Prepared by Ms.Doreen(016-5985825)
Chapter 10
10.1 Traditional Medicine, Modern
Medicine and Complementary Medicine
1. Medicines are substances used to cure diseases or improve
health .
2. Medicines available in our country are divided into modern
medicine, traditional medicine and complementary medicine.
Types of medicine
a) Traditional medicine
Methods based on traditional medicinal knowledge
b) Modern medicine
Medical techniques that are used to treat and diseases based
in science and scientific research
c) Complementary medicine
Methods that combine traditional medicine and modern
medicine
Traditional medicine
1. Malaysia in know for its pluralistic society. Every ethnic in
this country has their own traditional way of treating illness.
2. Traditional medicine is referred as the practice, approach,
knowledge and belief of health involving plants, animals and
medicines based on minerals, spiritual therapy, manual and
exercise techniques, specifically applied or combined for
treatment, diagnosis, prevention of disease and health
maintenance.
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Animals as traditional medicines
a) Leeches can cure diabetes and can treat headaches,
gout and blood clots inside the body.
b) Snakehead fishes can cure wounds and act as
antioxidants while delaying the aging process.
c) Sea cucumbers are used to heal wound and treat skin
diseases, and are usually consumed as a health tonic.
Plants as traditional medicines
1. Usually, traditional medicines are not processed. Many people
believe that all types of traditional medicines are safe for used
due to their natural properties and because there is not artificial
chemicals.
2. However, natural medicines such as herbs can also be harmful
if it is not used properly because herbs are rich in a variety of
chemicals.
3. For example, the reaction between garlic capsules and the
medicine for diabetes mellitus can lead to a sudden drop in
blood sugar.
Plants as traditional medicine
Aloe vera
Uses :
Accelerates recovery from burns on the skin, repairs skin,
prevents wrinkles, prevents constipation
How to use :
Eat flesh inside the leaves
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Ginger
Uses :
Removes trapped wind from the body, relieves nausea,
treats flu, reduces menstrual disorder
How to use :
Eat the flesh or drink the juice
Tongkat ali
Uses :
Boosts men's libido and has antimalarial properties
How to use :
Boil dried roots in water and drink the boiled water
Bitter gourd
Uses :
Treats diabetes
How to use :
Cook or drink bitter gourd juice
Pegaga
Uses :
Cures respiratory tract infections, fatigue, fever, asthma as
well as treats insomnia and depression
How to use :
Boil the dried roots and drink the water
Misai kucing
Uses :
Treats gout, diabetes, kindey diseases and reduces
cholesterol
How to use :
Boil the flowers and drink the boild water
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Basil
Uses :
Cures cough and bronchitis
How to used :
Boil the dry leaves and drink the water
Ginseng
Uses :
Improves body immunity to diseases
How to use :
Eat and drink the boiled ginseng
Garlic
Uses :
Treats cadiovascular diseases, high blood presure and
arteriosclerosis
How to use :
Eat the cloves
Papaya leaves
Uses :
Treats dengue fever by increasing platelet count
How to use :
Grind the papaya leaves and drink the juice
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Modern medicine
1. Modern medicines are produced by scientists and
specialists in the field of healthcare based on natural
ingredients.
2. The ingredients are identified, extrated and purified.
3. The medicine will be tested in clinical studies several
times before being marketed.
4. The purpose of performing clinical studies on the
medicine is to make sure that the medicine marketed is safe
and does not harm the user.
5. Modern medicines are prodeced in various forms such as
powders, fluids, capsules and tablets.
6. This type of medicine is usually effective in short term.
7. Modern medicine is classifiled into three types, namely
analgesic, antibiotic and psychotherapeutic.
Analgesics
1. Analgesic is a medicine that relieves pain without
causing loss of consciousness.
2. This medicine allows that user to continue carrying out
daily activities.
3.Generally, analgesics can be divided into narcotic and
non- narcotic analgesics.
4. Narcotic analgesice act on the nervous system by
altering pain stimuli in the brain so that the pain is not
experienced.
5.The misuse of narcotic analgesics causes delusions and
addictions.
6. In addition to releasing body heat, aspirin is also widely
used in treating inflammation involving the joints and teeth.
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7. However, aspirin is not suitable for children especially if
they have flu and smallpox.
8. The content of acetylsalicylic acid in aspirin can cause
inflammation, bleeding and ulcers in the stomach.
9. As a result, aspirin should only be taken by adults after
meals and should be consumed with large quantities of
water.
