DET204 Electrical Machine & Application 1 Tutorial 1 .Answer Transformer Problem 1. The primary winding of transformer is rated at 115 V and the secondary winding is rated at 300 V. The primary winding has 500 turns. If transformer has a full load secondary output of 300 VA at 300 V. Calculate; a) The full‐load secondary current b) The full‐load primary current (neglect all losses) c) The relationship between the primary current and the secondary current d) The number of turns on the secondary winding. Solution; a) Is = 300VA / 300V = 1A b) Ip = Is (Vs/Vp) = 1 A ( 300V/115V) = 2.609A c) Is/Ip = Np/Ns d) Ns = Np (Vs/Vp) = 500 turns ( 300V/115V) = 1,304 turns 2. The emf per turn for a single phase 2200/220‐V, 50‐Hz transformer is approximately 12 V. calculate the number of primary and secondary turns. Solution; Np = 2200V /12V = 183turns; Ns = 220V/12V = 18 turns 3. Draw a circuit diagram to show how the core loss, in watts, is measured for a 5‐kVA transformer rated at 2400 to 240 V. The low‐voltage side is used as the primary winding. Solution; 240V 2400V 4. The core loss of the single phase 2200/220‐V, 50‐Hz transformer is measured using the low‐ voltage side as the primary. The following data are obtained: Voltmeter reading = 240 V Exciting current = 1.0 A Wattmeter reading = 24 W Calculate: a) The core loss, in watts. b) The power factor and phase angle. c) The in‐phase component of the exciting current required for the core losses. d) The lagging quadrature (magnetizing) component of the current. Solution; a) The core loss = 24 Watts DM_2010 Page 1 DET204 Electrical Machine & Application 1 b) The power factor = 24W / ( 240V x 1A) = 0.1 lagging The phase angle = cos‐1(0.1) = 84.16o c) The in‐phase component of the exciting current = 0.1 x 1 A = 1 A d) The magnetizing current = 1 A x sin θ = 1A x sin (84.16) = 0.0995A 5. A 5‐kVA, 240/120‐V, 50‐Hz transformer has a core loss of 32W. The transformer has an effective resistance of 0.05 Ω in the high voltage winding and 0.0125 Ω in the low voltage winding. Calculate; a) the efficiency of the transformer at the rated load and unity power factor. b) the efficiency of the transformer at 50% of the rated load and 0.175 lagging power factor Solution; a) The core loss = 32W I primary = 5kVA/240V = 20.833 A; The copper losses at high‐voltage winding = (20.833)2 (0.05) = 21.7W I secondary = 5kVA/120V =41.667 A; The copper losses at high‐voltage winding = (41.667)2 (0.0125) = 21.7W The total losses = 32 W + 21.7 W +21.7 W = 75.4W Po = 5kVA x 1 = 5kW Efficiency = {Output power / (Output power +total losses)} x 100% = {5kW/ (5000+75.4)} x100%=98.5% b) 50% rated load is ; I primary = (5kVA/240) x 50% = 10.42 A; The copper losses at high‐voltage winding = (10.42)2 (0.05) =5.429 W I secondary = (5kVA/120V) x 50% = 20.83A; The copper losses at high‐voltage winding = (20.83)2 (0.0125) = 5.424W The total losses = 32 W + 5.429W + 5.424 W = 42.853 W Po = 5kVA x 0.175 = 875kW Efficiency = {Output power / (Output power +total losses)} x 100% = {875/ (875+42.853)} x100%=95.3% 6. A 25‐kVA, 2400/240‐V, 50‐Hz, step‐down transformer has a core loss of 120W. The effective resistance of the primary winding is 1.9 Ω. The effective resistance of the secondary winding is 0.02 Ω. Calculate; a) The full load current rating of the high voltage and the low voltage windings. (Neglect any losses and assume that the input and the output are the same). b) The total copper losses of the transformer at the rated load. c) The efficiency of transformer at the rated load and a unity power factor. Solution; a) The full load current rating of the high voltage = 25kVA/2400V = 10.417 A ; The copper losses at high‐voltage winding =(10.417)2 (1.9)= 206.176W The full