linking words
contrast Two things are just different, and there is no contradiction between
them.. While / Whereas / Unlike / in contrast


I like football while my brother prefers basketball .
I am a fan of FC Barcelona whereas my friends are fans of real Madrid .
Addition: adding extra information .
Moreover / Furthermore / Besides (this) / In addition / Additionally / Also
Rural girls suffer from illiteracy. Moreover, they suffer from discrimination and violence .
As well as / Along with
The youth hostel provide housing and food as well as adequate health care
Not only + auxiliary + subject +verb …., but also + S + V
/ subject + not only + verb…., but also + S + V
Women not only must do the house chores, but also they must take care of children
Purpose
: the aim , the objective of something
to
/ in order to /
so as to + verb
I learnt Italian I want to apply for a job in an Italian company
I learnt Italian so as to apply for a job in an Italian company
so that
in order that + subject +could or would
I learnt Italian I want to apply for a job in an Italian company
I learnt Italian so that I could apply for a job in an Italian company
A. join the following sentences using the word between brackets
1) He opened the window. He wanted to let fresh air in.(in order to)
________________________________________________
2) I took my camera . I wanted to take some photos.(so as to )
______________________________________________________________
3) They painted the walls of the house. They cleaned the garden, too.(not only …but also)
______________________________________________________________
4) She was wearing a long black dress. , her mother had a purple one. ( While )
______________________________________________________________
5) He studied really hard. He wanted to get better marks.(in order to)
______________________________________________________________
Fill in the blanks with the right word from the list:
whereas , in order to, , moreover
1) He works very hard ………….. get a promotion.
2) The book is interesting. ………….. , the film is boring.
3) Traveling gives you a break from work.………….. , it helps you see different places and
meet people.
Cause and effect : A cause is the reason something happened. Why did this happen?
An effect is the result. It answers the question: What happened?
Because - since - as + subject +verb
The police arrested him because he broke into a bank.
Due to/ because of /thanks to + noun /verbing /the +adjective +noun
Due to the bad weather, they didn't go for a picnic.
Thanks to his intelligence, he attracted the attention of all the guests.
Consequently, As a result, As a consequence, So, Therefore, Thus , For this reason, That’s why
He missed the early train; therefore, he was too late for the job interview
He didn’t pay his taxes in time; as a result, he was given a penalty
Exercises
A. Choose the correct word from the list
1. We stayed home ………………………… the bad weather .
a-because b- because of
c- therefore
2. The teacher stayed at home ………………………… his illness.
a-as
b- due to
c- that’s why
3. ………………………… flights are cheaper in this season , we decided to travel then.
a- since
b- thanks to
c-therefore
4. …………………… she hated cats, she wasn’t happy when her husband bought three.
a-because b- because of
c- therefore
5. Ali didn’t go to work ………………………… his illness.
a-because b- because of
c- therefore
6. I had a long hard day , .………………………… I went to bed early.
a-because
b- due to
c- therefore
9. I stayed up late yesterday night …………….., John missed his train.
a-since
b- because of
c- therefore
10. the traffic was very heavy ………………………We were late for the plane
a-because b- because of
c- therefore
join the following sentences using the word between brackets
1. It is raining heavily today. All the schools are closed. (due to)
..................................................................................................................................................
2. Our trip has been canceled. The weather was bad .( because of)
..................................................................................................................................................
3. I will not go to work today. I am feeling very sick. (because)
..................................................................................................................................................
4. I have to improve my English skills. All the lectures are in English .( since)
..................................................................................................................................................
5. He was absent at his office for many days. He was fired by the boss. (consequently)
..................................................................................................................................................
6. He smoked a lot for a long while. He is suffering from health problems . (that’s why)
..................................................................................................................................................
Concession: The two sentences
A
or situations seem to be in contradiction.
Although + subject +verb
Stevie Wonder was blind. He was a great singer and composer.
Although Stevie Wonder was blind, He was a great singer and composer.
The weather was bad. we played a football match.
Although the weather was bad, we played a football match.
+ noun
B
In spite of
+ pronoun his /her/ their
Despite
+ gerund (verbing) (when the subject is the same)
+ possessive case
+ noun
Although Stevie Wonder was blind, He was a great singer and composer.
In spite of being blind, Stevie Wonder was a great singer and composer
Although the weather was bad, we played a football match.
In spite of the bad weather, we played a football match.
C
However, Yet, But nevertheless
Some people are rich. They are unhappy.
Although some people are rich, they are unhappy
Some people are poor. Yet, they’re happy.