10. Paracetamol may be give to children as it does not effect
the stomach and causes bleeding.
11. The side effects of paracetamol are not significant if it is
taken in the appropriate dose.
12. However, long term daily use of paracetamol causes
heart disease, kidney damage and bleeding in the digestive
system.
Antibiotics
1. Antibiotics, which is also known as an antibacteria, is a
medicine that impairs or slows down bacterial
growth.Examples of antibiotic medicines are penicillin and
streptomycin .
2. Antibiotics cannot treat viral infections such as the flu.
3. Penicillin is one of the most widely used antibiotics for
treating tuberculosis（TB）and pneumonia.
4. Penicillin is extracted from a fungus named Penicillium
notatum.
5. Penicillin can differentiate between healthy human cells
and bacterial cells because human cells do not have cell
walls and most bacterial cells have cell walls.
6. Strong bacterial cell walls protect the bacteria and prevent
extrinsic or particulate matter from entering.
7. With the use of penicillin，cell walls can be destroyed
during indirect cell division.
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Mechanism of penicillin on bacteria
8. Streptomycin is an antibiotic produced by soil bacteria.
9.This antibiotic is used to treat tuberculosis in the early
stages.
10. Unlike other antibiotics，streptomycin is not edible.
This is because streptonmycin will be destroyed by the
acid in the human stomach.
11. Therefore，streptomycin is usually given to the patient
by injection.
12. Antibiotics prescribed by a doctor should be taken and
finished, even if you feel better aftera few days of
treatment.
13. This can prevent bacteria from being immune to the
antibiotic taken.
14. If this happens, a higher dosage of antibiotics is
needed for the same disease in the future.
15. Taking antibiotics that are prescribed for others is
strictly prohibited.
16. There are also antibiotic users who will experience
headaches and diarrhoea.
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Psychotherapeutic
1. Psychotherapeutic medicines are used to change
minds, feelings and behaviours.
2. This medicine does not cure mental illness. Instead, it
alleviates many symptoms of mental illness and helps
one to survive.
3. Psychotherapeutic medicines are classified into
stimulants, antidepressants and antipsychotics.
a) Stimulants
-Stimulants activate the activity level of the central
nervous system to reduce fatigue and repair human
emotions.
-This medication will increase the heart rate and
respiratory rate.
-Example：Amphetamine, caffeine and cocaine
-Removal of amphetamine by urine will occur between
48 and 72 hours after taking the stimulant.
-Stimulants are not suitable for Some users as they can
cause dry mouth, loss of appetite and blurred vision.
-When used for long periods of time, stimulants can
cause stroke，heart disease，liver failure，coma and
death.
b) Antidepressants
-Antidepressants are medicines that are used to control
depression.
-Example：Tranquiliser, barbiturates
-Tranquiliser relieves stress and anxiety while barbiturates
(sleeping pills) can calm individuals if used in low doses.
-The use of tranquiliser will cause drowsiness and delay
the coordination of limbs.
-A high dose of barbiturate is fatal.
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c) Antipsychotics
-Antipsychotics are medicines used to treat symptoms of
psychiatric illness such as schizophrenia.
-Patients with this problem will hear or see imaginary things.
They have the potential to act aggressively because they
sometimes think that other people will harm them.
-This medicine can calm their minds。However, the use of
this medicine may cause drowsiness and dizziness
Complementary meducine
1. In Malaysia , massages has long been parcticed for
postpartum care, spasms, body aches and dislocated
bones.
2. According to local massage therapists, massage have
a positive effect on stroke patients.
3. Cupping uses gentle pressure（through heat or
inhalation by vacuum in a cup）to pull the skin up. The
use of suction cups on the skin attracts dense lymph
nodes, thus increasing blood circulation.
4. This procedure causes the skin to turn red blue or
purple temporarily, especially in the event of an injury.
The colour change can last for days to weeks.
5. Acupuncture is a medical method derived from a
medical practice in China to cure diseases by piercing
certain areas of the skin with the tip of a needle.
6.These spots are known as acupuncture points. The
purpose of acupuncture is to stabilise blood flow and
improve health.
7.Although modern medicine has gained widespread
confidence in clinical reports and tests，it is still possible
for people to choose traditional medicine as an alternaive
treatment in their lives.
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8. The geographical and climatic conditions of Malaysia are
suitable for a variety of plants and herbs to grow in this
country. This situation provides a good opportunity for the
local community to get herbs and plants to treat the
patients.