load current rating of the low voltage windings = 25kVA/240V =104.167 A ; The copper losses at high‐voltage winding = (104.167)2 (0.02)=217.015 W b) The total copper losses of the transformer at the rated load= 206.176W + 104.167W = 310.343W DM_2010 Page 2 DET204 Electrical Machine & Application 1 c) The total losses = 120W + 310.343W = 430.343W The output power = 25kVA x 1 = 25kW The efficiency of transformer at the rated load and a unity power factor = {Output power / (Output power +total losses)} x 100% = {25kW/ (25000+430.343)} x100%=98.3% 7. A 50‐kVA, 4600/230‐V, 50‐Hz, single‐phase, step‐down transformer is designed so that at the condition of full load and unity power factor, the core loss equal the copper losses. The copper losses are equally divided between the two windings. At full load the efficiency is 96.5%. Calculate; a) The core loss b) The total copper losses c) The rated current of the primary winding and secondary windings. (Neglect the losses and assume that the input and the output are the same). d) The effective resistance of the primary and the secondary windings. Solution; a) The efficiency = Output power / (Output power +total losses)} x 100% = 96.5% The output power = 50kVA x 1 = 50kW Hence, 96.5% ={Output power / (Output power +total losses)} x 100% = {50kW/ (50000+total losses)} x100%=98.5% And, (50,000 +total losses) = 50,000 / 0.965 = 51,813.5 W The total losses = 51,813.5 ‐ 50,000 If, the core loss = the total copper losses And, the total losses = the core loss + the total copper loss = 2 x the core loss So, the core loss = (1/2) x 1,813.5 W = 906.75W b) The total copper losses = 2 the primary copper loss = 2 the secondary copper loss = the primary copper loss + the secondary copper loss The total copper loss = 906.75W The primary copper loss = (1/2) x 906.75W = 453.375W The secondary copper loss = (1/2) x 906.75W = 453.375W c) The full load current rating of the high voltage = 50kVA/4600V = 10.47 A The full load current rating of the low voltage windings = 50kVA/230V =217.4 A d) The primary copper loss = 437.5W = (10.47)2 (Rh) So, the effective resistance of the primary windings = 437.5 / (10.47)2 = 3.99Ω The secondary copper loss = 437.5W= (217.4)2 (Rl) =217W So, the effective resistance of the secondary windings = 437.5 / (217.4)2 = 0.00926Ω 8. The following data were obtained during the short circuit test for the 20‐kVA, 4800/240‐V, 50‐ Hz: Voltmeter reading = 160 V Exciting current = 4.2 V Wattmeter reading = 280 W Another test shows the core loss to be 120W. Calculate: DM_2010 Page 3 DET204 Electrical Machine & Application 1 a) The efficiency of the transformer at the rated load and unity power factor. b) The efficiency of the transformer at 50% of the rated load and 0.8 lagging power factor. Solution; a) at the rated load and unity power factor The core loss = 120W Rop = Psc/Isc2 = 280/(4.2)2 = 15.873 Ω Ros = Rop x (Ns/Np)2 = 15.873 x ( 240/4800)2 = 0.0397Ω The primary rated current = 20kVA / 4800V = 4.167A The primary copper losses = (4.167A)2 x 15.873 Ω =275.617 W The secondary rated current = 20kVA / 240V = 83.3A The secondary copper losses = (83.3A)2 x 0.0397 Ω =275.474 W The total losses = 120W + 275.617W + 275.474W = 671.091W The output transformer is =20kVA x 1 = 20 kW The efficiency of the transformer = {20,000/20000+671.091)} x 100% = 96.75% b) at 50% of the rated load and 0.8 lagging power factor The primary rated current = (20kVA / 4800V ) x 50% = 2.08A The primary copper losses = (2.08A)2 x 15.873 Ω =68.67 W The secondary rated current = (20kVA / 240V) x 50% = 41.65A The secondary copper losses = (41.65A)2 x 0.0397 Ω =68.87 W The total losses = 120W + 68.67W + 68.87W = 257.54W The output transformer is =20kVA x 