Please do make a Literature review (find a literature or a book or an ebook so that you could start your literature review, do not use the uploaded module) on the topic/s: Chapter 1: Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency 1. The dc transformer model 2. Inclusion of inductor copper loss 3. Construction of equivalent circuit model 4. How to obtain the input port of the model 5. Example: inclusion of semiconductor conduction losses in the boost converter model Your literature review will start after this statement and submit this to me as scheduled. Start here ===>>> INTRODUCTION In electrical engineering, an equivalent circuit refers to a theoretical circuit that retains all of the electrical characteristics of a given circuit. Often, an equivalent circuit is sought that simplifies calculation, and more broadly, that is a simplest form of a more complex circuit in order to aid analysis. The use of equivalent circuits is a physical and intuitive approach which allows the well-known techniques of circuit analysis to be employed. BODY The dc transformer model A DC transformer modeling technique is used to develop the averaged model of the converter. One of the advantages of this model is that it can be implemented in Spice simulator using basic circuit elements. The same model can be used for time domain as well as frequency domain analysis. DC transformer modeling approach is used which is a graphical approach with minimum use of equations. This makes it easier to derive transfer functions from a final canonical model of the buck converter and any kind of controller design becomes easy. It is a theoretical concept which is used to obtain the control-to-output transfer function. The system can be modeled using independent, dependent sources and passive elements. The expression for control to output transfer function can be obtained by assuming source disturbance is zero and then pushing all the elements in the primary side to the secondary side of DC transformer. Inclusion of inductor copper loss Construction of equivalent circuit model How to obtain the input port of the model Example: inclusion of semiconductor conduction losses in the boost converter model CONCLUSION REFERENCES Modeling integrated photovoltaic–electrochemical devices using steady-state equivalent circuits Mark T. Winklera,1,2, Casandra R. Coxb , Daniel G. Nocerab,2, and Tonio Buonassisia,2 Departments of a Mechanical Engineering and b Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Contributed by Daniel G. Nocera, January 25, 2013 (sent for review December 1, 2012)