9. We should be thankful that Malaysia is made up of a
pluralistic society. Each race has its own way of improving
health.
10. Complementary medicine has been a complement to
the medical field in the country.
11. So, people are not limited to modern medicine, as
traditional medicine and complementary medicine are also
widely available.
Comparison between medicines from
natural and man-made sources
1.Natural medicines are derived from natural resources
such as plants. Meanwhile, man-made（synthetic）
medicines are produced by chemical reactions.
2.Both sources of medicine have their own advantages
and risks, although natural medicines are often said to be
safe and have no side effects.
3.The side effects of both types of medicine is different to
each individual according to their physical strength.
4.Table shows some examples of possible side effects of
taking natural and man-made medicines.
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Natural
medicines
Side effect
Man-made
medicine
Side effect
Garlic
Digestive tract
problems
Antibiotics
Rash, nausea and
vomiting
Ginkgo biloba
Nause, dizziness
and vomiting
Aspirin
Stomach ache
Tongkat ali
Dizziness
Pain killer
Inflammation of
the stomach and
intestines
Aloe vera
Muscle swelling,
diarrhoea
Antihistamines
Sleepy
5. There are various supplements available in the market to improve
human health.
6. Examples of these supplements are vitamins, fish oils, and calcium.
7. The comparison between vitamin C taken directly from vegetables and
fruits and vitamin C in supplements are as follows.
Natural vitamin C
Victamin C supplements
Available from natural
resources
Obtained from chemical reactions such as acid
Lower risk of side effects
Has more side effects from chemicals
Easy to be absorbed by the
body
Takes a long time for the body to absorb
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Misuse of medicines
1. Abuse of medicine is when a person consumes
medicine without a health professional.
2. Medicine abuse can lead to medicine addiction. As a
result, the body will depend on the medicine to function
normally.
3. Among the types of medicines that can cause addiction
are painkillers which include opioid, sleeping pills,
sedatives and stimulants.
4. Taking medications that are not for the prescribed age
may be harmful. This is because some medications are
not suitable for children.
5. Taking prescription drugs at excessive doses may
have side effects. For example, excessive consumption of
antibiotics can deteriorate the body's immune system
against bacteria.
6. Taking excessive cough medicine weakens the
senses and causes addiction.
7. Excessive consumption of paracetamol can cause liver
damage.
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10.2 Free Radicals
1. Our bodies are made up of millions of molecular cells that
coexist during chemical bonding.
2. The chemical bonds of some molecules are weak and this
allow them to be broken down.
3. This situation results in unstable atoms with unpaired
electrons.
4. Free radicals are atoms with one or more unpaired electrons
in their outer orbits.
5.Unpaired electrons cause radicals to become very reactive.
6. These free radicals attack nearby cells to replace the
electrons and achieve a stable electron arrangement.
7. The action of free radicals is continuous and this causes
millons of nearby cells to become free radicals.
8. Free radicals will attract electrons from other atoms. When
prolonged, this condition will cause a chain reaction.
9. Free radicals can be formed by natural metabolism. However,
there are many environmental factors that can lead to excessive
free radical formation. For example, pollution, radiation, cigarette
smoke, toxins, stress, lack of exercise and lack of sleep.
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10.3 Antioxidant Substances
1. When the skin of an apple is being peeled off and its flesh
are left exposed to the air, the flesh will turn brown and the
skin becomes wrinkled.
2. This condition is called oxidation. That can happen to our
bodies if we do not take action against the damage of free
radicals.
3. As we know, free radicals will try to get electrons from
nearby molecules and atoms.
4. Thus, the action of these free radicals must be stopped so
that the molecules in the body's cells remain healthy and
neutral. This condition can be improved with the presence of
antioxidants.
5. Antioxidants are substances that prevent oxidation.
6. Antioxidants protect the cells from the damage by free
radical action. It can be described as an electron donor to
free radicals.
7. This occurs as antioxidants carry excess electrons and
are ready to donate them to free radical atoms.
8. This condition prevents free radicals from attacking the
body's cells to obtain electrons.
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To determine the ingredient that slows down the
oxidation process of apples
Problem statement
What are the ingredients that slows down the oxidation
process of apples?
Hypothesis
Salt and lemon juice (acidic conditions) can slow down the
oxidation process of apples.