Some people are poor. However, they’re happy.
Some people are poor, but, they’re happy.
Exercises
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete these sentences.
1. .............................. he likes chocolate, he tries not to eat it.
A. nevertheless
B .Though
C . Despite
2. He is a very intelligent boy, ............................he is very lazy
A. but
B. although
C. Inspite of
3. Last night we came to the show late ....................the traffic was terrible.
A. although
B. despite
C. However
4. .......................... his broken leg, he came to class yesterday.
A. although
B. However
C. despite
5. .....................there is a lot of noise in the city, I prefer living there.
A. despite
B. in spite of
C. Although
6. ........................... the terrible weather, we went sailing.
A. yet
B. in spite of
C. although
Exercise 2
Tick the correct answer :
1. In spite of not speaking French, Ahmed decided to settle in Paris.
a. Although Ahmed didn’t speak French, he decided to settle in Paris.
b. Ahmed decided to settle in Paris despite he didn’t speak French.
c. Although not speaking French; Ahmed decided to settle in Paris.
2. Mr Brahim was late for the meeting although he took a taxi.
a. Inspite of taking a taxi, Mr Brahim was late for the meeting.
b. In spite of he took a taxi, Mr Brahim was late for the meeting.
c. Mr Brahim was late for the meeting although having taken a taxi.
3. We came to the meeting on time although the traffic was heavy.
a. Despite the traffic was heavy; we came to the meeting on time.
b. In spite of the heavy traffic, we came to the meeting on time.
c. Although the heavy traffic, we came to the meeting on time.
4. Although he took a taxi, Ali still arrived late for the concert.
a. Ali arrived late for the concert .However , he took a taxi or not.
b. Ali arrived late for the concert although taking the taxi.
c. In spite of taking a taxi, Ali arrived late for the concert.
5. Although Sawsan felt tired, she stayed up late talking to her friends .
a. Despite feeling tired, Sawsan stayed up late talking to her friends
b. However feeling tired, Sawsan stayed up late talking to her friends.
c. Sawsan felt tired despite staying up late talking to her friends.
Exercise 3
Combine these sentences using the words between brackets
1. He is good at dancing .My friend Anny does not like it. (Although )
=>
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. He always walks to work. He is living too far . ( inspite of )
=>
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
3. My house is near the beach. I rarely go swimming. (however)
=>
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. My brother is working in France . He comes home on every public holiday. (Although )
=>
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. Most children go to see the firework show, Zayad stay home watching TV. (Although )
=>
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
6. hassan used to smoke. He seems to be in good health. (despite )
=>
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
7. Samir’s friend is a millionaire. He hates spending money. (nevertheless )
=>
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Exercise 6: Rewrite the sentences with the word given.
1. Although he has a very important job, he isn’t well-paid.
=>In spite of
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Although I had never seen her before, I recognized her from a photograph.
=> Despite ............................................................................................................................................................................................
3. She wasn’t wearing the coat although it was quite cold.
=>In spite of
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
5. Although I didn’t speak the language, I managed to understand.
=>In spite of
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
6. Although the heat was on, the room wasn’t warm.
=> inspite of
......................................................................................................................................................................................
7. I didn’t recognize her although I’d met her twice before.
=>In spite of
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
8. We’re not very good friends although we’ve known each other a long time.
=> Despite ............................................................................................................................................................................................
Exercise 4
Fill in the blanks with Although /Despite / in spite of /however
1. ____________________she is nice and beautiful, everybody hates her.
2. I was very tired yesterday. I managed to sleep ____________________ the noise.
3. ____________________ her salary is low, she helped her parents
4. She did not do well in the exam ____________________ working very hard.
5. Mozart was deaf and poor. ____________________, he composed great symphonies.
Exercises from national exams
/ MATCH EACH SENTENCE WITH ITS APPROPRIATE FUNCTION:
1.Mrs Simpson took her medication. Yet, she didn’t feel better.
2.My friend Tarik is saving money so as to buy a computer.
3.Because of poverty, children’s schooling is still a problem in many
African countries.
a. Cause and effect
b. Concession
c. Defining
d. Purpose
1: ……………………. 2: ………………………. 3: ………………………..
MATCH EACH SENTENCE WITH ITS APPROPRIATE FUNCTION:
EXPRESSIONS
1. Although many efforts are made, our environment is still in danger.
2. Computers save time. As a result, nearly all businesses use them.
3. Brain drain refers to the emigration of skilled workers to developed countries.
1. →…………………
2. → ………………..