0.8 = 16 kW The efficiency of the transformer = {16000 /(16000+257.54)} x 100% = 98.4% 9. A 30‐kVA, 2400/240‐V, 50‐Hz transformer is used as step‐down transformer. The core loss is 150 W, the rated primary current is 12.5 A, the resistance of the primary winding is 1.5 Ω, the rated secondary current is 125 A, and the resistance of the secondary winding is 0.015 Ω. At the rated kVA capacity and a 0.75 lagging power factor, determine a) The total copper losses b) The efficiency of the transformer. Solution; a) The primary copper losses = (12.5A)2 x (1.5 Ω) = 234.375W The secondary copper losses = (125A) 2 x (0.015 Ω) = 234.375W The total copper losses = 234.375W + 234.375W = 468.75 W b) The total loss = 150W + 468.75W = 618.75W The output transformer = 30kVA x 0.75 = 22.5kW The efficiency of the transformer= {22500/(22500+618.75)} x 100% = 97.3% 10. A 20‐kVA standard distribution transformer is rated at 2400/4800 V on the high‐voltage side, and 120/240 V on the low‐voltage side. The transformer has an efficiency of 97% when it’s operating at the rated load as a step‐down transformer supplying a non‐inductive lighting load. a) Draw a diagram to show the internal and external transformer connections required to step‐down the voltage from 2400 V to a 120/240‐V, single phase three‐wire service. Show the polarity markings for the transformer terminals for additive polarity. b) What is the full‐load secondary current if the load is balanced? DM_2010 Page 4 DET204 Electrical Machine & Application 1 c) What is the power input to the primary side at the rated load? d) If the no‐load voltage of the 240‐V secondary is 4 V more than the full‐load voltage, what is the percentage voltage regulation? Solution; a) Draw a diagram to show the internal and external transformer connections required to step‐down the voltage from 2400 V to a 120/240‐V, single phase three‐wire service. Show the polarity markings for the transformer terminals for additive polarity. b) The full‐load secondary current = 20kVA / 120V = 166.67a if the load is balanced. c) The power input to the primary side at the rated load = 20kVA d) If the no‐load voltage of the 240‐V secondary is 4 V more than the full‐load voltage, what is the percentage voltage regulation? VS ,nl − VS , fl VR = X 100% ; VR = {(244‐240)/240} x 100% = 1.67% VS , fl 11. List the data commonly found on a transformer nameplate. Solution; Manufacturer’s Name Volt‐Amperage: HV winding: Frequency: Additive polarity: Serial no.: Type no.: DM_2010 Single‐phase LV winding: Percent impedance: Temperature rise: Continuous duty Gallons of insulating oil: Model no.: Page 5 DET204 Electrical Machine & Application 1 12. A 50‐kVA single phase transformer has a secondary voltage of 240 V. The nameplates indicate that the transformer has an impedance of 2.35%. What is the short circuit current for this transformer? Solution; Irated = 50kVA/ 240V = 208.3A Isc = Irated / %Z= 208.3A / 0.0235 = 8,866A 13. A 20kVA, 50Hz, 2000/200V distribution transformer have data as follows : OC test with HV open circuited; 200V; 4A; 120W SC test with LV short circuited; 60V; 10A; 300W a) With full load on the LV side at rated voltage, calculate the excitation voltage and the voltage regulation on the HV side. The load power factor is; i. 0.8 lagging ii. 0.8 leading b) The transformer supplies full load current at 0.8 lagging power factor with 2000V on the HV side. Calculate the voltage at the load terminals and the operating efficiency. Solution; a) 3Ω VH ‐4 5.2Ω ‐4 (0.03x10 ) (0.04x10 ) VL’ Referred to HV 20 × 1000VA = 100 A 200V 20 × 1000VA VL ' = 2000V ; I L ' = = 10 A 2000V VH = VL '+ I L ' (RH cos φ ± X H sin φ ) RH = 3Ω ; X H = 5.2Ω VL = 200V i) ; IL = cos φ = 0.8 