Variables
(a) Mainpulated : The type of solution
(b) Responding : The process of oxidation of apples
(c) Constant : The volume of the solution used / The size of
the apple
Appartus
Knife, beakers, petri dishes
Materials
Apple slices, salts, sugar, lemon juice, sodium bicarbonate,
distilled water
Procedures
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1. Put a spatula of salt, sugar, lemon juice and sodium
bicarbonate into four different beakers.
2. Add 100 ml of water to each beaker to dissolve the
ingredients. Label the beakers as A, B, C and D respectively.
3. Clean the apple with water. Cut the apple into four slices
of roughly the same şize.
4. Place one slice of apple into each beaker.
5. Remove the apple slices and place them on a petri dish.
6. Record the colour change of the apple slices every 10
minutes.
Observation
Beaker
A
B
C
D
Type of
solution
Salt
solution
Sugar
solution
Lemon
juice
Sodium
bicarbonate
solution
Colour change od apple slices after
10 minutes
20 minutes
30 minutes
No change
No change
No change
A little brown
Brown
Very brown
No change
No change
No change
Very
brown
Very
brown
Brown
Discussion
1. In 30 minutes, the apple slices soaked in lemon juice and
salt solution does not turn brown, while the apple slices
soaked in sugar and sodium bicarbonate solution quickly
turn brown.
2. This shows that lemon juice and salt slows down the
oxidation process of apples, while sugar and sodium
bicarbonate accelerates the oxidation process of apples.
3. Oxidation occurs when oxygen reacts with the enzymes
on the surface of the apple slice.
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4. Lemon juice is acidic. This acidic condition prevents
oxygen from reacting with the enzymes on the apple,
therefore slowing down the oxidation process. Salt reduces
the water content in the apple slice, which also delays
oxidation.
5. Sodium bicarbonate is alkaline. It makes oxygen react
faster to the enzymes on the apple slice, speeding up the
oxidation process. Sugar has the same effect as sodium
bicarbonate.
Conclusion
Salt and lemon juice (acidic substances) slows down the
oxidation process. The hypothesis is accepted.
10.4 Health Products
1. An active ingredient is a compound that produces
chemical or biological effects in a substance.
2. Example of active ingredient are as folllows.
Active ingredients
Usage
Diphenhydramine
Sleep medicine for
insomnia patients
Ibuprofen
Active ingredient
in painkillers
3. There are different types of health products available in the
market. The presence of these health products reflects the
high demand for healthcare.
4.There are different brands of health products with different
functions.
5. Some offer specific treatment for a health problem while
others offer a variety of benefits just in one product.
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6. As a smart consumer, we must be rational in choosing
health products.
7. We must carefully study before deciding to use a product.
8. Consumers are encouraged to identify the ingredients and
the proper way to use a product to avoid undesired side
effects.
9. We need to make sure that the health product is
registered with the Ministry of Health Malaysia so that it is
safe to be used.
Multiple-Choice Question
1. What type of medicine is cupping ?
A Modern medicine
B Complementary medicine
C Traditional medicine
D Western medicine
2. Leeches are used as a cure in
traditional medicine. What is the use of
leehces?
4. Diphenhydramine is an active
ingredient that can be found in health
products.
Which of the following contains this
ingredient ?
A Painkiller
B Anti-itch medicine
C Sleep medicine
D Skin medicine
A Slows down the ageing process
B Heals wounds
C As health tonic drinks
D Cures diabetes
5.Which of the follwing is not an
environmental factor that can lead to
excessive free radical formation?
3. Which herb is the most commonly
used in beauty products fot the skin?
A Plltuion
B Stree
A Aloe vera
B Tongkat ali
C Lemon grass
D Ginseng
C. Exercise
D. Radiation
6. Patients who are in the process of
healing from a surgery are usually
encouraged to take this food. Which of
the following is the food mentioned?
A Chicken eggs
B Snakehead fish
C Chicken soup
D Vegetables
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7. Which of the following is a
characteristic of traditional medicine?
10. The diagram below shows medicine X
which is used to stop the growth of bacteria.
A The cost of treatment is expensive
B Uses synthetic medicines
C Faster treatment
D Uses plant-based material
8. The information below shows a type of
treatment.
- Pass down the generation
- The cost of treatment is not expensive
- An example of a medicine is ginger
What is the type of the treatment?
A Traditional treatment
B Modern treatment
C Complementary treatment
D Treatment by midwife
What is medicine X ?
A Parasetamol
B Penicillin
C Amphetamine
D Dozapine
11. Which of the following is an internal
factor that causes free radicals to form?