FUNCTIONS
a. Addition
b. Defining
c. Cause and effect
d. Concession
3. → ………………..
MATCH EACH STATEMENT WITH ITS APPROPRIATE FUNCTION. (4 pts)
1. As a result of global warming, the world climate has changed considerably. a.purpose
2. A lot of people get in touch with associations in order to receive help.
b.cause and effect
3. Although Nancy went on a strict diet, she didn’t lose weight.
c.opinion
4. As far as I’m concerned, the Internet is very useful.
d.concession
1. → ........................ 2. → ........................ 3. → ........................ 4. → ........................
FILL IN EACH GAP WITH THE APPROPRIATE WORD OR PHRASE FROM THE LIST.
in addition to – in spite of - because of – although – also
1. Kids can use computers to learn, play games or surf the Net. They can ……. use them to
communicate with the outside world.
2. Many Moroccan families have returned to Morocco from Libya …………………. the conflict
there.
Fill in the gaps with appropriate words from the list:
In addition to – nevertheless – since – however – in spite of – furthermore
1- Many countries still can’t reduce unemployment ……………………… making big efforts.
2- Many people in the village don’t know how to read or write ……………., a local organisation
has set up a literacy programme for them.
3- The computer is an amazing means of entertainment …………………. its efficiency at work
/ Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words or expressions from the list
whereas – due to – as a result – despite – though – so as to
1. Jane was often absent from work; ……………….…, her director dismissed her.
2. I’ll try to find some time to see you this afternoon ……………….… I have so many things to do.
3. Thousands of people are driven out of their homes ……………….… civil wars in many parts of the
world.
FILL UN THE BLANKS WITH THE APPROPRIATE WORDS FROM THE LIST:
So as to – despite – although – therefore – thanks to – because
1. ….………………… his parents’ care and encouragement, Soufien has received a good
education.
2. Sue worked hard ….………………… get a good mark in the final exam.
3. ….………………… the geography test was easy, many students didn’t get a good mark.
Fill in each gap with an appropriate linking word. 2 pts
in order to – however - because of – although - therefore
1. Ali had to stay in the hospital ……………………..his serious illness.
2. We set up this association………………….help illiterate women learn how to read and write
C- Rewrite the sentences beginning with the words given:
1. Mr Parker was poor; however, he managed to educate his kids well.
Despite………………………….., …………………………….…….…..
2. The Smiths didn’t send their daughter to university as they couldn’t pay for her studies.
Because…………………………………………………………………………………
3.
Despite being an expert, Jim couldn’t recover his files from his hard disk.
Although……………………………………………………
4. Although Salma was worried, she managed to pass the driving test
Despite……………………………………………………………………….…
JOIN THE PAIRS OF THE SENTENCES WITH THE WORDS GIVEN:
1. Anas was waiting for his teacher. He wanted to get his mark. (so as to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Jamila did not attend the meeting. Her son was ill. (due to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Smoking is very bad. It should be forbidden in public places. (therefore)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
JOIN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING THE WORDS GIVEN:
1. Hamid did a great job. He was not offered a better position. (though)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Souad did not come to the show. She was sick. (because of)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. We were unable to get financial support. We had to abandon the project. (therefore)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
JOIN THE PAIRS OF SENTENCES WITH THE LINKING WORDS GIVEN.
1. Malaysia exports high technology. It invests in tourism as well. (in addition to)
………………………………………………………………………………………..………
2. Randa went to work this morning. The doctor advised her to stay in bed. (although)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
JOIN THE PAIRS OF SENTENCES WITH THE LINKING WORDS GIVEN.
1. Many people still use plastic bags. They are dangerous for the environment. (although)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Some skilled workers emigrate. They aren’t satisfied with low salaries in their home countries.
(therefore).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. We rarely play music at night. We don’t want to disturb our neighbours. (so as not)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
JOIN THE PAIRS OF SENTENCES WITH THE LINKING WORDS GIVEN
(MAKE ANY NECESSARY CHANGES)
1- Aziza learnt how to read and write. She learnt how to do business. (as well as)
………………………………………………………………………….
2- Michel worked hard in and out of school. That’s why he got excellent marks. (because)
…………………………………………………………………………………
3- Adil worked in the evenings .he wanted to save money to buy a computer (in order to)
…………………………………………………………………………………
JOIN THE PAIRS OF SENTENCES WITH THE LINKING WORDS GIVEN
1. Amine is a fan of Real Madrid. His two brothers like FC Barcelona. (whereas)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Najib and his friends collected money. They wanted to plant trees in their school. (in order to)
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