that are drunk so as to
track them down. The system uses Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) processor and MQ3 that detects liquor. The MQ3
sensor senses the intensity of liquor by means of an analog to digital converter which is inbuilt in LPC2148 ARM
controller.
Materials and Methods
Our proposed work consists of various units that make up the system: the power supply unit, the alcohol detection unit,
the engine locking unit, ignition system unit, display unit, alarm unit and indicating unit. An LCD display will be fitted
inside the car to act as an indicator to the motorist together with everyone in the vehicle. A DC motor is used as the car
engine to demonstrate the concept of engine locking. The ATmega328 microcontroller under the brand name of Arduino
Uno will be used to keep looking for the output from the alcohol sensor. The Arduino Uno sketch which is the
environment for programming is used to write the code, compile, generate hex file and load it to the microcontroller.
Block Diagram
The block diagram of the proposed system is shown in figure 1. It consists of power supply section, MQ-3 alcohol sensor,
DC motor, LCD, microcontroller, alarm and LEDs. The various units were designed and tested separately.
POWER SUPPLY
INDICATING
UNIT
ALCOHOL
SENSOR
MQ-3
ARDUINO
UNO R3
ATMEGA328
IGNITION
SYSTEM
ALARM
DC
MOTOR (CAR
ENGINE)
LCD
DISPLAY
Fig. 1: Block diagram of Alcohol detection of drunk drivers with automatic car engine locking system
Power Supply Unit
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Our system is powered with a 9V battery. A 5V DC supply as required by the microcontroller, sensor and
display unit. While other components like DC motor require 1.5V and the LEDs need 2V. The Arduino Uno
board has already been designed to operate without the use of transformer, the system can be powered via the
USB connection from computer or with an external power supply of 7 to 12V. The External (non-USB) power
can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. Any voltage that is above 12V will make the
control device to burn thereby destroying the board. It is advisable to use voltage between 7 - 12V.
ATmega328 Microcontroller Unit
The proposed system is built around ATmega328 Arduino Uno microcontroller board. The unit consists of 14
pins which allows inflow and outflow of feeding (it is possible to use 6 of those pins as Pulse Width Modulation
signal outputs), 6 continuous signal with time changing quantity, 16 megahertz electronic oscillator, a Universal
Serial Bus port, a power connector, an on-board voltage regulator, ICSP header, and a reset button. The
Atmega328 has 32 KB flash memory, 2 KB SRAM and 1 KB EEPROM.
Fig. 2: Arduino Uno ATmega328 microcontroller unit
MQ-3 Alcohol Sensor Unit
The sensor is made of Tin Dioxide (SnO2 ) sensitive layer. The sensor is configured with a high sensitivity to
alcohol and small sensitivity to Benzene. It has a simple drive circuit with fast response, stability, and long life.
It has an analog interface type. On the sensor, port pins 1, 2 and 3 represents the output, GND and VCC
respectively. The technical specification of the sensor is portrayed in table 1.
Table 1: Alcohol Sensor Technical Specification
Parameter
Name
Sensor type
Detection
gas
Concentration
Voltage
Load
resistance
(R L )
Heater
resistance
(R H)
Sensing
resistance
(𝐑𝐬)
Slope
Temp
humidity
Semiconductor
Alcohol
gas
0.04-4mg/l
alcohol
±5.0V
Adjustable
31Ω
Ω
2KΩ20KΩ (in
0.4mg/l
alcohol)
200–
1000ppm
20±2;
65%±5%RH
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The circuit diagram of the MQ-3 sensor is shown in figure 3 and 4. In the datasheet, the recommended value to
be used ranges from 100k ohm to 470k ohm. Here, 200k ohm was used.
Fig. 3: MQ-3 circuit diagram
Fig. 4: Simplified circuit diagram of MQ-3 alcohol sensor
LCD Display Unit
LCD display is used for displaying the message sent from the remote location. The LCD module (Fig. 5)
displays alphanumeric, kana (Japanese characters) and symbols. It consists of 16 pins (8 data lines, 3 control
lines, 2 power lines, 1 contrast line and 2 pins for back light LED connection). Data line and control line are
connected to the microcontroller. The LCD display power rating is as stated below:
Current (𝐼𝐷𝐷 ) (𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 5.0𝑣) … … … … .1.0𝑚𝐴 − 3.0𝑚𝐴 𝑚𝑎𝑥
Range of 𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝑉0 … … … … … … .1.5~5.25𝑉 𝑜𝑟 5.0 ± 0.25
Fig. 5: 16x2 LCD display unit
Alarm and Indicating Unit
The alarm unit used is a buzzer which indicates when alcohol is detected. The buzzer used belongs to the PS series. The
PS series are high-performance buzzers that employ Uni-morph piezoelectric elements and are designed for easy
incorporation into various circuits. They have very low power consumption in comparison to electromagnetic units. It has
a voltage requirement of 2V and is connected to pin 10 of the microcontroller. The standard resistor value of 220 Ω
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commercially available is closest to the computed value of 250 Ω, so a 220 Ω resistor was used to limit the current going
through the LEDs.