lagging, sin φ = 0.6 VH = 2000 + 10(3 × 0.8 + 5.2 × 0.6) = 2055.2V 2055.2 − 2000 Voltage regulation = × 100% = 2.76% 2000 ii) cos φ = 0.8 leading, sin φ = 0.6 VH = 2000 + 10(3 × 0.8 − 5.2 × 0.6) = 1992.8V 1992.8 − 2000 × 100% = −0.36% Voltage regulation = 2000 DM_2010 Page 6 DET204 Electrical Machine & Application 1 b) I L (FL ) = 100 A ; 0.8 lagging pf VL ' = VH '− I L ' (RH cos φ ± X H sin φ ) VL ' = 2000 − 10(3 × 0.8 + 5.2 × 0.6) = 1944.8V VL = 194.48V Output, Po = VL I L cosφ = 194.48 x100 x0.8 = 15558.4 W Loss, PLoss = Pi + Pc = 120W + {(10)2 x 3} 420 W ⎡ 420 ⎤ η = ⎢1 − × 100%⎥ = 97.38% ⎣ 15558.4 + 420 ⎦ 14. A transformer on no‐load has a core loss of 50W flows a current of 2A (rms) and has an induced emf of 230V (rms). Neglect winding resistance and leakage flux. Calculate: a) The no‐load power factor b) Core loss current c) Magnetizing current Solution a) Power factor, cos θ o = 50 =0.108 lagging 2 × 230 b) Core loss current, Ii = Io cos θ o = 2 x 0.108 = 0.216 A c) Magnetizing current, Im = Io sin θ o = 2 x sin (cos‐10.108) = 1.988A 15. A 25kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 59 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000V, 50Hz supply. Calculate: a) The current ratings for the primary and secondary windings b) The voltage induced in the secondary winding c) The maximum flux in the core. Solution; a). a = N2 50 1 = = N1 500 10 P = I1 V1 25kVA = I1 (3000V) 25kVA =8.33A 3000V I I 8.33 a = 1 ; I2 = 1 = = 83.3 A 1 I2 a 10 I1 = DM_2010 Page 7 DET204 Electrical Machine & Application 1 b) a = V2 1 ; V2 = a × V1 = × 3000 = 300V V1 10 c) E1 = 4.44 fφ m N1. 3000 = 4.44 × 50 × 500 × φ m φ m = 27mWb 16. A single‐phase 50 Hz transformer is required to step‐down from 2200V to 250V. The maximum flux in the core is 0.0216Wb. Calculate: a) The number of turns of the primary and secondary winding. b) The turn ratio Solution; a) E1 = 4.44 fφ m N1. 2200 = 4.44 × 50 × 0.0216 × N1 N1 = 459turns E2 = 4.44 fφ m N 2. 250 = 4.44 × 50 × 0.0216 × N 2 N 2 = 52turns b) a = V2 250 = V1 2200 17. An ideal transformer is rated at 2400/120V, 9.6kVA and has 50 turns on the secondary side. Calculate: a) Turns ratio b) The number of turns on the secondary side c) The current ratings for the primary and secondary windings. Solution; a) a = V2 120 1 = = V1 2400 20 b) N1 = N2 = 50 × 20 = 1000 turns a c) S = V1.I 2 = 9.6k .VA So, I1 = DM_2010 S 9,600 = = 4A V1 2,400 Page 8 DET204 Electrical Machine & Application 1 I2 = S 9600 = = 80 A 120 V2 18. A single‐phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. If the primary is connected to a 520V, 50Hz. Calculate: a) turns ratio b) the voltage included in the secondary winding Solution; a) a = V2 N 2 1000 = = = 2.5 V1 N1 400 b) V2 = aV1 = 2.5 × 520 = 1300 Volt 19. A 20kVA, 50Hz, 2000/200V distribution transformer has a leakage impedance of 0.42 + j 0.52Ω in high voltage (HV) side winding and 0.004 + j 0.05Ω in low voltage (LV) side winding, when seen from the LV side, the shunt branch admittance yo is 0.002 –j 0.015 mho (at rated voltage and frequency) Draws the equivalent circuit referred to: a) HV side b) LV side indicating all impedance on the circuit. Solution; 0.42 + j 0.52Ω 0.004 + j 0.05Ω 10:1 1 2 0.002 –j 0.015 mho 1’ 2’ (HV) side (LV) side Transformation ratio; 1 = N1 = 2000 = 10 a N2 200 a) Z 2 ' = (10) (0.004 + j 0.005) = 0.4 + j 0.5Ω 2 yo ' = DM_2010 1 (10)2 (0.002 − j 0.015) = (0.002 − j 0.015) × 10 −2 Ω Page 9 DET204 Electrical Machine & Application 1 0.42 + j 0.52Ω 0. 4 + j 0.5Ω 10:1 1 2 ‐2 (0.002 –j 0.015) x10 h 1’ 2’ (HV) side b) Z1 ' = 1 (10)2 (LV) side (0.042 − j 0.052) = (0.0042 − j 0.0052) ohm 0.0042 + j 0.0052Ω 1 0.004 + j 0.005Ω 10:1 2 (0.002 –j 0.015)mho 1’ (HV) side DM_2010 2’ (LV) side Page 10