A Sinaran radiation
B Cigarette smoke
C Ultraviolet rays
D Inflammation of white blood cells
9. Which of the following is a modern
treatment?
A Chemotherapy
B Acupuncture
C Chiropractic
D Homeopathy
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Structure Questions
1. Study the plants in the diagram below.
(a) Name the plant.
[1 marks]
(b) What is the use of the plant in daily life?
[ 2 marks]
(c) Explain how to use the plant for medicine purposes.
[ 3 marks]
2. The photography below shows the condition of child.
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(a) List the types and example of medication that the child should take to
relieve the fever.
[ 2 marks]
(b) Occasionally, doctors prescribe streptomycin to their patients. Patients
should take the medicine as prescribed bt their the medicine
(i) Explain why the patient must finish the medicine.
[ 2 marks]
(ii) State one other step to take before taking the medicine. Explain why.
[2 marks]
3. The diagram below shows an experiment which carried out by a group of
student to study the effect of different types od solution on the oxidation of
apples.
The result of the expriment are recorded in the table below.
Type of solution
The colour change of the apple slice
Sugar solution
Lime juice
Sodium bicarbonate solution
No solution
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Turns brown
No change
(a) Complete the table above.
[2 marks]
(b) Based on the table above, why does the apple soaked in lime juice does not undergo
a colour change?
[2 marks]
(c) Based on this experiment, state the function of apple slices that are not soaked in
any solution.
[1 marks]
(d) State the hypothesis for this experiment.
[1 marks]
(e) Predict the colour changes for the apple slice soaked in the lime juice if it was left
overnight on the table at room temperature.
[1 marks]
2. The diagram below shows process K that occurs on the apple slices after being left on
the table overnight.
(a) Based on the diagram above, what is process K?
[1 marks]
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(b) State one factor that cause the process in 2(a).
[1 marks]
(c) State one substance that can slow down process K.
[1 marks]
(d) What is the definiton of the substance stated in 2(c)?
[1 marks]
(e) Give two example of natural substance that contain the substance in 2(c).
[2 marks]
3. The diagram below shows two methods of treatment.
(a) State the method of treatment of X and Y.
X:
Y:
[2 marks]
(b) Give one feature of treatment Y.
[1 marks]
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(c) State one benefit for treatment X.
[1 marks]
(d) Give one example of a health problem that can be treated with treatment X.
[1 marks]
(e) Give one other example of a medicine used in treatment Y and state it
uses.
[1 marks]
Essay Questions
1. (a) The following dialgue occurs between a patient and his doctor.
Patient : I'm feeling down. It's hard type for me to focus on daily activities these
two weeks.
Doctor : Please calm down . I will give you a cure for your problems.
Based on the abov discussion, explain the type of medication and the example
of the drug that can be given to the patient. State the side effects of the drug.
[ 4 marks]
(b) If your friend is experiencing problems like the patient in 1(a), give
suggestions on how you can help him or her to overcome depression, instead
of taking medication. Suggest a new schedule of daily activities for the patient
to improve his or her condition.
[ 4 marks]
(c) What are the side effects of taking antidepressants excessively?
[ 2 marks]
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Ans:
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2. Study the following statement.
Lime juice can slow down the oxidation process in an apple.
(a) Suggest one hypothesis to investigate the above statement.
[1 marks]
(b) By using slices of apple, sugar solution, lime juice, sodium bicarbonate
solution, salt solution and other apparatus, describe one experiment to test your
hypothesis in 2(a).
(i) Aim of the expriment
[1 marks]
(ii) Identification of variables
[2marks]
(iii) List of the apparatus and materials
(iv) Procedure or method
(v) Tabulation of data
[1 marks]
[4marks]
[1 marks]
3. (a) Free radicals are the cause of most health problems in an individual.
Explain briefly the formation of free radicals. State two internal factors and
two external factors that cause the formation of free radicals.
[6 marks]
(b) The diagram below shows a health problem that faced by to a women who
always stays up late and eats a lot. One day, she decides to buy a medicine onlie
which she finds to be effectice, through an advertisement.
Should the women do that?
Explain your answer.
(i) Indentify the health problem faced by women
[ 1marks]
(ii) Reason for taking or not taking the medicine bought online
[ 1marks]
(iii) Ways to solve the health problem
[ 4 marks]
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Ans:
【每当想要放弃的时候，想想是为了什么才一路坚持到现在】
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