DC Motor
The DC motor is an electric DC motor used to demonstrate the concept of engine locking. Here in this work, the DC
motor will be connected to pin 9 on the microcontroller, when alcohol is detected the DC motor stops in other to indicate
that alcohol is detected and continue running when there is no alcohol detected.
System Flow chart
The flow chart of the system is shown in figure 6. The system algorithm comprises of three main steps. First is to boot up
the system, next is the measuring state, this stage measure the amount of alcohol level from the drivers. A prescribed set
limit will be given as input to the microcontroller, once the alcohol level exceeds the limit the car will not start.
STEP 1: Power on the system
STEP 2: checks for alcohol concentration
STEP 3: if alcohol is detected
STEP 3.1: turn off car engine
STEP 4: Else
STEP 5: Car engine running
STEP 6: Goto step 1
START
ALCOHOL DETECTION FROM
DRUNKEN DRIVERS WITH
ENGINE LOCKING SYSTEM
MEASURING ALCOHOL LEVEL
OF THE DRIVER
IS ALCOHOL
LEVEL ABOVE
LIMIT
NO
YES
1. CAR ENGINE OFF
2.RED LED INDICATOR ON
3. ALARM ON
4. GREEN LED INDICATOR OFF
1. CAR ENGINE ON
2.GREEN LED INDICATOR ON
3.ALARM OFF
4.RED LED INDICATOR OFF
STOP
Fig. 6: Flowchart of the entire system
System Operation
The detected analog voltage values are read by the microcontroller; the Arduino Uno board contains 8 channels,
10-bit device that changes an analog voltage on a pin to a digital number. The system will link input voltages
from 0-5V with values from 0-1023V to generate 5Vs for every 1024 units. The system will process the analog
signal and convert it to digital value of 0 or 1. Also, the analog values from the alcohol sensor will be scaled to
percentage, and this percentage is equivalent to the analog voltage values in ppm (part per million). The first
condition is the intoxication stage; the second condition is the slightly drunk stage and the last stage is
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drunkenness stage. Each stage will be a condition to perform a task based on the level of alcohol. In the
intoxication stage, the LED indicator will be activated only, the alarm will be OFF and the car engine will be
ON. In stage two, the alarm and the green LED indicator will be ON, as well as the car engine. Finally, the
driver is mentally and physically inactive in stage three, so the engine will be OFF while the alarm and red LED
will be ON. Therefore, once the system detect alcohol in stage three the car will be stopped and the driver can
park by the roadside.
Software Implementation
The software design consists of a free running program which manipulates input from the Alcohol sensor and
programming of the indicating unit, LCD display, DC motor, alarm unit. The program code is written on
Arduino sketch and uploaded to ATMEGA328 microcontroller program memory using Arduino Uno
development board. The hex file is generated using the Arduino sketch IDE environment. Figure 7 shows the
device programming used for this research.
System Design and Simulation
Fig. 7: Device Programming
After generating the hex file from the Arduino sketch environment, the hex file was copied from the Arduino
file directory and linked to the Proteus for simulation. Each unit was also tested to ensure continuity and
efficiency in the components before soldering. Figure 14 shows the full simulation design of our proposed
system. Also, the location of hex file is depicted in figure 13.
•
Indicating unit
Two LEDs with different colors are used. The green LED indicate when the engine is running and also
notify the driver that his alcohol level is below the limit, and the other red LED indicate when there is
alcohol detected and also when the engine is not running. This unit is depicted in figure 8.
Fig. 8: Indicating unit
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•
Alarm unit
The alarm unit used a buzzer to produce sound whenever alcohol is detected. The purpose of the buzzer
was to create awareness to passengers whenever alcohol is detected. The alarm unit is represented in
figure 9.
Fig. 9: Alarm Unit
•
Engine locking unit
The engine locking unit was built by the concept of using a DC motor to demonstrate as the car engine.
The DC motor operate based on preset conditions; once the alcohol level goes above 40% the engine
motor stops. The engine motor continues to run when the alcohol level goes below 39%. The DC motor
is connected to pin 9 on the microcontroller and it operate from 1.5V TO 6V.
Fig. 10: Engine locking unit
•
Alcohol checking stage
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In this stage, when the car is switched on the system measures the level of alcohol from the driver breath to check
whether the driver is intoxicated, slightly drunk and whether if he is extremely drunk. Based on this, the
microcontroller only locks the engine when the level exceeds 40% in which case car engine stops so that the
driver can manage to stare the car to the road side. The unit for measuring alcohol level is depicted in figure 11.
Fig. 11: Measuring alcohol level
•
alcohol detection unit
The alcohol sensor unit has four pins; test pin, vcc, dout and ground. The test pin is used to accept logic signals of
0 or 1 by using logic state pin as shown in figure 12. The LED is used to show when the sensor detect alcohol. in
the simulation, when the logic state is 1 the led goes on to indicate that alcohol is present and off to show the
absence of alcohol.
Fig. 12: Detection stage
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Fig. 13: Location of hex file
The circuit diagram of our proposed alcohol detection system is in figure 14 below.
Fig. 14: Complete Alcohol detection and engine locking design
Results
The results of our experiments are presented in figures 15, 16, 17 and 18. Tables 2, 3 and 4.
Fig. 15: Final bread boarding of the system
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Table 2: Alcohol sensor reading
Normal
Sensor
Readings
Experimental
Readings
16
20
24
26
27
30
35
40
17
23
26
28
30
34
37
41
Table 3: Sensitivity level characteristics
VOLATGE (V)
PPM (PART PER MILLION)
PERCENTAGE (%)
0
0
0
0.5
100
10
1
200
20
1.5
300
30
2
400
40
2.5
500
50
3
600
60
3.5
700
70
4
800
80
4.5
900
90
5
1000
100
Table 4: Level of drunkenness
LEVEL OF DRUNKNESS
Voltage Output
200 - 300ppm
300 – 400ppm
400 – 500ppm
1 – 1.5V
1.5 – 2V
2– 2.5V
20 – 30%
30 – 40%
40 – 50%
LCD Display
Intoxicated
Slightly Drunk
Drunkenness
Alarm
Off
Off
On
Ignition SYS
On
On
Off
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Indicator
Led Green On
Led Green On
Led Red On
Led Red Off
Led Red Off
Led Green Off
The graph in figure 16 shows the output voltages for alcohol detection in ppm obtained with the help of the
above readings for different alcohol content samples. The response of the different samples is in parts per
million (PPM) vs Alcohol Sensor Operating voltages in Volt.
Fig. 16: Response of ppm (In Percentage) via alcohol sensor output voltages value
Figure 17 shows the graph of the voltage level at which the detection point takes effect. At 2V the car engine
stops running and continues running once the alcohol level falls below 2V.
ALCOHOL DETECTION POINT
2.5
(90%-100%)
VOLTAGE
2
(80%-90%)Alcohol
1.5
(60%-70%)Alcohol
1
(40-50%)Alcohol
(20%-30%) Alcohol
0.5
0
(0%-10%)alcohol
1
2
3
4
5
6
PPM
7
8
9
10 11 12
Fig. 17: Alcohol detection point
The detection limit at which the sensor detects Alcohol from the driver is depicted in figure 18.
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Fig. 18: serial plot of the detection limit
Discussion
We tested the sensor’s accuracy using a deodorant perfume to simulate its response to alcohol concentration level. To
verify the functionality of our system, we employed breadboard, digital multimeter, LEDs, Arduino sketch IDE, and
Proteus VSM software. The final bread boarding of the entire system is shown in figure 15.
Alcohol Sensor Accuracy
Accuracy is the measurement of an instrument to give equivalent value to the true value or the quantity being
measured. The accuracy can be related to the percentage error as
Error = Actual reading – Experimental reading
Percentage error = Error⁄Actual reading × 100%
From the experimental results obtained as shown in table 5, Total percentage error for the whole table =
45%. Therefore, Overall percentage error = Total percentage /total sample reading = 45/20 = 2.25%. The
average accuracy of the alcohol sensor used is obtained as Ave % accuracy = 100 − 2.25% = 97.75 %.
Thus, our calculation above shows that the alcohol sensor is 97.75% accurate.
Sensitivity Level Characteristics
Table 3 shows the alcohol levels in ppm, voltage and percentage. The values in ppm correspond to the voltage
and percentage. Our system displays the percentage alcohol level to the driver. The ppm values are the
concentration level, that is, BAC level. The voltage values increase or decreases based on the resistance of the
alcohol sensor. Using this table, the locking concept was achieved by programming instruction to the
microcontroller to lock the car engine when the alcohol sensor reading is above 40%. The microcontroller uses
the analog voltage values coming from the sensor to determine whether the sensor reading is above the set limit.
In essence, once the microcontroller receives analog value above 2V, it automatically compares it with the
preset limit, if it is not the same the engine will stop.
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Level of Drunkenness
Experimental results were obtained based on the three pre-designated conditions for drunk driving. In
intoxication stage, the car engine will be running as the driver can still control himself. Also in the slightly
drunk state, the system will still allow the engine to run. Finally, in the drunken state, the driver will lose
stability and cannot make decisions. In that case, the engine automatically locks off. Table 4 shows the level of
drunkenness.
Conclusions
In this paper, we proposed a method to sense the presence of alcohol from the breath of drivers and curtail the
catastrophic effects it can have on peoples’ lives. The system was designed and implemented successfully via
the use of Arduino Uno ATMEGA328 microcontroller and MQ-3 sensor. Experimental evaluation of the
system showed that the alcohol sensor was able to deliver fast response when alcohol is detected. Also, the
ability of the alcohol sensor to operate over a long time is a feature of the proposed system.
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